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social science
behavioral psychology
Psychology 13th Edition David G. Myers, C. Nathan DeWall - Solutions
RP-2 How does the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence integrate the idea of having general intelligence as well as specific abilities?
RP-1 How does the existence of savant syndrome support Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
The concept of multiple intelligences assumes that the analytical school smarts measured by traditional intelligence tests are important, but that other abilities are also important. Different people have different gifts. What are yours?
5. Most researchers agree that apes cana. communicate through symbols.b. reproduce most human speech sounds.c. master language in adulthood.d. surpass a human 3-year-old in language skills.
4. According to Chomsky, humans have a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules. He calls this trait .
3. When young children speak in short phrases using mostly verbs and nouns, this is referred to as .
2. The three basic building blocks of language are , , and .
1. Children reach the one-word stage of speech development at abouta. 4 months.b. 6 months.c. 1 year.d. 2 years.
LOQ 9-14: What is the relationship between thinking and language, and what is the value of thinking in images?
LOQ 9-13: What do we know about other species’ capacity for language?
LOQ 9-12: What brain areas are involved in language processing and speech?
LOQ 9-11: What are the milestones in language development, and when is the critical period for acquiring language?
LOQ 9-10: How do we acquire language, and what is universal grammar?
LOQ 9-9: What are the structural components of a language?
RP-8 What is mental practice, and how can it help you to prepare for an upcoming event?
How could you use mental practice to improve your performance in some area of your life—for example, in your schoolwork, personal relationships, or hobbies?
What time is it now? When we asked you (in the section on overconfidence) to estimate how quickly you would finish this chapter, did you underestimate or overestimate?
RP-7 Benjamin Lee Whorf’s controversial hypothesis, called , suggested that we cannot think about things unless we have words for those concepts or ideas.
Consider a language you began to learn after learning your first language. How did learning this other language differ from learning your first language? Does speaking it feel different?
RP-6 If your dog barks at a stranger at the door, does this qualify as language? What if the dog yips in a telltale way to let you know she needs to go out?
Can you think of a time when you believed an animal was communicating with you? How might you put that to a test?
RP-5 __________ __________ is one part of the brain that, if damaged, might impair your ability to speak words.Damage to might impair your ability to understand language
RP-4 Why is it so difficult to learn a new language in adulthood?
RP-3 What is the difference between receptive language and productive language, and when do children normally hit these milestones in language development?
RP-2 What was Noam Chomsky’s view of language development?
RP-1 How many morphemes are in the word cats? How many phonemes?
8. In the early twentieth century, some psychologists noted that animal consciousness can be inferred from their behavior. In the early twenty-first century, other scientists argued that animal consciousness can be inferred from their brain’s .
7. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative person?a. Expertiseb. Extrinsic motivationc. A venturesome personalityd. Imaginative thinking skills
6. When consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as “75 percent lean” than to the same product labeled “25 percent fat,” they have been influenced by .
5. Terrorist attacks made Americans more fearful of being victimized by terrorism than of other, greater threats. Such exaggerated fear after dramatic events illustrates the heuristic.
4. A major obstacle to problem solving is fixation, which is a(n)a. tendency to base our judgments on vivid memories.b. tendency to wait for insight to occur.c. inability to view a problem from a new perspective.d. rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of an event in terms of our mental image of
3. Oscar describes his political beliefs as “strongly liberal,” but he is interested in exploring opposing viewpoints. How might he be affected by confirmation bias and belief perseverance?
2. The most systematic procedure for solving a problem is a(n) .
1. A mental grouping of similar things is called a .
LOQ 9-8: What do we know about thinking in other species?
LOQ 9-7: What is creativity, and what fosters it?
LOQ 9-6: How do smart thinkers use intuition?
LOQ 9-5: How are our decisions and judgments affected by overconfidence, belief perseverance, and framing?
LOQ 9-4: What factors exaggerate our fear of unlikely events?
LOQ 9-3: What is intuition, and how can the representativeness and availability heuristics influence our decisions and judgments?
LOQ 9-2: What cognitive strategies assist our problem solving, and what obstacles hinder it?
LOQ 9-1: What are cognition and metacognition, and what are the functions of concepts?
RP-2 Match the process or strategy listed below (i–xi) with its description (a–k).
Can you recall a time when contradictory information challenged one of your views? Was it hard for you to consider the opposite view? What caused you to change your thinking or keep your opinion?
RP-1 Why can news be described as “something that hardly ever happens”? How does knowing this help us assess our fears?
What do you fear? Do some of your fears outweigh their likelihood of happening? How can you use critical thinking to assess the rationality of your fears—and to identify areas of your life where you need to take more precautions?
10. Memory researchers involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to disagree with some therapists about which of the following statements?a. Memories of events that happened before age 4 are not reliable.b. We tend to repress extremely upsetting memories.c. Memories can be emotionally
9. Children can be accurate eyewitnesses ifa. interviewers give the children hints about what really happened.b. a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event.c. the children have a chance to talk with involved adults before the interview.d. interviewers use precise technical and
8. When a situation triggers the feeling that “I’ve been here before,” you are experiencing .
7. We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of .
6. Eliza’s family loves to tell the story of how she “stole the show” as a 2-year-old, dancing at her aunt’s wedding reception. Even though she was so young, Eliza says she can recall the event clearly. How might Eliza have formed this memory?
5. One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency is an example ofa. proactive interference.b. the misinformation effect.c. retroactive interference.d. the forgetting curve.
4. Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called .
3. You will experience less (proactive/retroactive) interference if you learn new material in the hour before sleep than you will if you learn it before turning to another subject.
2. Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends toa. increase slightly.b. decrease noticeably.c. decrease greatly.d. level off.
1. When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred froma. the environment into sensory memory.b. sensory memory into long-term memory.c. long-term memory into short-term memory.d. short-term memory into long-term memory.
LOQ 8-19: How can you use memory research findings to do better in this and other courses?
LOQ 8-18: How reliable are young children’s eyewitness descriptions?
LOQ 8-17: Why have reports of repressed and recovered memories been so hotly debated?
LOQ 8-16: How do misinformation, imagination, and source amnesia influence our memory construction? How do we decide whether a memory is real or false?
LOQ 8-15: Why do we forget?
RP-5 Which memory strategies can help you study smarter and retain more information?
Which three of these study and memory strategies will be most important for you to start using to improve your own learning and retention?
RP-4 Imagine being a jury member in a trial for a parent accused of sexual abuse based on a recovered memory. What insights from memory research should you share with the rest of the jury?
RP-3 What—given the commonness of source amnesia—might life be like if we remembered all our waking experiences and all our dreams?
Think of a memory you frequently recall. How might you have changed it without conscious awareness?
RP-2 Freud believed (though many researchers doubt) that we unacceptable memories to minimize anxiety.
RP-1 What are three ways we forget, and how does each of these happen?
6. When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recalla. the first items on the list.b. the first and last items on the list.c. a few items at
5. When you feel sad, why might it help to look at pictures that reawaken some of your best memories?
4. Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of .
3. Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers toa. emotion-triggered hormonal changes.b. the role of the hippocampus in processing explicit memories.c. an increase in a cell’s firing potential.d. aging people’s potential for learning.
2. Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an (explicit/implicit) memory.
1. The hippocampus seems to function as aa. temporary processing site for explicit memories.b. temporary processing site for implicit memories.c. permanent storage area for emotion-based memories.d. permanent storage area for iconic and echoic memories.
LOQ 8-14: How do external cues, internal emotions, and order of appearance influence memory retrieval?
LOQ 8-13: How do changes at the synapse level affect our memory processing?
LOQ 8-12: How do emotions affect our memory processing?
LOQ 8-11: What roles do the cerebellum and basal ganglia play in memory processing?
LOQ 8-10: What roles do the frontal lobes and hippocampus play in memory processing?
LOQ 8-9: What is the capacity of long-term memory? Are our long-term memories processed and stored in specific locations?
RP-6 When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known as the effect.
RP-5 What is priming?
What sort of mood have you been in lately? How has your mood colored your memories, perceptions, and expectations?
RP-4 Increased efficiency at the synapses is evidence of the neural basis of learning and memory. This is called
RP-3 Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?
Which is more important—your experiences or your memories of them?
RP-2 Your friend has experienced brain damage in an accident. He can remember how to tie his shoes but has a hard time remembering anything you tell him during a conversation. How can implicit versus explicit information processing explain what’s going on here?
RP-1 Which parts of the brain are important for implicit memory processing, and which parts play a key role in explicit memory processing?
6. Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organizational devices are called
5. Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about bits of information.
4. Sensory memory may be visual ( memory) or auditory (memory).
3. The concept of working memorya. clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.b. splits short-term memory into two substages—sensory memory and iconic memory.c. splits short-term memory into two types: implicit and explicit memory.d.
2. The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are , , and .
1. A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your .
LOQ 8-8: How do distributed practice, deep processing, and making new material personally meaningful aid memory?
LOQ 8-7: What are some effortful processing strategies that can help us remember new information?
LOQ 8-6: What is our short-term memory capacity?
LOQ 8-5: How does sensory memory work?
LOQ 8-4: What information do we process automatically?
LOQ 8-3: How do explicit and implicit memories differ?
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