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social science
behavioral psychology
Myers' Psychology For The Ap(r) Course 3rd Edition David G. Myers, C. Nathan DeWall - Solutions
RP-6 tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous image by describing it or telling a story about it.
RP-5 Which elements of traditional psychoanalysis have modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists retained, and which elements have they mostly left behind?
RP-4 What big ideas have survived from Freud’s psychoanalytic theory? In what ways has Freud’s theory been criticized?
What understandings and impressions of Freud did you bring to this course? Are you surprised to find that some of his ideas have value, or that others have been called into question?
RP-3 Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against .
RP-2 In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to at that stage.
RP-1 According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, the operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain; the operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; and the represents
6. One way of resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called goals.
5. Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them. This exemplifies the concept of - perceptions.
4. The bystander effect states that a particular bystander is less likely to give aid ifa. the victim is similar to the bystander in appearance.b. no one else is present.c. other people are present.d. the incident occurs in a deserted or rural area.
3. After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the twofactor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plusa. a reward.b. proximity.c.
2. A happy couple celebrating their fiftieth wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep love, even though their love has probably decreased over the years.
1. The more familiar a stimulus becomes, the more we tend to like it. This exemplifies the effect.
LOQ 13-22: What can we do to promote peace?
LOQ 13-21: How do social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict?
LOQ 13-20: How do social exchange theory and social norms explain helping behavior?
LOQ 13-19: What is altruism? When are people most—and least—likely to help?
LOQ 13-18: How does romantic love typically change as time passes?
LOQ 13-17: Why do we befriend or fall in love with some people but not others?
RP-7 What are some ways to reconcile conflicts and promote peace?
Do you regret not getting along with a family member or arguing with a friend? Do you have some ideas now about how you might be able to resolve such conflicts, now or in the future?
RP-6 Why do sports fans tend to feel a sense of satisfaction when their archrival team loses? Do such feelings, in other settings, make conflict resolution more challenging?
RP-5 What social psychology principle did the Kitty Genovese incident illustrate?
Imagine being a newcomer needing directions at a busy bus terminal. What could you do to increase the odds that someone will assist you, and what sort of person would be most likely to help?
RP-4 Two vital components for maintaining companionate love are and - .
RP-3 How does the two-factor theory of emotion help explain passionate love?
RP-2 How does being physically attractive influence others’ perceptions?
RP-1 People tend to marry someone who lives or works nearby. This is an example of the in action.
To what extent have your closest relationships been affected by proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity?
7. Heterosexual pornography most directly influences men’s aggression toward women when the following is true:a. Viewing time is lengthy.b. Eroticism is portrayed.c. Sexual violence is portrayed.d. The actors are attractive.
6. A conference of social scientists studying the effects of pornography unanimously agreed that violent pornographya. has little effect on most viewers.b. is the primary cause of reported and unreported rapes.c. leads viewers to be more accepting of coercion in sexual relations.d. has no effect,
5. Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use physical force to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can bea. learned through direct rewards.b. triggered by exposure to violent media.c. learned through observation of aggressive models.d. caused by hormone changes
4. Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding thata. aggressive behavior varies widely from culture to culture.b. animals can be bred for aggressiveness.c. stimulation of an area of the brain’s limbic system produces aggressive behavior.d. a higher-than-average level of the
3. The other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are(more/less) homogeneous than our own group.
2. If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. In other words, wea. blame the victim.b. overgeneralize from vivid, memorable cases.c. view the world as just.d. rationalize
1. Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as .
LOQ 13-16: What psychological and social-cultural factors may trigger aggressive behavior?
LOQ 13-15: How does psychology’s definition of aggression differ from everyday usage?What biological factors make us more prone to hurt one another?
LOQ 13-14: What are some social, emotional, and cognitive roots of prejudice, and what are some ways to reduce prejudice?
LOQ 13-13: What groups are frequent targets of prejudice?
LOQ 13-12: What is prejudice? How do explicit and implicit prejudice differ?
RP-2 What biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences interact to produce aggressive behaviors?
In what ways have you been affected by social scripts for aggression? Have your viewing and gaming habits influenced these social scripts?
RP-1 When prejudice causes us to blame an innocent person for a problem, that person is called a .
What are some examples of ingroup bias in your own life, and in your community? How can you help break down barriers that you or others may face?
5. Sharing our opinions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as .
4. In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses self-consciousness and self-control. This phenomenon is called.
3. Dr. Huang, a popular music professor, delivers fascinating lectures on music history but gets nervous and makes mistakes when describing exam statistics in front of the class. Why does his performance vary by task?
2. In Milgram’s experiments, the rate of obedience was highest whena. the “learner” was at a distance from the “teacher.”b. the “learner” was close at hand.c. other “teachers” refused to go along with the experimenter.d. the “teacher” disliked the “learner.”
1. Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group ifa. the group members have diverse opinions.b. the person feels competent and secure.c. the person admires the group’s status.d. no one else will observe the person’s behavior.
LOQ 13-11: How can group interaction enable groupthink?
LOQ 13-10: What role does the internet play in group polarization?
LOQ 13-9: How can group interaction enable group polarization?
LOQ 13-8: How does the presence of others influence our actions, via social facilitation, social loafing, and deindividuation?
LOQ 13-7: What do the social influence studies teach us about ourselves? How much power do we have as individuals?
LOQ 13-6: What did Milgram’s obedience experiments teach us about the power of social influence?
LOQ 13-5: How is social contagion a form of conformity, and how do conformity experiments reveal the power of social influence?
RP-8 When a group’s desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other options, has occurred.
RP-7 When like-minded groups discuss a topic, and the result is the strengthening of the prevailing opinion, this is called .
RP-6 You are organizing a meeting of fiercely competitive political candidates and their supporters. To add to the fun, friends have suggested handing out masks of the candidates’ faces for supporters to wear. What phenomenon might these masks engage?
RP-5 People tend to exert less effort when working with a group than they would alone, which is called.
RP-4 What is social facilitation, and why does it improve performance with a well-learned task?
How have you been influenced by group polarization on social media recently?
What steps could you take to reduce social loafing in your next group project assignment?
RP-3 What situations have researchers found to be most likely to encourage obedience in participants?
RP-2 Psychology’s most famous obedience experiments, in which most participants obeyed an authority figure’s demands to inflict presumed painful, dangerous shocks on an innocent participant, were conducted by social psychologist .
RP-1 Despite her mother’s pleas to use a more ergonomic backpack, Antonia insists on carrying all of her books to school in an oversized purse, the way her fashionable friends do. Antonia is affected by what type of social influence?
How have you found yourself conforming, or perhaps “conforming to nonconformity”? In what ways have you seen others identifying themselves with those of the same culture or subculture?
4. Celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through (central/peripheral) route persuasion.
3. Jamala’s therapist has suggested that Jamala should “act as if” she is confident, even though she feels insecure and shy. Which social psychological theory would best support this suggestion, and what might the therapist be hoping to achieve?
2. We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the - -- phenomenon.
1. A study indicated that most teen boys and girls believe the women they see in online porn are experiencing real sexual pleasure (Jones, 2018). But the situation—being in front of the camera—suggests the women are acting their role. Social psychologists might explain the teens’
LOQ 13-4: How can we share our views more effectively?
LOQ 13-3: How do peripheral route persuasion and central route persuasion differ?
LOQ 13-2: How do attitudes and actions interact?
LOQ 13-1: What do social psychologists study? How do we tend to explain others’behavior and our own?
RP-4 What are some evidence-based ways to effectively persuade others?
Have you found yourself using any of the ineffective persuasive strategies identified in the infographic? How might you improve your approach the next time you are having an important discussion?
RP-3 When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions,__________ __________ theory attempts to explain why.
RP-2 How do our attitudes and our actions affect each other?
RP-1 Driving to school one snowy day, Marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. “Slow down! What a terrible driver,” he thinks to himself. Moments later, Marco himself slips through an intersection and yelps, “Wow! These roads are awful. The city plows need to get out
Do you have an attitude or tendency you would like to change? Using the attitudes-follow-behavior principle, how might you go about changing that attitude?
=+4. When you listen to music, the sound waves cause your to vibrate first.a. cochleab. hammer, anvil, and stirrupc. eardrumd. oval windowe. auditory nerve
=+3. Which of the following reflects the notion that pitch is re- lated to the stimulation of different areas of the cochlea's basilar membrane?a. Place theoryb. Frequency theoryc. Volley principled. Sound localizatione. Stereophonic hearing
=+a. Conductionb. Accommodationc. Sensorineurald. Basilare. Frequency
=+ 2. After being exposed to loud music for many years, which of the following types of deafness is more likely in a musician?
=+1. Your friend is playing the low notes on her tuba quite loudly. Which of the following best explains the physical properties of the sound waves?a. No wavelength; large amplitudeb. Short wavelength; large amplitudec. Short wavelength; small amplituded. Long wavelength; large amplitudee. No
=+20-3 Discuss how we detect loudness, dis- criminate pitch, and locate sounds.
=+20-2 Explain how the ear transforms sound energy into neural messages.
=+20-1 Describe the characteristics of air pres- sure waves that we hear as sound.
=+6. Even though the banana seemed to change color as the lighting in the room changed, Jane knew that the color of the banana was not actually changing. This is due toa. perceptual adaptation.b. convergence.c. color constancy.d. interposition.e. relative luminance.
=+5. Which of the following statements is best explained by research on depth perception using the visual cliff?a. Binocular depth cues develop before monocular depth cues.b. Monocular depth cues develop before binocular depth cues.c. Human infants are born with an innate sense of depth.d. Human
=+a. Retinal disparityb. Relative sizec. Linear perspectived. Relative motione. Convergence
=+4. Narmeen is viewing the board in the classroom. She knows that the board is located far away because the view from her left eye is slightly different than the view from her right eye. Her ability to judge the distance of the board is due to which depth cue?
=+3. Bryanna and Charles are in a dancing competition. It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance floor because ofa. the visual cliff.b. the phi phenomenon.c. color constancy.d. sensory restriction.e. figure-ground relationships.
=+ 2. What do we call the illusion of movement that results from two or more stationary, adjacent lights blinking on and off in quick succession?a. Phi phenomenonb. Perceptual constancyc. Binocular cuesd. Retinal disparitye. Stroboscopic movement
=+1. A teacher used distortion goggles, which shifted the wearer's gaze 20 degrees, to demonstrate an altered per- ception. A student wearing the goggles initially bumped into numerous desks and chairs while walking around, but after 30 minutes of wearing the goggles was able to smoothly avoid
=+19-4 Describe what research on restored vision, sensory restriction, and per- ceptual adaptation reveals about the effects of experi- ence on perception.
=+19-3 Explain how per- ceptual constancies help us construct meaningful perceptions.
=+19-2 Explain how we use binocular and monocular cues to perceive the world in three dimensions, and discuss how we perceive motion.
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