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social science
behavioral psychology
Psychology 13th Edition David G. Myers, C. Nathan DeWall - Solutions
=+4. In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulusa. naturally triggers a response.b. is a naturally occurring response.c. is initially neutral, and then comes to trigger a response.d. prompts spontaneous recovery.e. is a reward offered for completing a behavior.
=+3. In classical conditioning, a person learns to anticipate events bya. associating a response with its consequence.b. avoiding spontaneous recovery.c. using operant behaviors.d. associating two stimuli.e. employing cognitive learning.
=+2. A family uses the microwave to prepare their cat's food. The cat comes running into the room when the micro- wave timer sounds, but not when it hears the oven timer. The cat is demonstrating the concept ofa. generalization.b. discrimination.c. spontaneous recovery.d. extinction.e. habituation.
=+1. Which of the following is the best example of learning?a. A dog salivates when food is placed in its mouth.b. A honeybee stings when the hive is threatened.c. A child cries when his brother hits him.d. A child feels ill after drinking sour milk.e. A child flinches when he sees lightning
=+26-6 Describe some applications of Pavlov's work to human health and well-being, and explain how Watson applied Pavlov's principles to learned fears.
=+ 26-5 Summarize why Pavlov's work remains so important.
=+26-4 Identify the process- es of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, gener- alization, and discrimination in classical conditioning.
=+26-3 Identify Pavlov, and describe the basic components of classical conditioning.
=+26-2 Explain behavior- ism's view of learning.
=+26-1 Define learning, and identify some basic forms of learning.
=+15. Which term describes the brain's adaptation to a drug's chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect?a. Withdrawalb. Tolerancec. Addictiond. Substance use disordere. Disinhibiting
=+14. Carla has agreed to take part in a sleep study. The re- searchers are most likely using a(n). brain waves as she sleeps.a. MRIb. CT scanc. PET scan to measure herd. EEGe. EKG
=+13. Ernest Hilgard used the term to describe a split between different levels of consciousness.a. selective attentionb. REM sleepc. delta wavesd. spindlese. dissociation
=+12. Slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of which drug?d. Alcohola. Nicotineb. Methamphetaminec. Caffeinee. Ecstasy
=+11. The effects of opiates are similar to the effects of which neurotransmitter?a. Serotoninb. Endorphinsc. GABAd. Norepinephrinee. Acetylcholine
=+10. Jarod's muscles are relaxed, his body is basically para- lyzed, and he is hard to awaken. Which sleep stage is Jarod probably experiencing?a. NREM-1b. NREM-2c. NREM-3d. REMe. Alpha
=+9. Which drug is incorrectly matched with its category?a. Alcohol; stimulantb. LSD; hallucinogenc. Amphetamine; stimulantd. THC; hallucinogene. Nicotine; stimulant
=+8. Recent research most consistently supports the effective- ness of hypnosis in which of the following areas?a. Pain reliefb. Recovery of lost memoriesc. Reduction of sleep deprivationd. Forcing people to act against their wille. Cessation of smoking
=+ 7. Which of these drugs acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, causes dangerous dehydration in the short term, and causes serotonin disruption in the long term?a. LSDb. Ecstasyc. Alcohold. Cocainee. Caffeine
=+ 6. Increasing amounts of paradoxical sleep following a period of sleep deprivation is known as what?a. Circadian sleepb. Sleep shiftingc. Narcolepsyd. Sleep apneae. REM rebound
=+5. As part of a sleep study, researchers notice bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity called. and determine that Jane is in NREM-2 sleep.a. hallucinationsb. circadian rhythmsc. alpha wavesd. sleep spindlese. delta waves
=+ 4. What is the pineal gland's role in sleep?a. Activating the suprachiasmatic nucleusb. The production of melatoninc. The location of hypnagogic sensationsd. Remembering dreams upon wakinge. Emitting alpha waves
=+3. Hadley is complaining to her physician that she has great difficulty falling asleep, and that when she does fall asleep, she regularly wakens later during the night. She will most likely be diagnosed witha. insomnia.b. narcolepsy.c. sleep apnea.d. night terrors.e. sleepwalking.
=+2. Which of the following are visible on the EEG of a per- son in NREM-3 sleep?a. Sleep spindlesb. REMc. Alpha wavesd. SCNe. Delta waves
=+1. While engaged in an argument with his brother, a man suddenly falls asleep. With which sleep disorder is he most likely to be diagnosed?a. Sleep apneab. Insomniac. Night terrorsd. Sleepwalkinge. Narcolepsy
=+5. What can be expected in someone who is a frequent user of marijuana?a. There will be an increased production of dopamine in the brain.b. They will need to consume larger doses of the drug to feel its effects.c. They will experience a dangerously elevated heart rate.d. They will experience
=+4. Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?a. Alcohol is a hallucinogen, because it makes people believe things that are not true.b. Alcohol is a depressant, because it causes people to feel sad when under its influence.c. Alcohol is a stimulant, because people do foolish things
=+3. Which stimulant causes high energy, emotional elation, dehydration, and damage to serotonin-producing neurons?a. Barbiturateb. Nicotinec. Ecstasyd. Caffeinee. LSD
=+2. After taking a psychoactive drug for many years, Carl stops taking it. He finds withdrawal to be physically pain- ful, because the drug that he had been taking caused his brain to stop producing its own endorphins. Which drug was he taking?a. Nicotineb. Marijuanac. Cocained. Methamphetaminee.
=+1. Which of the following represents drug tolerance?a. Hans has grown to accept the fact that his wife likes to have a beer with her dinner, even though he personally does not approve of the use of alcohol.b. Jos often wakes up with a headache that lasts until he has his morning cup of coffee.c.
=+25-5 Identify the hallucinogens, and describe their effects.
=+25-4 Identify the stimulants, and describe their effects.
=+25-3 Identify the depressants, and describe their effects.
=+ 25-2 Discuss the roles that tolerance and addiction play in substance use disorders, and how the concept of addiction has changed.
=+25-1 Describe substance use disorders.
=+24-2 Describe the most common content of dreams, and identify the functions theorists have proposed for dreams.
=+24-1 Describe the effects of sleep loss, and identify the major sleep disorders.
=+23-5 Describe sleep's functions.
=+23-4 Explain how biology and environment interact in our sleep patterns.
=+23-3 Describe the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages.
=+ 23-2 Describe how our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning.
=+23-1 Describe sleep as a state of consciousness.
=+a. Consciousnessb. Hypnosisc. Hallucinationd. Dissociatione. Meditation
=+4. Which of the following is the term most closely asso- ciated with the split in consciousness that allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others?
=+3. Myla goes to a hypnotist because she is interested in losing weight. Under hypnosis she is told that, later on, when she is hungry, she will eat less than she normally would. The hypnotist is making use ofa. selective attention.b. the Stroop effect.c. social influence.d. a hallucination.e. a
=+2. Which of the following is most likely to happen under hypnosis?a. A person will remember a traumatic event from their past that they had forgotten.b. An adult will regress to acting exactly like they did as a child.c. A person may be unable to report their grandmother's name if asked to forget
=+unconscious.d. It is an important way of studying our two-track minds.e. Focus has shifted away from other areas to only studying the way that sleep affects our consciousness.
=+1. Which of the following is true about the study of con- sciousness in psychology?a. It was only studied by Sigmund Freud.b. It has been discredited in favor of studying behaviors.c. It has been discredited in light of research showing the significant role of the
=+22-3 Discuss whether hypnosis is an extension of normal consciousness or an altered state.
=+22-2 Define hypnosis, and describe how a hypnotist can influence a hypnotized subject.
=+22-1 Describe the place of consciousness in psychology's history.
=+4. Which of the following is most closely associated with hair-like receptors in the semicircular canals?a. Balanceb. Smelld. Paine. Touchc. Hearing
=+when you have an ear infectiond. Finding that the cold pool water doesn't feel so cold after a whilee. Finding that the hot peppers get hotter as you consume more of them
=+3. Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction?a. Finding that despite its delicious aroma, a weird- looking meal tastes awfulb. Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad coldc. Finding it difficult to maintain your balance
=+ 2. The gate-control theory states that "gates" for pain must be open in order for the brain to receive pain messages from the body. Where are these gates located?a. Thalamusb. Olfactory nervec. Semicircular canalsd. Amygdalae. Spinal cord
=+1. Which of the following is the best example of your kinesthetic sense?a. Touching your nose with your eyes closedb. Maintaining balance in your chairc. Detecting both sweet and sour in a beveraged. Smelling the soup that is cooking for dinnere. Combining smell and taste together to create flavor
=+21-5 Discuss how sen- sory interaction influences our perceptions, and explain the concept of embodied cognition.
=+21-4 Explain how we sense our body's position and movement.
=+21-3 Compare and contrast our senses of taste and smell.
=+21-2 Discuss the bio- logical, psychological, and social-cultural influences that affect our experience of pain, and explain how pla- cebos and distraction help control pain.
=+21-1 Describe the sense of touch.
3. Some critics believe that the DSM-5 may pathologize everyday life and normal behaviors. How does the ADHD controversy relate to this concern?
2. Some researchers have suggested that the brains of people with ASD have“broken mirrors.” What do they mean by this?
1. Which of the following statements is true of intellectual disability?a. People with this condition can generally adapt to the normal demands of independent living.b. This condition typically presents with no known physical cause.c. People with this condition have an intelligence test score of
LOQ 15-24: Why is there controversy over attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
LOQ 15-23: What is autism spectrum disorder?
LOQ 15-22: What is an intellectual disability?
RP-1 What criteria must be met for someone to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability?
4. Which of the following statements is true of bulimia nervosa?a. People with bulimia continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight.b. Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges.c. Those with bulimia are equally likely to be male or female.d. If one
3. PET scans of murderers’ brains have revealeda. higher-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes.b. lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes.c. more frontal lobe tissue than normal.d. no differences in brain structures or activity.
2. A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized bya. depression.b. hallucinations.c. inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.d. an elevated level of autonomic nervous system arousal.
1. Dissociative identity disorder is controversial becausea. dissociation is quite rare.b. it was reported frequently in the 1920s but is rarely reported today.c. it is almost never reported outside North America.d. its symptoms are nearly identical to those of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
LOQ 15-21: What are the three main eating disorders, and how do biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences make people more vulnerable to them?
LOQ 15-20: What are the three clusters of personality disorders? What behaviors and brain activity characterize antisocial personality disorder?
LOQ 15-19: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial?
RP-3 People with (anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa) continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight. Those with (anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa) tend to have a weight that fluctuates within or above normal ranges.
Why do women have such low self-esteem?
RP-2 How do biological and psychological factors contribute to antisocial personality disorder?
RP-1 The psychodynamic and learning perspectives agree that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are ways of dealing with anxiety. How do their explanations differ?
Do you ever flip between displays of different aspects of your identity depending on the situation? How is your experience similar to and different from the described symptoms of dissociative identity disorder?
4. Chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best whena. onset is sudden, in response to stress.b. deterioration occurs gradually, during childhood.c. no environmental causes can be identified.d. there is a detectable brain abnormality.
3. People with schizophrenia may hear voices urging self-destruction, an example of a(n) .
2. A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experiencea. catatonia.b. delusions.c. withdrawal.d. flat emotion.
1. Valencia exclaimed, “The weather has been so schizophrenic lately: It’s hot one day and freezing the next!” In addition to being insensitive, this comparison is inaccurate. Explain.
LOQ 15-18: How do genes influence schizophrenia? What factors may be early warning signs of schizophrenia in children?
LOQ 15-17: What prenatal events are associated with increased risk of developing schizophrenia?
LOQ 15-16: What brain abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia?
LOQ 15-15: How do chronic schizophrenia and acute schizophrenia differ?
LOQ 15-14: What patterns of perceiving, thinking, and feeling characterize schizophrenia?
RP-2 What factors contribute to the onset and development of schizophrenia?
RP-1 A person with schizophrenia who has (positive/negative) symptoms may have an expressionless face and toneless voice. These symptoms are most common with (chronic/acute) schizophrenia and are not likely to respond to drug therapy. Those with (positive/negative) symptoms are likely to experience
Can you recall a time when you heard something or someone casually (and inaccurately) described as “schizophrenic”?Now that you know more about this disorder, how might you correct such descriptions?
To review a common research design for studying genetic influences, see the helpful tutorial animation Video: Twin Studies. Then take the role of a researcher studying these issues by engaging online with the activity How Would You Know If Schizophrenia Is Inherited?
4. Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the -perspective.
3. Treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters and .
2. Rates of bipolar disorders in the United States rose dramatically between 1994 and 2003, especially amonga. middle-aged women.b. middle-aged men.c. people 20 and over.d. people 19 and under.
1. The gender gap in depression refers to the finding that(men’s/women’s) risk of depression is roughly double that of(men’s/women’s).
LOQ 15-13: How can the biological and social-cognitive perspectives help us understand depressive disorders and bipolar disorders?
LOQ 15-12: How do major depressive disorders and bipolar disorders differ?
RP-1 What does it mean to say that “depression is a whole-body disorder”?
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