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social science
behavioral psychology
Psychology 13th Edition David G. Myers, C. Nathan DeWall - Solutions
Has student life ever made you feel depressed or anxious? What advice would you have for new students (perhaps that you wish someone had given to you)?
5. The learning perspective proposes that specific phobias area. the result of individual genetic makeup.b. a way of repressing unacceptable impulses.c. conditioned fears.d. a symptom of having been abused as a child.
4. When a person with an anxiety disorder eases anxiety by avoiding or escaping a situation that inspires fear, this is calleda. free-floating anxiety.b. reinforcement.c. an epigenetic mark.d. hypervigilance.
3. Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having - disorder.
2. Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called a .
1. An episode of intense dread that can be accompanied by chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations is calleda. an obsession.b. a compulsion.c. a panic attack.d. a specific phobia.
LOQ 15-11: How do conditioning, cognition, and biology contribute to the feelings and thoughts that mark anxiety-related disorders?
LOQ 15-10: What are somatic symptom and related disorders?
LOQ 15-9: What is PTSD?
LOQ 15-8: What is OCD?
LOQ 15-7: How do generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and specific phobias differ?
RP-7 Researchers believe that conditioning and cognitive processes are aspects of learning that contribute to anxietyrelated disorders. What biological factors also contribute to these disorders?
What is a fear that you have learned? How were conditioning or cognition involved?
RP-6 What does somatic mean, and how does it apply to somatic symptom disorders?
Can you recall (as most people can) times when you have fretted needlessly over a normal bodily sensation?
RP-5 Those with symptoms of recurring memories and nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia for weeks after a traumatic event may be diagnosed with disorder..
RP-4 Those who express anxiety through unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions may have a(n) -disorder.
RP-3 If a person is focusing anxiety on specific feared objects, activities, or situations, that person may have a
RP-2 Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with disorder.
RP-1 Unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal are symptoms of disorder.
9. The symptoms of appear around age 10; tend[s]to appear later, around age 25.a. schizophrenia; bipolar disordersb. bipolar disorders; schizophreniac. major depressive disorder; phobiasd. phobias; major depressive disorder
8. One predictor of psychiatric disorders that crosses ethnic and gender lines is.
7. (Women/men) are more likely than(women/men) to die by suicide.
6. Why is the DSM, and the DSM-5 in particular, considered controversial?
5. Many psychologists reject the disorder-as-illness view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved—for example, the person’s level of stress and ways of coping with it. This view represents the approach.a. medicalb. epigeneticsc. biopsychosociald. diagnostic
4. What is an example of a culturally-related psychological disorder?
3. A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses, and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist’s belief reflects the model.
2. Anna is embarrassed that it takes her several minutes to parallel park her car.She usually gets out of the car once or twice to inspect her distance, both from the curb and from the nearby cars. Should she worry about having a psychological disorder?
1. Two major disorders that are found worldwide are schizophrenia and.
LOQ 15-6: How many people have, or have had, a psychological disorder? What are some of the risk factors?
LOQ 15-5: Do psychological disorders predict violent behavior?
LOQ 15-4: What factors increase the risk of suicide, and what do we know about nonsuicidal self-injury?
LOQ 15-3: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders, and why do some psychologists criticize diagnostic labels?
LOQ 15-2: How do the medical model and the biopsychosocial approach influence our understanding of psychological disorders?
LOQ 15-1: How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?
RP-5 What is the relationship between poverty and psychological disorders?
Why do you think people often believe those with psychological disorders are dangerous?
RP-4 What is the value, and what are the dangers, of labeling individuals with disorders?
Do you know someone (perhaps even yourself) who has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder? How do you think a diagnostic label has helped or hurt this person?
RP-3 What is the biopsychosocial approach, and why is it important in our understanding of psychological disorders?
RP-2 Are psychological disorders universal or culture-specific? Explain with examples.
RP-1 A lawyer is distressed by feeling the need to wash her hands 100 times a day. She has little time to meet with clients, and her colleagues are wondering about her competence. Her behavior would probably be labeled disordered, because it is , that is, it interferes with her day-to-day life.
Who in the rainbow can draw the line where the violet tint ends and the orange tint begins? Distinctly we see the difference of the colors, but where exactly does the one first blendingly enter into the other? So with sanity and insanity.”
5. A fortune cookie advises, “Love yourself and happiness will follow.” Is this good advice?
4. Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted?a. Life problems cause low self-esteem.b. The answer isn’t clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect.c. Low self-esteem leads to life
3. The tendency to overestimate others’ attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the.
2. Critics say that - personality theories are very sensitive to an individual’s interactions with particular situations, but that they give too little attention to the person’s enduring traits.
1. The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor isa. the presence of books in a home.b. a preference for outdoor play.c. the
LOQ 14-21: How do excessive optimism, blindness to one’s own incompetence, and self-serving bias reveal the costs of self-esteem, and how do defensive and secure selfesteem differ?
LOQ 14-20: Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self-esteem to our well-being?
LOQ 14-19: What criticisms have social-cognitive theories faced?
LOQ 14-18: How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development, and how do they explore behavior?
RP-5 (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is linked to angry and aggressive behavior.(Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life.
RP-4 The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failure is called- .
RP-3 What are the positive and negative effects of high self-esteem?
What possible selves do you dream of—or fear—becoming? To what extent do these imagined selves motivate you now?
RP-2 What is the best way to predict a person’s future behavior?
RP-1 Albert Bandura proposed the - perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term .
How have your experiences shaped your personality? How has your personality helped shape your environment?
7. Our scores on personality tests best predicta. our behavior on a specific occasion.b. our average behavior across many situations.c. behavior involving a single trait, such as conscientiousness.d. behavior that depends on the situation or context.
6. Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?a. Conscientiousnessb. Anxietyc. Extraversiond. Agreeableness
5. The most widely used personality inventory is thea. Extraversion–Introversion Scale.b. Person-Situation Inventory.c. MMPI.d. Big Five.
4. theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.
3. The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called .
2. How might Rogers explain how environment influences the development of a criminal?
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as selfactualization.Maslow based his ideas ona. Freudian theory.b. his experiences with patients.c. a series of laboratory experiments.d. his study
LOQ 14-17: Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations?
LOQ 14-16: Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?
LOQ 14-15: What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknesses as trait-assessment tools?
LOQ 14-14: What are some common misunderstandings about introversion?
LOQ 14-13: How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?
LOQ 14-12: How have humanistic theories influenced psychology? What criticisms have they faced?
LOQ 14-11: How did humanistic psychologists assess a person’s sense of self?
LOQ 14-10: How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality?
RP-5 How well do personality test scores predict our behavior? Explain.
How do you think your own personality traits shine through in your music preferences, communication style, and online and personal spaces?
RP-4 What are the Big Five personality factors, and why are they scientifically useful?
Before trying the self-assessment in Figure 14.5, where would you have placed yourself on the Big Five personality dimensions? Where might your family and friends place you? Did the actual results surprise you, and do you think these results would surprise them?
Might astrology hold the secret to our personality traits? Play the role of a researcher testing this question by engaging online with the activity How Would You Know If Astrologers Can Describe People’s Personality?
RP-3 Which two primary dimensions did Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?
RP-2 What does it mean to be empathic? How about self-actualized? Which humanistic psychologists used these terms?
RP-1 How did the humanistic theories provide a fresh perspective?
Think back to a conversation you had when you knew someone was just waiting for their turn to speak instead of listening to you. Now consider the last time someone heard you with empathy. How did those two experiences differ?
8. Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious?a. Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking eventsb. Schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretationsc. Stereotypes that affect our information processingd. Instantly activated emotions and implicit memories
7. Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud abouta. the existence of unconscious mental processes.b. the Oedipus complex.c. the predictive value of Freudian theory.d. the superego’s role as the executive part of personality.
6. In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud’s views but placed more emphasis than he did ona. development throughout the life span.b. the collective unconscious.c. the role of the id.d. social interactions.
5. Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called .
4. Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our .
3. According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages.Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead toa. dormant sexual feelings.b. fixation at that stage.c. preconscious blocking of
2. Freud proposed that the development of the “voice of our moral compass” is related to the , which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
1. According to Freud’s view of personality structure, the “executive” system, the, seeks to gratify the impulses of the in more acceptable ways.a. id; egob. ego; superegoc. ego; idd. id; superego
LOQ 14-9: What are projective tests, how are they used, and what are some criticisms of them?
LOQ 14-8: How has modern research developed our understanding of the unconscious?
LOQ 14-7: How do contemporary psychologists view Freud’s psychoanalysis?
LOQ 14-6: Which of Freud’s ideas did his followers accept or reject?
LOQ 14-5: How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety?
LOQ 14-4: What developmental stages did Freud propose?
LOQ 14-3: What was Freud’s view of personality?
LOQ 14-2: How did Sigmund Freud’s treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconscious mind?
LOQ 14-1: What is personality, and what theories inform our understanding of personality?
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