Calculate the viscosity of benzene vapour at (a) 273 K, (b) 298 K, (c) 1000 K. Take a~ 0.88 nM-1.

What fraction of the total current is carried by er when current flows through an aqueous solution of NaCI at 25C?

About how long, on average, does it take for the molecules in Exercise 21.31a to drift to a point? (a) 1.0 mm, (b) 1.0 cm from their starting points

A Knudsen cell was used to determine the vapour pressure of germanium at 1000C. During an interval of7200 s the mass loss through a hole of radius 0.50 mm amounted to 43 ug, what is the vapour...

A. Fenghour, W.A. Wake ham, V. Vesovic, I.T.R. Watson, I. Millet, and E. Vogel. Phys. Chem. Ref Data 24, 1649 (1995)) have compiled an extensive table of viscosity coefficients for ammonia in the...

Assess the validity of the following statement: the rate-determining step is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism.

The thermal decomposition of an organic nitrile produced the following data: Determine the order of the reaction and the rate constant. t/(10's) 0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 [nitrile]/(mol dm)...

In Problem 22.10 the isomerization of cyclopropane over a limited pressure range was examined. If the Lindemann mechanism of first order reactions is to be tested we also need data at low pressures....

Pharmacokinetics is the study of the rates of absorption and elimination of drugs by organisms. In most cases, elimination is slower than absorption and is a more important determinant of...

Consider the following mechanism for the thermal decomposition ofR2: Where R2, PA' PB are stable hydrocarbons and Rand R' are radicals. Find the dependence of the rate of decomposition of R, on the...

Consider the following chain mechanism: Use the steady-state approximation to deduce that the rate law for the consumption of A2. (1) A,A+A- (2) A B. + C (3) A- +P B- (4) A-+ B-- P

Collision theory demands knowing the fraction of molecular collisions having at least the kinetic energy Ea along the line of flight what is this fraction when (a) Ea= 15 k] mol-1, (b) Ea = 150 k]...

In the dimerization of methyl radicals at 25°C, the experimental pre-exponential factor is 2.4 x 1010 dm3 ' mol-J s-t. What are? (a) The reactive cross-section, (b) The P factor for the reaction...

What over potential is needed to sustain a current of 15 mA at a Pt] Ce4+'Ce3+ electrode in which both ions are at a mean activity a = 0.01D?

The adsorption of solutes on solids from liquids often follows a Freundlich isotherm. Check the applicability of this isotherm to the following data for the adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal at...

Although the attractive van der Waals interaction between individual molecules varies as R-6, the interaction of a molecule with a nearby solid (a homogeneous collection of molecules) varies as R-3,...

(a) Show all of the steps in the mechanism for this reaction. Don't forget to use curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in each step of the mechanism. (b) Show a free energy versus reaction...

Why cant molecules with the following formulas exist? (a) CH5 (b) C2H6N (c) C3H5Br2

Ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, has zero dipole moment even though carbon-oxygen bonds are strongly polarized. Explain.

In planning synthesis, it?s as important to know what not do as to know what to do. As written, the following reaction schemes have flaws in them. What is wrong with each? (a) CN CN 1. CH3CH,COCI,...

A Predict the major mono-alkylation products you would expect to obtain from reaction of the following substances with chloromethane arid AlCl3: (a) Bromobenzene (b) m-Bromo-phenol (c)...

At what position, and on what ring, would you expect the following sub stances to undergo electrophilicsubstitution? (a) (b) CH3 Br (c) (d) .CI CH3 Z O=U

Starting with either benzene or toluene, how would you synthesize the following substances? Assume that ortho and Para isomers can be separated. (a) 2-Brorno-4-nitrotoluene (b) 1, 3,...

As written, the following syntheses have flaws. What is wrong witheach? CH o (b) CI (a) .CH 1. Cl2, FeCl3 1. HNO3, H2SO4 2. CH3CI, AICI3 3. Fe, H30* 4. NaOH, H20 2. KMNO4 NH2 (c) CH3 CH NO2 1. CH3CI,...

Propose a mechanism for the reaction of 1-chioroanthraquinone with methoxide ion to give the substitution product 1-methoxyanthraquinone. Use curved arrows to show the electron flow in eachstep. OCH3...

P-Bromotoluene reacts with potassium amide to give a mixture of m- and p-methyl aniline. Explain.

How would you synthesize the following compounds from benzene? Assume that ortho and Para isomers can beseparated. (b) CH2CHCH3 (a) CH Br O2N SO3H

Name the following ethers: (a) (b) CH CH OCH2CH2CH3 CHH H (c) (d) Br C (e) () CH20%3H2 CH3CHCH20CH2CH3

Give IUPAC name for the following compounds (reddish brown =Br): (a) (b) (c)

How would you prepare the following ethers? (b) "CH-CH "CH (c) (a) - CH (e) (d) CH "CH H (f) - H

The red fox (Vulpes) uses a chemical communication system based on scent marks in urine. Recent work has shown one component of fox urine to be a sulfide. Mass spectral analysis of the pure...

Give IUPAC name for the following compounds: (c) , (b) (a) CHCH,CHCHCH CH CH2CH2CH3 -CH CH C (e) . (f) (d) Br Br

Give IUPAC names for the following compounds: (a) (b) (c) (d)

Draw the structure of the carbonyl compound(s) from which each of the following alcohols might have been prepared, and show the products you would obtain by treatment of each alcohol with (i) Na...

Give IUPAC names for the following compounds: (a) (b) (c) CH CHCHCH2CH CH2CH2CH3 H-CH2CHCH20H (d) (e) Ph. (f) Br NEC-

Treatment of the following epoxide with aqueous acid produces a carbocation intermediate that reacts with water to give a diol product. Show the structure of the carbocation, and propose a mechanism...

Consider 2-methylpropane (isobutene). Sighting along the C2-C1 bond: (a) Draw a Newman projection of the most stable conformation. (b) Draw a Newman projection of the least stable conformation. (c)...

Identify the functional groups in the following substances, and convert each drawing into a molecular formula (red = O, blue =N): (a) (b) Phenylalanine Lidocaine

Draw a compound that: (a) Has only primary and tertiary carbons (b) Has no secondary or tertiary carbons (c) Has four secondary carbons

Construct a qualitative potential-energy diagram for rotation about the CC bond of 1, 2-dibromoethane. Which conformation would you expect to be more stable? Label the anti and gauche conformations...

Name the following compound, identify each substituent as axial or equatorial, and tell whether the conformation shown is the more stable or less stable chair form (yellow-greenC1):

Cis-l, 2-Dimnethylcyclohutane is less stable than its transisomer, hut cis-1, 3- dimethylcyclobutanc is more stable than its transisomer. Draw the most stable conformations of both, and explain.

Using a curved fishhook arrow, propose a mechanism for formation of the cyclopentane ring of prostaglandin H2. What kind of reaction isoccurring? CO2H "

Look at the following energy diagram: (a) Is ?G? for the reaction positive or negative? Label it on the diagram. (b) How many steps are involved in the reaction? (c) How many transition states are...

When a mixture of methane and chlorine is irradiated, reaction commences immediately. When irradiation is stopped, the reaction gradually slows down but does not stop immediately. Explain.

Propose structures for ketones or aldehydes that have the following 1 H NMR spectra: (a) C 4 H 7 C1O ??IR: 1715 cm ?1 ? (b) C 7 H 14 O ? ? ?IR: 1710 cm ?1 ? (c) C 9 H 10 O 2 ? ? ?IR: 1695 cm ?1 ?...

How would you prepare the following compounds from benzene? More than one step is required in each case. (a) m-Chlorohenzoic acid (b) p-Bromobenzoic acid (c) Phenyl acetic acid, C6H5CH2CO2H

Name the following cycloalkenes: .CH CH -CH (b) -CCH32 (a) (c) "CH

Assign stereochemistry (E or Z) to the double bonds in each of the following compounds, and convert each drawing into a skeletal structure (red ? 0, yellow-green = C1): (b)

Trans-Cyclooctene is less stable than cis-Cyclooctene by 38.5kJ/mol, but Trans cyclononene is less stable than cis-cyclononene by only 12.2kJ/mol. Explain.

One problem with elimination reactions is that mixtures of products are often formed. For example, treatment of 2-bromo-2-methylbutane with KOH in ethanol yields a mixture of two alkene products....

Which of the following alcohols could not be made selectively by hydroboration oxidation of an alkene? Explain. (a) ( , CH3CH2CH2CHCH3 (CH3)2HCICH)2 CH (c) (d) .CH " H.

Name the following compounds: (b)

Outline methods for the preparation of acetophenone (phenyl methyl ketone) starting from the following: (a) Benzene (b) Bromobenzene (c) Methyl benzoate (d) Benzonitrile (e) Styrene

All attempts to isolate primary and secondary nitroso compounds result only in the formation of oximes. Tertiary nitroso compounds, however, are stable.Explain. N=0 %3= R H R- R. R R A 1 or 2...

The following synthetic routes are incorrect. What is wrong witheach? (a) 1. Br2, CH3CO2H 2. Pyridine, heat CH3CH2CH2CH2COET CH3CH2CH=CHCOET (b) CH CO2Et 1. Na* -OEt -CHCO2H CHO2Et 2. PhBr 3. H30*,...

As far hack as the 16th century, South American Incas chewed the leaves 01 the coca bush, Erythroxylon coca, to combat fatigue. Chemical studies of Erythroxylon coca by Friedrich Wohler in 1862...

A Draw chiral molecule that meet the following descriptions: (a) A chloro alkane, C5H11C1 (b) An alcohol, C6H14O (c) An alkene, C6H12 (d) An alkane, C8H18

Name the following compounds: CH C (a) H (b) CCCECHCH CCH CH CH (c) CH (d) CHH-3CH2H-CH CCH-CC3CCH3 H CH (9 HCHCHCHCCCH3 (e)

The following cyloalkyne is too unstable to exist.Explain.

Synthesize the following compounds using 1-butyne as the only source of carbon, along with any inorganic reagents you need. More than one step may be needed. (a) 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachlorobutane (b) 1, 1...

How would you synthesize the following compounds from acetylene and any alkyl halides with four or fewer carbons? More than one step may herequired. (a) CH3CH2CH2C=CH (b) H2C%3CCH CH CH CHH2H3D (d)...

Identify the reagents a?c in the following scheme: H.

Give IUPAC names for the following alkylhalides: (b) (a) CHCH2CH2CH21 H C (c) C,2I BrCH2CH2CH2CH2Br CH (e) Br (1) 1 -CH2CI CI CH (d) CH2H2CI CHH2H CHCH2CH2CH I

Assume that you have carried out a radical chlorination reaction on (R)-2-chloro- pentane and have isolated (in low yield) 2, 4-dichioropentane. How many stereoisomers of the product are formed and...

Alkyl benzenes such as toluene (methylbenzene) react with NBS to give products in which bromine substitution has occurred at the position next to the aromatic ring (the benzylic position). Explain,...

The syntheses shown here are unlikely to occur as written. What is wrong witheach? 1. Mg 2. * CH3CH2CH3 (a) CH3CH2CH2F C (c) F CH2 Br () CH2 (CH3)2CULI Ether NBS CCl4 " CH3

What Product would you obtain from a base-catalyzed Michael reaction of 3-button-2-one with each of the following nucleophilicdonors? (b) o (a) ELOCH,OET .Et

The following reaction involves an intra molecular Michael reaction followed by an intra molecular aldol reaction. Write both steps, and show theirmechanisms. NaOH Ethanol

Where might the following compound have IR absorptions?

Propose structures for compounds that fit the following descriptions: (a) A hydrocarbon with seven lines in its 13C NMR spectrum (b) A six-carbon compound with only five lines in its 13C NMR spectrum...

Assign a chemical shift to each carbon in 6.methyl-5-hepten-2-ol(figure). (a) OH 0 ppm 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Chemical shift (8) (b) 200 180 120 160 100 60 140 80 0 ppm Chemical shift...

The following diene does not undergo Diels?Alder reactions. Explain.

How would you carry out the following synthesis (more than one step is required)? What stereo chemical relationship between the ?CO 2 CH 3 group attached to the cyclohexane ring and the ?CHO groups...

What alkyl halides might the following alkenes have been madefrom? (b) C CH (a) (a) CH CHH2H2%3DCH2 "CH

What effect would you expect the following changes to have on the rate of the SN2 reaction of 1-iodo-2-methylbutane with cyanide ion? (a) The CN concentration is halved, and the 1-iodo-2-methylbutanc...

Give IUPAC names for the following substances (red = O, blue =N): (a) (b)

Give IUPAC names for the followingcompounds: e, CH CH (a) (b) (c) Br CH-CH2CHCH3 "C Br (f) NH2 (d) Br (e) NO2 CH2CH2CH3 NO2

Compound A, C 6 H 12 O, has an IR absorption at 1715 cm ?1 and gives compound B, C6H15N, when treated with ammonia and NaBH3CN. The IR and 1 H NMR spectra of B are shown. What are the structures of A...

How would you prepare benzyl amine, C6H5CH2NH2, from benzene? More than one step is needed.

Amino acids arc metabolized by a transamination reaction in which theNH2 group of the amino acid changes places with the keto group of an -keto acid. The products are a new amino acid and a new -keto...

Assume that acetyl CoA containing a 14C isotopic label in the carboxyl carbon atom is used as starting material and that the mevalonate pathway is followed. Identify the positions in ?-cadinol where...

Each of the statements below is true, but Dalton might have had trouble explaining some of them with his atomic theory. Give explanations for the following statements. a. The space filling models for...

Acetylsalicylic acid is the active ingredient in aspirin. It took 35.17 mL of 0.5065 M sodium hydroxide to react completely with 3.210 g of acetylsalicylic acid. Acetyl-salicylic acid has one acidic...

A mixture contains only NaCl and Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . A 1.45- g sample of the mixture is dissolved in water, and an excess of NaOH is added, producing a precipitate of Al(OH) 3 . The precipitate is...

A sealed- tube manometer as shown below can be used to measure pressures below atmospheric pressure. The tube above the mercury is evacuated. When there is a vacuum in the flask, the mercury levels...

A piece of solid carbon dioxide, with a mass of 22.0 g, is placed in an otherwise empty 4.00-L container at 278C. What is the pressure in the container after all the carbon dioxide vaporizes? If 22.0...

Calculate the number of stages needed to change a mixture of 13 CO 2 and 12 CO 2 that is originally 0.10% (by moles) 13 CO 2 to a mixture that is 0.010% 13 CO 2 by a gaseous diffusion process. (The...

A sample of nitrogen gas was collected over water at 20. o C and a total pressure of 1.00 atm. A total volume of 2.50 10 2 mL was collected. What mass of nitrogen was collected? (At 20. o C the...

An organic compound contains C, H, N, and O. Combustion of 0.1023 g of the compound in excess oxygen yielded 0.2766 g of CO 2 and 0.0991 g of H 2 O. A sample of 0.4831 g of the compound was analyzed...

Draw a Lewis structure that obeys the octet rule for each of the following molecules and ions. In each case the first atom listed is the central atom. a. POCl3, SO42, XeO4, PO43, ClO4 b. NF3, SO32,...

Which of the following statements is(are) true? Correct the false statements. a. It is impossible to satisfy the octet rule for all atoms in XeF2. b. Because SF4 exists, OF4 should also exist because...

State whether or not each of the following has a permanent dipole moment. a. d. b. c.

Although both the Br3- and I3- ions are known, the F3- ion does not exist. Explain.

A promising new material with great potential as a fuel in solid rocket motors is ammonium dinitramide [NH4N(NO2)2]. a. Draw Lewis structures (including resonance forms) for the dinitramide ion...

Give the expected hybridization for the molecular structures illustrated below. a. d. b. e. C.

The allene molecule has the following Lewis structure: Must all four hydrogen atoms lie in the same plane? If not, what is the spatial relationship among them? Why? C=C=C

The diatomic molecule OH exists in the gas phase. OH plays an important part in combustion reactions and is a reactive oxidizing agent in polluted air. The bond length and bond energy have been...

The decomposition of iodoethane in the gas phase proceeds according to the following equation: C2H5I(g) C2H4(g) + HI(g) At 660. K, k = 7.2 10-4 s-1; at 720. K, k = 1.7 10-2 s-1. What is the rate...

A metallic solid with atoms in a face-centered cubic unit cell with an edge length of 392 pm has a density of 21.45 g/cm3. Calculate the atomic mass and the atomic radius of the metal. Identify the...