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social science
behavioral psychology
Psychology 13th Edition David G. Myers, C. Nathan DeWall - Solutions
=+7-3 Explain why psy- chologists study animals, and describe the ethical guidelines that safeguard animal research subjects.
=+7-2 Explain the value of simplified laboratory conditions in illuminating everyday life.
=+7-1 Explain the pro- cess of determining which research design to use.
=+6. In a drug study, neither the participants nor the person distributing the pills knows who is receiving the new drug and who is receiving the placebo. This type of research design is said to be a(n) study.a. correlationalb. confoundingc. double-blindd. single-blinde. illusory
=+5. The purpose of random assignment is toa. allow participants in both the experimental and control groups to be exposed to the independent variable.b. ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research.c. eliminate the placebo
=+ the strongest relationship between two variables?a. +0.30b. +0.75c. +1.3d. -0.85e. -0.05
=+ 3. Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore,a. income and sleep levels are positively correlated.b. income and sleep levels are negatively correlated.c. income and sleep levels are inversely correlated.d. income and
=+2. In an experiment to test the effects of room temperature on test performance the independent variable isa. the scores on the test before the experiment begins.b. the scores on the test at the end of the experiment.c. whether the teacher was male or female.d. the temperature of the room.e. the
=+a. People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.b. Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets than teenage males.c. Students with lower IQ scores tend to have lower grades.d. As hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test.e. Students' shoe sizes are not
=+1. Which of the following is an example of negative correlation? 4. Which of the following correlation coefficients represents
=+6-4 Describe the characteristics of experimen- tation that make it possible to isolate cause and effect.
=+6-3 Explain illusory correlations and regression toward the mean.
=+6-2 Discuss why cor- relations enable prediction but not cause-effect explanation.
=+6-1 Explain what it means when we say two things are correlated, and describe positive and nega- tive correlations.
=+a. Naturalistic observationb. Surveyc. Interviewd. Case studye. Theory method 7. Which of the following is most important when conduct- ing survey research?a. Choosing a representative sampleb. Choosing a large samplec. Choosing a biased sampled. Choosing a sample that includes every member of
=+6. An individual with an exceptional memory is identified. For any given date, she is capable of recalling major events, the weather, and what she did that day. What research method is being used if a psychologist conducts an in-depth investigation of this individual using ques- tionnaires, brain
=+5. Researchers are interested in finding out if voters are more likely to vote for congressional candidates who have more pleasant facial expressions. Starting at a random point, the researchers contact every hundredth person on the voter list to ask about candidate facial expressions. Which
=+4. A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n)a. theory.b. hypothesis.c. operational definition..d. guess.e. random sample.
=+3. Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey?a. Are people more likely to vote Republican or Democrat in the next election?b. Are violent criminals genetically different from nonviolent criminals?c. Does extra sleep improve memory?d. What is the best study
=+2. A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-year- olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descrip- tive research is she conducting?a. Case studyb. Experimentc. Random
=+1. Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings?a. An operational definition allows others to replicate the study.b. An operational definition provides more context and includes many examples of the concept described.c. An operational definition is easier to
=+ 5-2 Explain how psy- chologists use case studies, naturalistic observations, and surveys to observe and describe behavior, and why random sampling is important.
=+5-1 Describe how theo- ries advance psychological science.
=+4. Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias?a. Armend is certain that electric cars will represent 80 percent of vehicles in 20 years and only reads research studies that support his hypothesis.b. Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her college
=+ 3. The tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions is calleda. hindsight bias.b. overconfidence.c. critical thinking.d. skepticism.e. reliability.
=+ 2. While taking a standardized test with randomly scram- bled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c." Which of the following is true concerning the probability of the next answer being "c"?a. It is higher. Once a streak begins, it is likely to last for a while.b. It is
=+1. After the student council election, a friend tells you he could have guessed who would be elected president. What psychological phenomenon might this illustrate?a. Common sensed. Overconfidenceb. Critical thinkinge. Perceiving order in random eventsc. Hindsight bias
=+4-1 Explain how hind- sight bias, overconfidence, and the tendency to perceive order in random events illustrate why science-based answers are more valid than those based on common sense.
6. Research on the faith factor has found thata. pessimists tend to be healthier than optimists.b. our expectations influence our feelings of stress.c. religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active.d. religious engagement promotes social isolation and repression.
5. Because it triggers the release of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins, exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety.
4. People who have close relationships are less likely to die prematurely than those who do not, supporting the idea thata. social ties can be a source of stress.b. gender influences longevity.c. Type A behavior is responsible for many premature deaths.d. social support has a beneficial effect on
3. When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience an (internal/external) locus of control.
2. Seligman’s classic research showed that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has hada. the opportunity to escape.b. no control over the shocks.c. pain or discomfort.d. no food or water prior to the shocks.
1. When faced with a situation over which you feel you have little control, you are more likely to turn to (emotion/problem)-focused coping.
LOQ 12-27: What is the faith factor, and what are some possible explanations for the link between faith and health?
LOQ 12-26: In what ways might relaxation and meditation influence stress and health?
LOQ 12-25: How effective is aerobic exercise as a way to manage stress and improve well-being?
LOQ 12-24: How does social support promote good health?
LOQ 12-23: How does an optimistic outlook affect health and longevity?
LOQ 12-22: Why is self-control important, and can our self-control be depleted?
LOQ 12-21: How does a perceived lack of control affect health?
LOQ 12-20: In what two ways do people try to alleviate stress?
RP-2 What are some of the tactics we can use to successfully manage the stress we cannot avoid?
What strategies have you used to cope with stress in your life? How well have they worked? What other strategies could you try?
Can you remember a time when you felt better after discussing a problem with a loved one, or even after playing with your pet? How did doing so help you to cope?
RP-1 To cope with stress when we feel in control of our world, we tend to use (emotion/problem)-focused strategies. To cope with stress when we believe we cannot change a situation, we tend to use(emotion/problem)-focused strategies.
How much control do you have over your life? What changes could you make to increase your sense of control?
7. A Chinese proverb warns, “The fire you kindle for your enemy often burns you more than him.” How is this true of Type A individuals?
6. Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing significant stress or bereavement. In describing this link, researchers are quick to point out thata. accumulated stress causes cancer.b. anger is the negative emotion most closely linked to cancer.c.
5. Stress can suppress the by prompting a decrease in the release of lymphocytes, the cells that ordinarily attack bacteria, viruses,cancer cells, and other foreign substances.
4. When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to show a-and- response.
3. Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) consists of an alarm reaction followed by , then .
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of stressors?a. Catastrophesb. Significant life changesc. Daily hasslesd. Pessimism
1. The number of short-term illnesses and stress-related psychological disorders was higher than usual in the months following an earthquake. Such findings suggest thata. daily hassles have adverse health consequences.b. experiencing a very stressful event increases a person’s vulnerability to
LOQ 12-19: So, does stress cause illness?
LOQ 12-18: Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease?
LOQ 12-17: How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease?
LOQ 12-16: How do we respond and adapt to stress?
LOQ 12-15: How does our appraisal of an event affect our stress reaction, and what are the three main types of stressors?
RP-4 Which component of the Type A personality has been linked most closely to coronary heart disease?
Do you think you are Type A, Type B, or somewhere in between? In what ways has this been helpful to you, and in what ways has this been a challenge?
RP-3 What general effect does stress have on our health?
RP-2 The field of studies mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health.
RP-1 The stress response system: When alerted to a negative, uncontrollable event, our nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration (increase/decrease). Blood is diverted from digestion to the skeletal . The body releases sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the -- response
4. A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology, this observation is embodied in the principle.
3. After moving to a new apartment, you find the street noise irritatingly loud, but after a while it no longer bothers you. This reaction illustrates thea. relative deprivation principle.b. adaptation-level phenomenon.c. feel-good, do-good phenomenon.d. catharsis principle.
2. psychology is a scientific field of study focused on how humans thrive and flourish.
1. One of the most consistent findings of psychological research is that happy people are alsoa. more likely to express anger.b. generally luckier than others.c. concentrated in the wealthier nations.d. more likely to help others.
LOQ 12-14: What predicts happiness, and how can we be happier?
LOQ 12-13: How do time, wealth, adaptation, and comparison affect our happiness levels?
LOQ 12-12: What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon, and what is the focus of positive psychology research?
LOQ 12-11: What are the causes and consequences of anger?
LOQ 12-10: What are some of the basic emotions?
RP-2 Which of the following factors does NOT predict self-reported happiness?a. Ageb. Personality traitsc. Sleep and exercised. Active religious faith
Were you surprised by any of the findings related to happiness? What things might you change in your life to increase your happiness?
RP-1 Which one of the following is an effective strategy for reducing angry feelings?a. Retaliate verbally or physically.b. Wait or “simmer down.”c. Express anger in action or fantasy.d. Review the grievance silently.
2. Aiden has a bad cold and finds himself shuffling to class with his head down.How might his posture, as well as his cold, affect his emotional well-being?
1. When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling some fear. This result is known as the effect.
LOQ 12-9: How do our facial expressions influence our feelings?
LOQ 12-8: How are gestures and facial expressions understood within and across cultures?
LOQ 12-7: How do men and women differ in nonverbal communication?
LOQ 12-6: How do we communicate nonverbally?
Imagine a situation in which you would like to change the way you feel. How could you do so by altering your facial expressions or the way you carry yourself? In what other settings could you apply your knowledge of these feedback effects?
RP-3 (a) Based on the facial feedback effect, how might students report feeling when the rubber bands raise their cheeks as though in a smile? (b) How might students report feeling when the rubber bands pull their cheeks downward?
RP-2 Are people more likely to differ culturally in their interpretations of facial expressions, or of gestures?
RP-1 (Women/Men) report experiencing emotions more deeply, and they tend to be more adept at reading nonverbal behavior.
4. What does a polygraph measure, and why are its results questionable?
3. Zajonc and LeDoux have maintained that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to consciously label or interpret them. Lazarus noted the importance of how we appraise events. These psychologists differ in the emphasis they place on in emotional responses.a. physical
2. Assume that after returning from an hour-long run, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship application has been approved. The two-factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical arousal willa. weaken your happiness.b. intensify your happiness.c. transform your happiness into
1. The - theory of emotion maintains that our emotional experience occurs after our awareness of a physiological response.
LOQ 12-5: How effective are polygraphs in using body states to detect lies?
LOQ 12-4: How do emotions activate different physiological and brain-pattern responses?
LOQ 12-3: What is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system?
LOQ 12-2: To experience emotions, must we consciously interpret and label them?
LOQ 12-1: How do arousal, expressive behavior, and cognition interact in emotion?
RP-4 How do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system affect our emotional responses?
Can you think of a recent time when you noticed your body’s reactions to an emotionally charged situation, such as a tense social setting, or perhaps before an important test or game? How would you describe your sympathetic nervous system’s responses?
RP-3 Emotion researchers have disagreed about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of cognitive processing. How would you characterize the approach of each of the following researchers: Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer?
RP-2 According to Schachter and Singer, two factors lead to our experience of an emotion: (a) physiological arousal and(b) appraisal.
RP-1 According to the Cannon-Bard theory, (a) our physiological response to a stimulus (for example, a pounding heart), and (b) the emotion we experience (for example, fear) occur (simultaneously/sequentially). According to the James-Lange theory, (a) and (b) occur (simultaneously/sequentially).
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