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Fundamentals of Ethics for Scientists and Engineers 1st Edition Edmund G. Seebauer, Robert L. Barry - Solutions

A series circuit consists of a 4.0-nF capacitor, a 36-mH inductor, and a 100-Ω resistor. The circuit is connected to a 20-V ac source whose frequency can be varied over a wide range.(a) Find the resonance frequency f0 of the circuit.(b) At resonance, what is the rms current in the circuit and what
Repeat Problem 84 with the 100-Ω resistor replaced by a 40-Ω resistor.
In the parallel circuit shown in Figure, Vmax = 110 V.(a) What is the impedance of each branch?(b) For each branch, what is the current amplitude and its phase relative to the applied voltage?(c) Give the current phasor diagram, and use it to find the total current and its phase relative to the
(a) Show that Equation 31-51 can be written as(b) Show that near resonance(c) Sketch a plot of d versus x, where x = ?/?0, for a circuit with high Q and for one with low Q.
Show by direct substitution that the current given by Equation 31-50 with d and Imax given by Equations 31-51 and 31-52, respectively, satisfies Equation 31-49.
An ac generator is in series with a capacitor and an inductor in a circuit with negligible resistance.(a) Show that the charge on the capacitor obeys the equation (b) Show by direct substitution that this equation is satisfied by Q = Qmax cos ωt if (c) Show that the current can be
Figure shows a plot of average power Pav versus generator frequency ω for an RLC circuit with a generator. The average power Pav is given by Equation 31-58. The "full width at half-maximum" ∆ω is the width of the resonance curve between the two points where Pav is one-half its
Show by direct substitution that Equation 31-47b is satisfied by Q = Q0e–Rt/2L cos ω’t where ω’ = √(1/LC)-(R/2L)2 and Q0 is the charge on the capacitor at t = 0.
(a) Compute the current I = dQ/dt from the solution of Equation 31-47b given in Problem 91, and show thatWhere I0 = ω’Q0.(b) Show that this can be writtenWhere tan δ = R/2Lω’. When R/2Lω’ is small, cos δ ≈ 1, and I ≈ I0 sin (ω’t + δ)e-Rt/2L
One method for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of a sample uses an LC circuit consisting of an air-core solenoid and a capacitor. The resonant frequency of the circuit without the sample is determined and then measured again with the sample inserted in the solenoid. Suppose the solenoid is
A concentric cable of cylindrical cross section has an inner conductor of 0.4 cm diameter and an outer conductor of 2.0 cm diameter. Air fills the space between the conductors.(a) Find the resonance frequency of a one-meter length of this conductor.(b) What length of conductor will result in a
At what frequency will the voltage across the load resistor of Problem 37 be half the source voltage?
At what frequency will the voltage across the load resistor of Problem 42 be half the source voltage?
(a) Find the angular frequency ω for the circuit in Problem 80 such that the magnitude of the reactance of the two parallel branches are equal.(b) At that frequency, what is the power dissipation in each of the two resistors?
(a) For the circuit of Problem 80, find the angular frequency ω for which the power dissipation in the two resistors is the same.(b) At that angular frequency, what is the reactance of each of the two parallel branches?(c) Draw a phasor diagram showing the current through each of the two parallel
An ac voltage of 24 V is required for a device whose impedance is 12 Ω.(a) What should the turn ratio of a transformer be so the device can be operated from a 120-V line?(b) Suppose the transformer is accidentally connected reversed, i.e., with the secondary winding across the 120-V line and the
A transformer has 400 turns in the primary and 8 turns in the secondary.(a) Is this a step-up or step-down transformer?(b) If the primary is connected across 120 V rms, what is the open-circuit voltage across the secondary?(c) If the primary current is 0.1 A, what is the secondary current, assuming
The primary of a step-down transformer has 250 turns and is connected to a 120-V-rms line. The secondary is to supply 20 A at 9 V. Find(a) The current in the primary and(b) The number of turns in the secondary, assuming 100% efficiency.
A transformer has 500 turns in its primary, which is connected to 120 V rms. Its secondary coil is tapped at three places to give outputs of 2.5, 7.5, and 9 V. How many turns are needed for each part of the secondary coil?
An audio oscillator (ac source) with an internal resistance of 2000 Ω and an open-circuit rms output voltage of 12 V is to be used to drive a loudspeaker with a resistance of 8 Ω. What should be the ratio of primary to secondary turns of a transformer so that maximum power is transferred to the
One use of a transformer is for impedance matching. For example, the output impedance of a stereo amplifier is matched to the impedance of a speaker by a transformer. In Equation 31-67, the currents I1 and I2 can be related to the impedance Z in the secondary since I2 = V2/Z. Using Equations 31-65
A 5.0-kW electric clothes dryer runs on 240 V rms. Find(a) Irms and(b) Imax.(c) Find the same quantities for a dryer of the same power that operates at 120 V rms.
Find the reactance of a 10.0-μF capacitor at(a) 60 Hz,(b) 6 kHz, and(c) 6 MHz.
Sketch a graph of XL versus f for L = 3 mH.
Sketch a graph of XC versus f for C = 100 μF.
A resistance R carries a current I = (5.0 A) sin 120πt + (7.0 A) sin 240πt.(a) What is the rms current?(b) If the resistance R is 12Ω, what is the power dissipated in the resistor?(c) What is the rms voltage across the resistor?
Figure shows the voltage V versus time t for a "square-wave" voltage. If V0 = 12 V,(a) What is the rms voltage of this waveform?(b) If this alternating waveform is rectified by eliminating the negative voltages so that only the positive voltages remain, what now is the rms voltage of the
A pulsed current has a constant value of 15 A for the first 0.1 s of each second and is then 0 for the next 0.9 s of each second.(a) What is the rms value for this current waveform?(b) Each current pulse is generated by a voltage pulse of maximum value 100 V. What is the average power delivered by
A circuit consists of two capacitors, a 24-V battery, and an ac voltage connected as shown in Figure. The ac voltage is given by ← = (20 V) cos (120πt) where t is in seconds.(a) Find the charge on each capacitor as a function of time. Assume transient effects have had sufficient time to
What are the average and rms values of current for the two current waveforms shown inFigure?
In the circuit shown in Figure, ←1 = (20 V) cos (2πft), f = 180 Hz, ←2 = 18 V, and R = 36 Ω. Find the maximum, minimum, average, and rms values of the current through the resistor.
Repeat Problem 120 if the resistor R is replaced by a 2-μF capacitor.
Repeat Problem 120 if the resistor R is replaced by a 12-mH inductor.
(Multiple choice)(1) As the frequency in the simple ac circuit in Figure increases, the rms current through the resistor(a) Increases.(b) Does not change.(c) May increase or decrease depending on the magnitude of the original frequency.(d) May increase or decrease depending on the magnitude of the
1. In a circuit consisting of a generator and an inductor, are there any times when the inductor absorbs power from the generator? Are there any times when the inductor supplies power to the generator?2. At what frequency would the reactance of a 10.0-μF capacitor equal that of a 1.0-mH
1. Making LC circuits with oscillation frequencies of thousands of hertz or more is easy, but making LC circuits that have small frequencies is difficult. Why?2. The distribution circuit of a residential power line is operated at 2000 V rms. This voltage must be reduced to 240 V rms for use within
1. Are there any disadvantages to having a radio tuning circuit with an extremely large Q factor?2. Does the power factor depend on the frequency?3. What is the power factor for a circuit that has inductance and capacitance but no resistance?
1. If the net flux through a closed surface is zero, does it follow that the electric field E is zero everywhere on the surface? Does it follow that the net charge inside the surface is zero?2. What information in addition to the total charge inside a surface is needed to use Gauss's law to find
1. Explain why the electric field increases with r rather than decreasing as 1/r2 as one moves out from the center inside a spherical charge distribution of constant volume charge density.2. Given the initial conditions of Problem 87, find the angular frequency of oscillation of the mass if the
An uncharged metal slab has square faces with 12-cm sides. It is placed in an external electric field that is perpendicular to its faces. The total charge induced on one of the faces is 1.2 nC. What is the magnitude of the electric field?
1. If the magnitude of an electric field in air is as great as 3 × 106 N/C, the air becomes ionized and begins to conduct electricity. This phenomenon is called dieletric breakdown. A charge of 18 μC is to be placed on a conducting sphere. What is the minimum radius of a sphere that can hold this
1. A plastic rod is rubbed against a wool shirt, thereby acquiring a charge of –0.8 μC. How many electrons are transferred from the wool shirt to the plastic rod?2. If the sign convention for charge were changed so that the charge on the electron were positive and the charge on the proton were
A charge equal to the charge of Avogadro's number of protons (NA = 6.02 × 1023) is called a faraday. Calculate the number of coulombs in a faraday.
1. A small, nonconducting ball with no net charge is suspended from a thread. When a positive charge is brought near the ball, the ball is attracted toward the charge. How does this come about? How would the situation be different if the charge brought near the ball were negative instead of
1. In interstellar space, two charged point-like objects, each of mass m and charge q, are separated by a distance d and released. They remain motionless at that separation. Find an expression for q in terms of m, G, and k.2. Can insulators be charged by induction?
1. A positive charge is released from rest in an electric field. Will it move toward a region of greater or smaller electric potential?2. If E is known at just one point, can V be found at that point?3. If the electric potential is constant throughout a region of space, what can you say about the
1. Two point charges q and q' are separated by a distance a. At a point a/3 from q and along the line joining the two charges the potential is zero. Find the ratio q/q'.2. The potential due to a particular charge distribution is measured at several points along the x axis as
The electric potential in some region of space is given by V(x) = C1+ C2x2, where V is in volts, x is in meters, and C1 and C2 are positive constants. Find the electric field E in this region. In what direction is E?
1. In what direction can you move relative to an electric field so that the electric potential does not change?2. Derive Equation 24-21 by integrating the electric field Ex along the axis of the disk. (See Equation23-11.)
1. Two concentric spherical shell conductors carry equal and opposite charges. The inner shell has radius a and charge +q; the outer shell has radius b and charge –q. Find the potential difference between the shells, Va – Vb.2. When you touch a friend after walking across a rug on a dry day,
1. Find the energy per unit volume in an electric field that is equal to 3 MV/m, the dielectric strength of air.2. A parallel-plate capacitor is made by placing polyethylene (κ = 2.3) between two sheets of aluminum foil. The area of each sheet is 400 cm2, and the thickness of the polyethylene is
Three capacitors have capacitances of 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 μF. Find the equivalent capacitance if(a) The capacitors are connected in parallel and(b) They are connected in series.
1. The voltage across a parallel plate capacitor with plate separation 0.5 mm is 1200 V. The capacitor is disconnected from the voltage source and the separation between the plates is increased until the energy stored in the capacitor has been doubled. Determine the final separation between the
Estimate the capacitance of a typical hot-air balloon.
1. Discuss the difference between an emf and a potential difference.2. In our study of electrostatics, we concluded that there is no electric field within a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium. How is it that we can now discuss electric fields inside a conductor?3. Figure illustrates a
1. A wire of length 1 m has a resistance of 0.3 Ω. It is uniformly stretched to a length of 2 m. What is its new resistance?2. At what temperature will the resistance of a copper wire be 10% greater than it is at 20°C?
1. A heater consists of a variable resistance connected across a constant voltage supply. To increase the heat output, should you decrease the resistance or increase it?2. A battery with 12-V emf has a terminal voltage of 11.4 V when it delivers a current of 20 A to the starter of a car. What is
Find the power dissipated in a resistor connected across a constant potential difference of 120 V if its resistance is(a) 5 Ω and(b) 10 Ω.
1. A capacitor is discharging through a resistor. If it takes a time T for the charge on a capacitor to drop to half its initial value, how long does it take for the energy to drop to half its initial value?2. A flash lamp is set off by the discharge of a capacitor that has been charged by a
1. A 25-W light bulb is connected in series with a 100-W light bulb and a voltage V is placed across the combination. Which bulb is brighter? Explain.2. Do Kirchhoff's rules apply to circuits containing capacitors?
1. In the classical model of conduction, the electron loses energy on average in a collision because it loses the drift velocity it had picked up since the last collision. Where does this energy appear?2. What is the probability that a conduction electron in silver will have a kinetic energy of 4.9
Show that at E = EF, the Fermi factor is F = 0.5.
1. The density of potassium is 0.851 g/cm3. How many free electrons are there per potassium atom?2. Carry out the integration Eav = (1/N) ∫0EF Eg(E) dE to show that the average energy at T = 0 3/5 EF.
1. Why not define B to be in the direction of F, as we do for E?2. If a current I in a given wire and a magnetic field B are known, the force F on the current is uniquely determined. Show that knowing F and I does not provide complete knowledge of B.
An electron from the sun with a speed of 1 × 107 m/s enters the earth's magnetic field high above the equator where the magnetic field is 4 × 10–7T. The electron moves nearly in a circle except for a small drift along the direction of the earth's magnetic field that will take it toward the
1. A beam of 6Li and 7Li ions passes through a velocity selector and enters a magnetic spectrometer. If the diameter of the orbit of the 6Li ions is 15 cm, what is the diameter of that for 7Li ions?2. A beam of positively charged particles passes undeflected from left to right through a velocity
A copper strip (n = 8.47 × 1022 electrons per cubic centimeter) 2 cm wide and 0.1 cm thick is used to measure the magnitudes of unknown magnetic fields that are perpendicular to the strip. Find the magnitude of B when I = 20 A and the Hall voltage is(a) 2.00 μV,(b) 5.25 μV, and(c) 8.00 μV.
1. If the magnetic field vector is directed toward the north and a positively charged particle is moving toward the east, what is the direction of the magnetic force on the particle?2. A rigid, circular loop of radius R and mass M carries a current I and lies in the xy plane on a rough, flat table.
1. An infinitely long, insulated wire lies along the x axis and carries current I in the positive x direction. A second infinitely long, insulated wire lies along the y axis and carries current I in the positive y direction. Where in the xy plane is the resultant magnetic field zero?2. Is B uniform
Which of the four gases listed in Table 29-1 are diamagnetic and which areparamagnetic?
1. A hollow tube carries a current. Inside the tube, B = 0. Why is this the case, since B is strong inside a solenoid?2. Can a particle have angular momentum and not have a magnetic moment?3. Can a particle have a magnetic moment and not have angular momentum?
Why is helium needed in a helium–neon laser? Why not just use neon?
When a beam of visible white light passes through a gas of atomic hydrogen and is viewed with a spectroscope, dark lines are observed at the wavelengths of the emission series. The atoms that participate in the resonance absorption then emit this same wavelength light as they return to the ground
A pulse from a ruby laser has an average power of 10 MW and lasts 1.5 ns.(a) What is the total energy of the pulse?(b) How many photons are emitted in this pulse?
The first excited state of an atom of a gas is 2.85 eV above the ground state.(a) What is the wavelength of radiation for resonance absorption?(b) If the gas is irradiated with monochromatic light of 320 nm wavelength, what is the wavelength of the Raman scattered light?
A gas is irradiated with monochromatic ultraviolet light of 368 nm wavelength. Scattered light of the same wavelength and of 658 nm wavelength is observed. Assuming that the gas atoms were in their ground state prior to irradiation, find the energy difference between the ground state and the atomic
Sodium has excited states 2.11 eV, 3.2 eV, and 4.35 eV above the ground state.(a) What is the maximum wavelength of radiation that will result in resonance fluorescence? What is the wavelength of the fluorescent radiation?(b) What wavelength will result in excitation of the state 4.35 eV above the
Singly ionized helium is a hydrogen-like atom with a nuclear charge of 2e. Its energy levels are given by En = –4E0/n2, where E0 = 13.6 eV. If a beam of visible white light is sent through a gas of singly ionized helium, at what wavelengths will dark lines be found in the spectrum of the
Estimate the time required for light to make the round trip in Galileo's experiment to determine the speed of light.
In Galileo's attempt to determine the speed of light, he and his assistant were located on hilltops about 3 km apart. Galileo flashed a light and received a return flash from his assistant.(a) If his assistant had an instant reaction, what time difference would Galileo need to be able to measure
The density of the atmosphere decreases with height, as does the index of refraction. Explain how one can see the sun after it has set. Why does the setting sun appear flattened?
Calculate the fraction of light energy reflected from an air–water interface at normal incidence.
Find the angle of refraction of a beam of light in air that hits a water surface at an angle of incidence of(a) 20°,(b) 30°,(c) 45°, and(d) 60°.Show these rays on a diagram.
Repeat Problem 18 for a beam of light initially in water that is incident on a water–air interface.
Find the speed of light in water and in glass.
The index of refraction for silicate flint glass is 1.66 for light with a wavelength of 400 nm and 1.61 for light with a wavelength of 700 nm. Find the angles of refraction for light of these wavelengths that is incident on this glass at an angle of 45o.
A slab of glass with an index of refraction of 1.5 is submerged in water with an index of refraction of 1.33. Light in the water is incident on the glass. Find the angle of refraction if the angle of incidence is(a) 60o,(b) 45o, and(c) 30o.
Repeat Problem 23 for a beam of light initially in the glass that is incident on the glass–water interface at the same angles.
Light is incident normally on a slab of glass with an index of refraction n = 1.5. Reflection occurs at both surfaces of the slab. About what percentage of the incident light energy is transmitted by the slab?
This problem is a refraction analogy. A band is marching down a football field with a constant speed v1. About midfield, the band comes to a section of muddy ground that has a sharp boundary making an angle of 30o with the 50-yd line as shown in Figure. In the mud, the marchers move with speed v2 =
A point source of light is 5 cm above a plane reflecting surface (such as a mirror). Draw a ray from the source that strikes the surface at an angle of incidence of 45o and two more rays that strike the surface at angles slightly less than 45°, and draw the reflected ray for each. The reflected
In Figure, light is initially in a medium (such as air) of index of refraction n1. It is incident at angle θ1 on the surface of a liquid (such as water) of index of refraction n2. The light passes through the layer of water and enters glass of index of refraction n3. If θ3 is the angle of
Figure shows a beam of light incident on a glass plate of thickness d and index of refraction n.(a) Find the angle of incidence such that the perpendicular separation between the ray reflected from the top surface and that reflected from the bottom surface and exiting the top surface is a
Consider the situation shown in Figure. The index of refraction of the glass plate is n. Find the angle of incidence such that the perpendicular separation between the two beams emerging from the top surface is the same as the perpendicular displacement of the beam emerging from the bottom surface
A physics student playing pocket billiards wants to strike her cue ball such that it hits a cushion and then hits the eight ball squarely. She chooses several points on the cushion and for each point measures the distance from it to the cue ball and to the eight ball. She aims at the point for
What is the critical angle for total internal reflection for light traveling initially in water that is incident on a water–air interface?
A glass surface (n = 1.50) has a layer of water (n = 1.33) on it. Light in the glass is incident on the glass– water interface. Find the critical angle for total internal reflection.
A point source of light is located 5 m below the surface of a large pool of water. Find the area of the largest circle on the pool's surface through which light coming directly from the source can emerge.
Light is incident normally on the largest face of an isosceles-right-triangle prism. What is the speed of light in this prism if the prism is just barely able to produce total internal reflection?
A point source of light is located at the bottom of a steel tank, and an opaque circular card of radius 6.0 cm is placed over it. A transparent fluid is gently added to the tank such that the card floats on the surface with its center directly above the light source. No light is seen by an observer

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