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physics
conceptual physical science

Questions and Answers of Conceptual Physical Science

Which of these boxes best represents a compound?
Which of these boxes best represents a solution?
Classify each of the following as an element, compound, or mixture, and justify your classifications: salt, stainless steel, tap water, sugar, vanilla extract, butter, maple syrup, aluminum, ice,
Classify each of the following as (a) homogeneous mixture, (b) heterogeneous mixture, (c) element, or (d) compound.Table salt _____ Blood _____Steel __________ Planet Earth _____
Why can’t the elements of a compound be separated from one another by physical means?
Mixtures can be separated into their components by taking advantage of differences in the chemical properties of the components. Why might this separation method be less convenient than taking
How might you separate a mixture of sand and salt? How about a mixture of iron and sand?
List these compounds in order of increasing boiling point: CI4, CBr4, CCl4, CF4.
Rank the following compounds in order of increasing solubility in water:CH3CH2—OHEthanolCH3CH2CH2CH2—OHButanolCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2—OHHexanol
You drink a small glass of water that is 99.9999% pure water and 0.0001% some poison. Assume the glass contains about 1,000,000 million trillion molecules, which is about 30 mL. How many poison
Is sugar a polar or nonpolar substance?
Why do sugar crystals dissolve faster when crushed?
What does it mean to say that a solution is concentrated?
Compared to boron trifluoride, BF3, why is ammonia, NH3, more polar?
Which is more polar: a sulfur–bromine (S-Br) bond or a selenium–chlorine (Se-Cl) bond?
In each molecule, which atom carries the greater positive charge?H - Cl Br - F C ≡ O Br - Br
Two fluorine atoms join together to form a covalent bond. Why don’t two potassium atoms do the same thing?
An artist wants to create a metal sculpture using a mold so that his artwork can be readily mass-produced. He wants his sculpture to be exactly 6 inches tall. Should the mold also be 6 inches tall?
Given that the total number of atoms on our planet remains fairly constant, how is it ever possible to deplete a natural resource such as a metal?
Which are closer together: the two nuclei within potassium fluoride, KF, or the two nuclei within molecular fluorine, F2? Please explain.
Which should be larger: the potassium ion, K+, or the potassium atom, K? Which should be larger: the potassium ion, K+, or the argon atom, Ar? Please explain.
Consider a satellite in a circular orbit above Earth’s surface. In Chapter 4 we will learn that the force of gravity changes the direction of motion of a satellite (and keeps it in a circle) but
At the airport security area you walk through a metal detector, which consists of a weak ac magnetic field inside a large coil of wire. If your keys are in your pocket as you pass through the
Magnesium ions carry a 2+ charge, and chloride ions carry a 1- charge. What is the chemical formula for the ionic compound magnesium chloride?Barium ions carry a 2+ charge, and nitrogen ions carry a
Ores of manganese, Mn, sometimes contain the mineral rhodochrosite, MnCO3, which is an ionic compound of manganese ions and carbonate ions. How many electrons has each manganese atom lost to make
Barium ions carry a 2+ charge, and nitrogen ions carry a 3- charge. What is the chemical formula for the ionic compound barium nitride?
Rank these bonds in order of increasing polarity:(a) C-H,(b) O-H,(c) N-H.
Write the electron-dot structure for the covalent compound hydrogen cyanide, HCN.
Write the electron-dot structure for the covalent compound ethane, C2H6.
Atoms of nonmetallic elements form covalent bonds, but they can also form ionic bonds. How is this possible?
How is the number of unpaired valence electrons in an atom related to the number of bonds that the atom can form?
How many more electrons can fit within the valence shell of a hydrogen atom?
How many more electrons can fit within the valence shell of a fluorine atom?
How do the electron-dot structures of elements in the same group in the periodic table compare with one another?
Rank these compounds in order of increasing boiling point:(a) fluorine, F2;(b) hydrogen fluoride, HF;(c) hydrogen chloride, HCl.
What is the electric charge on the calcium ion in calcium chloride, CaCl2?
To see the action of the ion–dipole attraction, create am static charge on a rubber balloon by rubbing it across your hair. Hold this charged balloon up close to, but not touching, a thin stream of
Use toothpicks and gumdrops or jelly beans of different colors to build models of the molecules shown in Figures 15.17 through 15.19 and Figure 15.21, letting the different colors represent different
View crystals of table salt with a magnifying glass or, better yet, a microscope if one is available. If you have a microscope, crush the crystals with a spoon and examine the resulting powder.
Are induced dipoles permanent?
What is a hydrogen bond?
Which is stronger: the ion–dipole attraction or the induced dipole–induced dipole attraction?
What is the primary difference between a chemical bond and an attraction between two molecules?
Why don’t oil and water mix?
Which is more symmetrical: a polar molecule or a nonpolar molecule?
Why do nonpolar substances boil at relatively low temperatures?
How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?
How can a molecule be nonpolar when it consists of atoms that have different electronegativities?
Which is more polar: a carbon–oxygen bond or a carbon–nitrogen bond?
Which element in the periodic table has the greatest electronegativity? Which has the least electronegativity?
What is a dipole?
Within a polyatomic ion, how many covalent bonds does a negatively charged oxygen form?
Within a neutral molecule, how many covalent bonds does an oxygen atom form?
Which elements tend to form covalent bonds?
What is a native metal?
Do metals more readily gain or lose electrons?
What is an ionic crystal?
Suppose an oxygen atom gains two electrons to become an oxygen ion. What is its electric charge?
Which elements tend to form ionic bonds?
Why does the fluorine atom tend to gain only one electron?
How does an ion differ from an atom?
How do the electron-dot structures of elements in the same group in the periodic table compare with one another?
Which electrons are represented by an electron-dot structure?
How many electrons can occupy the first shell? How many can occupy the second shell?
In a physics study group, a friend declares in an erudite tone that light is the only thing we can see. After a few laughs, your friend goes on to say that light is a profound connection between
A friend says that a change in speed is necessary for wave refraction. Do you agree or disagree?
A friend says that wave speed is equal to the frequency of a wave times its wavelength, and another says it’s equal to wavelength divided by the period of the wave. Which friend do you agree with?
Your friend says that if you crank the shaft of a dc motor manually, the motor becomes a dc generator. Do you agree or disagree? Defend your position.
Both the English physicist Michael Faraday and the American physicist Joseph Henry independently discovered electromagnet induction at about the same time. In Henry’s electrical experiments, his
Friends in your discussion group say that when you touch a piece of ice, cold “flows” from the ice to your hand, which is why your hand is cooled. What is your more enlightened response?
Your friend says that more thermal energy is needed to increase a gram of water from absolute zero to its boiling point than is needed to boil the water once it reaches 100°C. Do you agree or
A friend says that the reason why you feel uncomfortable in muggy weather is that water molecules in the air are giving up energy while bombarding you. Do you agree or disagree with your friend?
Heat a small amount of water to boiling in an aluminum soft-drink can and invert it quickly into a dish of cold water. What happens is surprisingly dramatic!
Invert a water-filled soft-drink bottle or small-necked jar. Notice that the water doesn’t simply fall out, but instead gurgles out of the container. Air pressure doesn’t allow the water out
Show that the force of gravity between Earth (mass = 6.0 × 1024 kg) and the Sun (mass = 2.0 × 1030 kg) is 3.6 × 1022 N. (The average Earth–Sun distance is 1.5 × 1011 m.)
Show that the average force of gravity between Earth (mass = 6.0 × 1024 kg) and the Moon (mass = 7.4 × 1022 kg) is 2.1 × 1020 N. (The average Earth–Moon distance is 3.8 × 108 m.)
Using the formula for gravity, show that the force of gravity on a 1-kg mass at Earth’s surface is 9.8 N. You need to know that the mass of Earth is 6 × 1024 kg, and its radius is 6.4 × 106 m. F
With your friends, whirl a bucket of water in a vertical circle fast enough so the water doesn’t spill out. As it happens, the water in the bucket is falling, but with less speed than you give to
With stick and strings, make a “trajectory stick” as shown in the Doing Physical Science feature “Hands-On Hanging Beads”
Rank the following solutions in order of increasing concentration: solution A, 0.5 mole of sucrose in 2.0 L of solution; solution B, 1.0 mole of sucrose in 3.0 L of solution; solution C, 1.5 moles of
A student is told to use 20.0 g of sodium chloride to make an aqueous solution that has a concentration of 10.0 g/L (grams of sodium chloride per liter of solution). Assuming that 20.0 g of sodium
If water is added to 1 mole of sodium chloride in a flask until the volume of the solution is 1 L, what is the molarity of the solution? What is the molarity when water is added to 2 moles of sodium
How much sodium chloride, in grams, is needed to make 15 L of a solution that has a concentration of 3.0 g of sodium chloride per liter of solution?
Assume the total number of molecules in a sample of liquid is about 3 million trillion. One million trillion of these are molecules of some poison, while 2 million trillion are water molecules. What
Assume the total number of molecules in a glass of liquid is about 1,000,000 million trillion. One million trillion of these are molecules of some poison, while 999,999 million trillion of these are
Here’s a quick recipe for rock candy. In a cooking pot make a hot saturated solution of sugar in water. Start by mixing sugar and water in a 2:1 ratio by volume. Add more sugar or water as
You can build a relatively inefficient but fun-to-watch distiller at home. Avoid the steam produced in this activity—steam burns can be particularly harmful.Step 1: Fill a cooking pot to a depth of
Just because a solid dissolves in a liquid doesn’t mean the solid no longer occupies space. Fill a glass to its brim with the warm water, and then carefully pour all the water into the larger
Black ink contains pigments of many different colors. Acting together, these pigments absorb all the frequencies of visible light. Because no light is reflected, the ink appears black. We can use
Why don’t all municipalities require third-level treatment of wastewater?
To see the gases dissolved in your water, fill a clean cooking pot with water and let it stand at room temperature for several hours. Note the tiny bubbles that adhere to the inner sides of the pot.
Put on your safety glasses and add several cups of tap water to a cooking pot. Boil the water to dryness. (Turn off the burner before the water is all gone. The heat from the pot will finish the
What is the first step in treating raw sewage?
Why can wastewater treatment requirements in Hawaii be less stringent than those in most locations on the U.S. mainland?
What are two ways in which people disinfect water in areas where municipal treatment facilities are not available?
What naturally occurring element has been contaminating the water supply of Bangladesh?
Why is treated water sprayed into the air before it is piped to users?
Why are soap molecules so attracted to calcium and magnesium ions?
What is the difference between a soap and a detergent?
What component of hard water makes it hard?

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