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the physical universe
The Physical Universe 16th edition Konrad B Krauskopf, Arthur Beiser - Solutions
What is the effective nuclear charge that acts on each electron in the outer shell of the sulfur (Z = 16) atom? Would you think that such an electron is relatively easy or relatively hard to detach from the atom?
The energy needed to remove an outer electron from an atom is called the atom’s ionization energy. (a) Use Fig. 9-29 to find the ionization energy in eV of lithium (atomic number 3) on the basis that its two inner electrons completely shield 2e of the nuclear charge from the outer electron.
The ionization energies of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs are respectively 5.4, 5.1, 4.3, 4.2, and 3.9 eV. All are in Group 1 of the periodic table. Explain the decrease in ionization energy with increasing atomic number in this group.
Illustrate with electron diagrams (a) The reaction between a lithium atom and a fluorine atom, and (b) The reaction between a magnesium atom and a sulfur atom. Would you expect lithium fluoride and magnesium sulfide to be ionic or covalent compounds?
Which of the following compounds do you expect to be ionic and which covalent: IBr, NO2, SiF4, Na2S, CCl4, RbCl, Ca3N2?
Under what circumstances would you expect the shared electron pair to be equal distances on the average from each of the atoms participating in a covalent bond?
With the help of Tables 10-8 and 10-9 find the formulas of the following compounds: silicon carbide; lead(II) oxide; manganese(IV) oxide; sodium nitride.
With the help of Tables 10-8 and 10-9 find the formulas of the following compounds: barium iodide; ammonium chlorate; tin(II) chromate; lithium phosphate.
How many atoms of which elements are present in a molecule of CH3(CH2)2Cl?
Name these compounds: CaMnO2, CaWO4, Ca3(AsO4)2.
Write the formulas of these compounds: sulfur trioxide; phosphorus pentachloride; dinitrogen tetroxide.
Which of the following equations are balanced?a. 6Na + Fe2O3 → 2Fe + 3Na2Ob. MnO + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2c. C4H10 + 9O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2Od. 3H2S + 2HNO3 → 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
What is the structural formula of methyl ethyl ketone?
List all the evidence you can for each of the following statements:a. Granite is an igneous rock.b. Mica schist is a rock that has been subjected to nonuniform pressure.c. Compressional forces exist in the earth’s crust.d. Tectonic movement is going on at present.
Deposits of igneous rocks are found intruded in the folded sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of large mountain ranges. What do you think is the sequence of events that occurred when these ranges were formed?
What kind of biological evidence supports the notion that all the continents were once part of a single supercontinent? What kind of climatological evidence supports the concept of continental drift?
(a) Where was the Tethys Sea located? (b) Are there any remnants of this body of water in existence today? If so, what are they? (c) What mountain ranges of today were once part of the Tethys Sea? (d) What kind of evidence indicates that the region where these mountains are was once
Which is denser, the granitic rock of the continents or the basaltic rock of the ocean floors? Which extends deeper into the crust, the continents or the ocean floors?
North America, Greenland, and Eurasia fit quite well together in reconstructing Laurasia, but there is no space available for Iceland. Why is the omission of Iceland from Laurasia reasonable?
When continental drift was proposed almost a century ago, it was assumed that the continents move through soft ocean floors. Why is this hypothesis no longer considered valid? How does continental drift actually occur?
Where do subduction zones occur? What happens at them? What becomes of a subducted plate edge?
How does the origin of the Himalayas differ from that of the oceanic mountains that constitute the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
Is the Atlantic Ocean becoming narrower or wider? The Pacific Ocean?
In what geological zones are most volcanoes found?
The distance between the continental shelves of the eastern coast of Greenland and the western coast of Norway is about 1300 km. If Greenland separated from Norway 65 million years ago and their respective plates have been moving apart ever since at the same rate, find the average speed of each
In Fig. 16-47, beds A to F consist of sedimentary rocks formed from marine deposits and G and H are granite.What sequence of events must have occurred in this region?
(a) What is an unconformity? (b) If one is shown in Fig. 16-47, where is it?
What is a fault? If one is shown in Fig. 16-47, where is it?
The half-life of rubidium-87 is 47 billion years, and that of potassium-40 is 1.3 billion years. Would you expect the rubidium-strontium or potassium-argon method of radiometric dating to be more generally useful? Why?
Why are fossils still useful in dating rock formations despite the development of radioactive methods?
Why are most fossils found in beds that were once the floors of shallow seas?
What is the basis for the division of geologic time into eras and periods?
During what divisions of geologic time have living things existed on the earth?
The early atmosphere of the earth probably consisted of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen, with little free oxygen. What is believed to be the source of oxygen in the present-day atmosphere? What bearing has this question on the relatively rapid development of varied and complex forms of
Precambrian rocks are exposed over a large part of eastern Canada. What does this suggest about the geologic history of this region since the end of Precambrian time?
What are the chief kinds of organisms that have left traces in Precambrian sedimentary rocks?
Which of the following are found in Paleozoic rock formations: dinosaur fossils; early human fossils; coal deposits; radiocarbon deposits?
Under what circumstances is coal formed?
What are some of the chief differences between reptiles and mammals?
What is believed to be the reason or reasons for the disappearance of the dinosaurs? What is the evidence for this belief?
About 200 million years ago today’s continents were all part of the supercontinent Pangaea. During what geologic era did Pangaea break apart into Laurasia and Gondwana? During what era did Laurasia break up into North America, Greenland, and Eurasia?
In rocks of what era or eras would you expect to find fossils of (a) Horses; (b) Ferns;(c) Clams;(d) Insects;(e) Apes?
The Scandinavian landmass of Norway and Sweden has been rising since the end of the most recent ice age. Can you think of the reason for this?
(a) How is it possible to distinguish the planets from the stars by observations with the unaided eye? (b) By observations with a telescope?
Why do the planets shine?
Is the mass of the solar system concentrated in the sun or in the planets?
Suppose you were on Mars and watched the earth with the help of a telescope. What changes would you see in the earth’s appearance as it moves around the sun in its orbit?
Why do comets have tails only in the vicinity of the sun? Why do these tails always point away from the sun, even when the comet is receding from it?
The Perseid meteor shower appears early every August. Does this mean that the orbits of the meteoroids in the Perseid swarm all have periods of exactly 1 year?
If the earth had no atmosphere, would comets still be visible from its surface? Would meteors?
Mercury takes 59 of our days to turn completely on its axis, but the period of time between one sunrise and the next on Mercury is 176 of our days. What do you think is the reason for the difference?
Venus is the brightest planet in the sky. How does its brightness compare with that of the brightest stars?
Venus is brighter when it appears as a crescent than when we can see its full disk. Why?
Give two reasons why the surface of Venus is so much hotter than the earth’s surface.
Compare the likelihood that an astronaut on Mars will be struck by a meteoroid with the likelihood for a person on earth.
Why do temperatures on the surface of Mars vary between day and night more than they do on the earth’s surface?
Are any volcanoes active on Mars today?
Distinguish between asteroids and meteoroids.
Why are few asteroids spherical, as planets are?
Why is Jupiter thought not to consist mainly of rock with an iron core, like the earth? Of what does it mainly consist?
When did conditions on the earth resemble those on Jupiter’s satellite Europa today? Was there any life on the earth at that time?
What are the chief similarities between Jupiter and Saturn? The chief differences?
Is it likely that Saturn’s rings are permanent features?
Which planet resembles the earth most in size and mass? In surface conditions?
(a) Which planets besides Saturn have rings? (b) What is the nature of these rings?
(a) What is the chief distinction between planets and dwarf planets? (b) What are the chief similarities? (c) What is the chief distinction between dwarf planets and planetary satellites? (d) Do any dwarf planets have satellites?
We always see the same hemisphere of the moon. Why?
The moon rises in the east at midnight on a certain night. Can it appear as a full moon?
Is the moon the largest satellite in the solar system? The smallest?
Relative to the stars, the moon takes 27*1/3 days to orbit the earth. As seen from the earth, the moon drifts eastward relative to the stars. Through what angle does the moon move eastward each day relative to the stars?
Eclipses of the sun and of the moon do not occur every month. Why not?
The moon’s surface is about as irregular as that of the earth. What does this imply about temperatures in the moon’s interior?
Moonquakes are weaker and occur much less often than earthquakes. What do these facts imply about temperatures in the moon’s interior?
Why is it believed that large-scale igneous activity ceased on the moon about 3 billion years ago?
A photograph of a star cluster shows many more stars than can be seen by looking by eye at the cluster through the same telescope. Why is there a difference?
Which astronomical objects that appear as points of light to the unaided eye appear as disks with the help of a telescope?
What part of a star is responsible for the dark lines in its spectrum?
Arrange the following types of stars in order of decreasing surface temperature: yellow stars, blue stars, white stars, red stars.
A binary star consists of two stars that revolve around each other. Telescopes cannot resolve a binary star into its members, but an astronomer can recognize a binary star from its spectrum. What property of the spectrum is involved?
Helium was discovered in the sun before it was found on the earth (hence its name, which comes from helios, the Greek word for “sun”). How can this sequence have come about?
The sun’s photosphere is at a temperature of 5780 K whereas the temperature of much of the corona exceeds 1,000,000 K. Why is the photosphere rather than the corona the source of most of the sun’s radiation?
What element is most abundant on the sun? Next most abundant?
Why do sunspots appear dark if their temperatures are over 4500 K?
Give two methods for determining how fast the sun rotates on its axis. Is the rotation speed the same for the entire sun?
Where are the lighter elements created? The heavier ones?
What information can be gained by comparing the luminosity and brightness of a star?
Why are conditions in the interior of a star favorable for nuclear fusion reactions?
How are stellar masses determined?
What data are needed to determine a star’s average density? How would you expect the density to change from the surface layers to the interior?
A red star and a white star of the same brightness are the same distance from the earth. Which is larger? Why?
The spectrum of a certain star shows a doppler shift that varies periodically from the red to the blue end of the spectrum. What kind of star is this?
Why are relatively few stars very hot?
Why is the sun considered to be a star?
Main-sequence stars are supposed to evolve into giants, but relatively few stars lie between the main sequence and the group of giants on the H-R diagram. Why?
A giant star is much redder than a main-sequence star of the same luminosity. How does this observation indicate that the giant star is larger than the mainsequence star?
Where would a star be located in the main sequence relative to the sun if its mass is 10 times that of the sun? Would it remain in the main sequence for a shorter or longer time than the sun? Would it be cooler or hotter than the sun?
As a main-sequence star evolves, what happens to its position on the main sequence?
Into what kind of star will the sun eventually evolve?
What happens to a very heavy star at the end of its period in the main sequence?
About how often do supernovas occur in the Milky Way galaxy?
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