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physics
conceptual physical science

Questions and Answers of Conceptual Physical Science

How are ketones and aldehydes related to each other? How are they different from each other?
Which elements make up the carbonyl group?
What are some examples of alkaloids?
Are alkaloids found in nature?
Do amines tend to be acidic, neutral, or basic?
Which heteroatom is characteristic of an amine?
What distinguishes an alcohol from an ether?
What distinguishes an alcohol from a phenol?
Why are low-formula-mass alcohols soluble in water?
Why do heteroatoms make such a difference in the physical and chemical properties of an organic molecule?
What is a heteroatom?
What kind of ring do aromatic compounds contain?
How many multiple bonds must a hydrocarbon have in order to be classified as unsaturated?
To how many atoms is a saturated carbon atom bonded?
What types of hydrocarbons are more abundant in higher-octane gasoline?
What physical property of hydrocarbons is used in fractional distillation?
How are two structural isomers similar to each other?
How do two structural isomers differ from each other?
In the centralized model for generating electricity, a relatively small number of power plants produce the massive amounts of electricity that everyone needs. In the decentralized model, electricity
Can industries be trusted to self-regulate the amount of pollution they produce? Is it really necessary for the government to enforce these regulations? Shouldn’t the conscience of the consumer and
Why are atmospheric CO2 levels routinely up to 15 ppm higher in the spring than in the fall? Why are seasonal fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 levels much more pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere
Scientists have experimented with ways of enhancing the ocean’s ability to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide. Adding powdered iron to a small plot of the ocean, they found, has the effect of
Why is it easier for the body to excrete a polar molecule than to excrete a nonpolar molecule? What chemistry does the body use to get rid of molecules it no longer needs?
Which elements have the greatest tendency to behave as oxidizing agents?
How do humans generate the air pollutant sulfur dioxide?
The brightest star in the sky, Sirius, is about 8 light-years from Earth. Show that if you could somehow travel there at jet-plane speed, 2000 km/h, the trip would take about 4.3 million years. (1
The nighttime sky is full of more than just stars and planets. If you are so lucky as to be in a location where the clear night sky is free from city lights, you must try to find the Andromeda
Rank these compounds in order of increasing symmetry:(a) CH4,(b) NH3,(c) H2O.
Rank these compounds in order of increasing boiling point:(a) CH4,(b) NH3,(c) H2O.
Which of the following two chemical equations is balanced?2 C4H10(g) + 13 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(l)4 C6H7N5O16(s) + 19 O2(g) → 24 CO2(g) + 20 NO2(g) + 14 H2O(g)
What is the mass of an oxygen atom in atomic mass units?
Baker’s yeast contains a biological catalyst known as catalase, which catalyzes the transformation of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, into oxygen, O2, and water, H2O. Write a balanced equation for this
Use the bond energies in Table 17.1 and the accounting format shown in Section 17.5 to determine whether these reactions are exothermic or endothermic:H2 + Cl2 ¡ 2 HCl2 HC‚CH + 5 O2 → 4 CO2
Rank the following in order of increasing number of atoms: (a) 52 g of vanadium, V; (b) 52 g of chromium, Cr; (c) 52 g of manganese, Mn.
Rank these covalent bonds in order of increasing bond strength: (a) C Ξ C, (b) C = C, (c) C - C.
Do the digestion and subsequent metabolism of foods and drugs tend to make the molecules of the foods and drugs more or less polar?
Your body creates chemical energy from the food you eat, which contains carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. These are large molecules that first need to be broken down into simpler molecules, such
Upon ingestion, grain alcohol, C2H6O, is metabolized into acetaldehyde, C2H4O, which is a toxic substance that causes the headaches and joint pains typical of a “hangover.” Is the grain alcohol
Why is the air over an open flame always moist?
Why does a salt bridge last only so long?
What element behaves as the oxidizing agent in the following equation, and what element behaves as the reducing agent?Sn2+ + 2 Ag → Sn + 2 Ag+
What element is oxidized in the following equation, and what element is reduced?I2 + 2 Br- → 2 I- + Br2
How might warmer oceans accelerate global warming?
Within a neutral solution of supercritical water (374°C, 218 atm), the pH equals about 2. What is the concentration of hydronium ions within this neutral solution? What is the concentration of
Rank in order of decreasing pH the rain that fell on the Hawaiian island of Kauai on the mornings of (a) January 18, 1778; (b) December 7, 1941; (c) May 8, 2010. Assume there were no active volcanoes
Review the concept of electronegativity in Section 15.6, and rank these elements from the weakest to strongest oxidizing agent: (a) chlorine, Cl; (b) sulfur, S; (c) sodium, Na.
Review the concept of electronegativity in Section 15.6, and rank these elements from the weakest to strongest reducing agent: (a) chlorine, Cl; (b) sulfur, S; (c) sodium, Na.
Rank the following molecules from least oxidized to most oxidized: Н Н Н Н — с — с —Н Н— с — с —Н Н Н Ethane Ethanol Н Н || Н — с- Н — с — С—н Н Н Н
An acid and a base react to form a salt, which consists of positive and negative ions. Which forms the positive ions: the acid or the base? Which forms the negative ions?
Identify the acid or base behavior of each substance in these reactions.a.b.c.d. 2 H,0 + HCI H;O† + Cl¯ НРОД + Н,О Ho* + НРО
Many of the smelly molecules of cooked fish are alkaline compounds. How might these smelly molecules be conveniently transformed into less smelly salts just prior to eating the fish?
Does the phosphate ion, a common additive to automatic dishwasher detergent, tend to behave as an acid or as a base? Explain? 0 - P-0 Phosphate ion
The main component of bleach is sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, which consists of sodium ions, Na+, and hypochlorite ions, -OCl. What products are formed when this compound reacts with the hydrochloric
How readily an acid donates a hydrogen ion is a function of how well the acid is able to accommodate the resulting negative charge it gains after donating. Which should be the stronger acid: water or
Which should be the stronger base: ammonia, NH3, or nitrogen trifluoride, NF3? F- N-F H - N-H Ammonia Nitrogen trifluoride
Some molecules are able to stabilize a negative charge by passing it from one atom to the next by a flip-flopping of double bonds. This occurs when the negative charge is one atom away from an oxygen
The amphoteric reaction between two water molecules is endothermic, which means the reaction requires the input of heat energy in order to proceed:Thewarmer the water, the more heat energy is
Can an acidic solution be made less acidic by adding an acidic solution?
Bubbling carbon dioxide into water causes the pH of the water to go down (become more acidic) because of the formation of carbonic acid. Will the pH also drop when carbon dioxide is bubbled into a
Pour vinegar onto beach sand from the Caribbean, and the result is a lot of froth and bubbles. Pour vinegar onto beach sand from California, however, and nothing happens. Why?
What happens to the pH of soda water as it loses its carbonation?
Lakes lying in silicon dioxide, SiO2, which contain granite basins, tend to become acidified by acid rain more readily than lakes lying in calcium carbonate, CaCO3, wich contain limestone basins.
Hydrogen sulfide, H2S, burns in the presence of oxygen, O2, to produce water, H2O, and sulfur dioxide, SO2. Through this reaction, is sulfur oxidized or reduced?2 H2S + 3 O2 → 2 H2O + 2 SO2
Unsaturated fatty acids, such as C12H22O2, react with hydrogen gas, H2, to form saturated fatty acids, such as C12H24O2. Are the unsaturated fatty acids being oxidized or reduced through this process?
The type of iron that the human body needs for good health is the Fe2+ ion. Cereals fortified with iron, however, usually contain small grains of elemental iron, Fe. What must the body do to this
Chemical equations need to be balanced not only in terms of the number of atoms, but also in terms of the charge. In other words, just as there should be the same number of atoms before and after the
Study question 73 before attempting to balance both the atoms and the charges of the following chemical equation.Fe3+ + I- → Fe2+ + I2
How does turning on the radio while you are driving affect the mileage of your gasoline-consuming car?
What are some key advantages that a fuel-cell power plant has over a coal-fired power plant?
Why would a miniaturized fuel cell require a liquid rather than a gaseous fuel?
A major source of chlorine gas, Cl2, is the electrolysis of brine, which yields concentrated salt water, NaCl(aq). What other two products result from this electrolysis reaction? Write the balanced
Iron atoms have a greater tendency to oxidize than copper atoms. Is this good news or bad news for a home in which much of the plumbing consists of iron and copper pipes connected together? Explain.
Copper atoms have a greater tendency to be reduced than iron atoms. Was this good news or bad news for the Statue of Liberty, whose copper exterior was originally held together by steel rivets?
CloroxTM is a laundry bleaching agent used to remove stains from white clothes. Suggest why the name begins with Clor- and ends with -ox.
Pennies manufactured after 1982 are made of zinc metal, Zn, within a coat of copper metal, Cu. Zinc is more easily oxidized than copper. Why, then, don’t these pennies quickly corrode?
The general chemical equation for photosynthesis follows. Through this reaction are the oxygens of the water molecules, H2O, oxidized or reduced?6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
A chemical equation for the combustion of propane, C3H8, follows. Through this reaction is the carbon oxidized or reduced?C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Water is 88.88% oxygen by mass. Oxygen is exactly what a fire needs to grow brighter and stronger. So why doesn’t a fire grow brighter and stronger when water is added to it?
What is true about the relative concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions in an acidic solution? How about a neutral solution? A basic solution?
What does the pH of a solution indicate?
As the hydronium ion concentration of a solution increases, does the pH of the solution increase or decrease?
What is the product of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water?
What does sulfur dioxide have to do with acid rain?
Why aren’t atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide rising as rapidly as might be expected based on the increased output of carbon dioxide resulting from human activities?
What elements have the greatest tendency to behave as reducing agents?
Write an equation for the half reaction in which a potassium atom, K, is oxidized.
What happens to a reducing agent as it reduces?
What is the purpose of the salt bridge in a voltaic cell?
What type of reaction occurs at the cathode? At the anode?
What is the prime difference between a battery and a fuel cell?
What else do fuel cells produce besides electricity?
What is electrolysis, and how does it differ from what goes on inside a battery?
What is an example of a metal produced primarily by electrolysis?
In what year was the efficient electrolysis of aluminum discovered?
What metal coats a galvanized nail?
What are some differences between corrosion and combustion?
What is iron forced to accept during cathodic protection?
What happens to the polarity of oxygen atoms as they transform from molecular oxygen, O2, into water molecules, H2O?
The pH of a solution can be approximated with a pH indicator, which is any chemical whose color changes with pH. Many pH indicators are found in plants; the pigment of red cabbage is a good example.
Make a concentrated solution of red cabbage extract by boiling a cup of shredded red cabbage in a cup of water for about 5 minutes. Pour this extract into a large transparent container, such as a

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