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physics
light and optics

Questions and Answers of Light and Optics

A ray of light impinges from air onto a block of ice (n = 1.309) at a 60.0° angle of incidence. Assuming that this angle remains the same, find the difference θ2, ice - θ2, water in the angles of
The drawing shows a coin resting on the bottom of a beaker filled with an unknown liquid. A ray of light from the coin travels to the surface of the liquid and is refracted as it enters into the air.
A beam of light is traveling in air and strikes a material. The angles of incidence and refraction are 63.0° and 47.0°, respectively. Obtain the speed of light in the material.
Review Conceptual Example as background for this problem. A man in a boat is looking straight down at a fish in the water directly beneath him. The fish is looking straight up at the man. They are
In Figure suppose that the angle of incidence is Î¸1 = 30.0Â°, the thickness of the glass pane is 6.00 mm, and the refractive index of the glass is n2 = 1.52. Find the amount (in mm) by which the
A glass is half-full of water, with a layer of vegetable oil (n = 1.47) floating on top. A ray of light traveling downward through the oil is incident on the water at an angle of 71.4°. Determine
Multiple- Concept Example provides helpful background for this problem. The drawing shows a crystalline quartz slab with a rectangular cross section. A ray of light strikes the slab at an incident
Light is reflected from a glass coffee table. When the angle of incidence is 56.7°, the reflected light is completely polarized parallel to the surface of the glass. What is the index of refraction
When light strikes the surface between two materials from above, the Brewster angle is 65.0°. What is the Brewster angle when the light encounters the same surface from below?
A beam of sunlight encounters a plate of crown glass at a 45.000 angle of incidence. Using the data in Table, find the angle between the violet ray and the red ray in theglass.
This problem relates to Figure which illustrates the dispersion of light by a prism. The prism is made from glass, and its cross section is an equilateral triangle. The indices of refraction for the
An object is located 9.0 cm in front of a converging lens (f = 6.0 cm). Using an accurately drawn ray diagram, determine where the image is located.
The moon’s diameter is 3.48 × 106 m, and its mean distance from the earth is 3.85 × 108 m. The moon is being photographed by a camera whose lens has a focal length of 50.0 mm.(a) Find the
An object is 18cm in front of a diverging lens that has a focal length of -12 cm. How far in front of the lens, should the object be placed so that the size of its image is reduced by a factor of 2.0?
A converging lens (f = 12.0 cm) is located 30.0cm to the left of a diverging lens (f = -6.00 cm). A postage stamp is placed 36.0 cm to the left of the converging lens.(a) Locate the final image of
An object is placed 20.0 cm to the left of a diverging lens (f = -8.00 cm). A concave mirror (f = 12.0cm) is placed 30.0 cm to the right of the lens. (a) Find the final image distance, measured
Your friend has a near point of 138cm, and she wears contact lenses that have a focal length of 35.1cm. How close can she hold a magazine and still read it clearly?
A person has far points of 5.0 m from the right eye and 6.5 m from the left eye. Write a prescription for the refractive power of each corrective contact lens.
A jeweler whose near point is 72 cm from his eye uses a magnifying glass as in Figure (b) to examine a watch. The watch is held 4.0 cm from the magnifying glass. Find the angular magnification of the
A farsighted person can read printing as close as 25.0 cm when she wears contacts that have a focal length of 45.4 cm. One day, she forgets her contacts and uses a magnifying glass, as in Figure (b).
A compound microscope has a barrel whose length is 16.0 cm and an eyepiece whose focal length is 1.4 cm. The viewer has a near point located 25 cm from his eyes. What focal length must the objective
Mars subtends an angle of 8.0 × 10-5 rad at the unaided eye. An astronomical telescope has an eyepiece with a focal length of 0.032m. When Mars is viewed using this telescope, it subtends an angle
A stargazer has an astronomical telescope with an objective whose focal length is 180 cm and an eyepiece whose focal length is 1.20 cm. He wants to increase the angular magnification of a galaxy
An object is located 30.0 cm to the left of a converging lens whose focal length is 50.0cm.(a) Draw a ray diagram to scale and from it determine the image distance and the magnification.(b) Use the
A glass block (n = 1.56) is immersed in a liquid. A ray of light within the glass hits a glass–liquid surface at a 75.0° angle of incidence. Some of the light enters the liquid. What is the
A nearsighted patient’s far point is 0.690 m from her eyes. She is able to see distant objects in focus when wearing glasses with a refractive power of -1.50 diopters. What is the distance between
A microscope for viewing blood cells has an objective with a focal length of 0.50 cm and an eyepiece with a focal length of 2.5cm. The distance between the objective and eyepiece is 14.0cm. If a
A scuba diver, submerged under water, looks up and sees sunlight at an angle of 28.0° from the vertical. At what angle, measured from the vertical, does this sunlight strike the surface of the water?
An office copier uses a lens to place an image of a document onto a rotating drum. The copy is made from this image.(a) What kind of lens is used, converging or diverging? If the document and its
At age forty, a man requires contact lenses (f = 65.0cm) to read a book held 25.0cm from his eyes. At age forty-five, while wearing these contacts he must now hold a book 29.0 cm from his eyes.(a) By
The angular magnification of a telescope is 32 800 times as large when you look through the correct end of the telescope as when you look through the wrong end. What is the angular magnification of
In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the wavelength of the light used is 520 nm (in vacuum), and the separation between the slits is 1.4 × 10-6 m. Determine the angle that locates(a) The dark
A sheet that is made of plastic (n = 1.60) covers one slit of a double slit (see the drawing). When the double slit is illuminated by monochromatic light (Î»vacuum = 586 nm), the center of the
A non-reflective coating of magnesium fluoride (n = 1.38) covers the glass (n = 1.52) of a camera lens. Assuming that the coating prevents reflection of yellow-green light (wavelength in vacuum = 565
Orange light (λvacuum = 611 nm) shines on a soap film (n = 1.33) that has air on either side of it. The light strikes the film perpendicularly. What is the minimum thickness of the film for which
A diffraction pattern forms when light passes through a single slit. The wavelength of the light is 675 nm. Determine the angle that locates the first dark fringe when the width of the slit is (a)
Light that has a wavelength of 668 nm passes through a slit 6.73 × 10-6 m wide and falls on a screen that is 1.85 m away. What is the distance on the screen from the center of the central bright
How many dark fringes will be produced on either side of the central maximum if light (λ = 651 nm) is incident on a single slit that is 5.47 × 10-6 m wide?
Late one night on a highway, a car speeds by you and fades into the distance. Under these conditions, the pupils of your eyes have diameters of about 7.0 mm. The taillights of this car are separated
Consult Multiple-Concept Example to see a model for solving this kind of problem. You are using a microscope to examine a blood sample. Recall from Section that the sample should be placed just
A diffraction grating is 1.50 cm wide and contains 2400 lines. When used with light of a certain wavelength, a third-order maximum is formed at an angle of 18.0°. What is the wavelength (in nm)?
The wavelength of the laser beam used in a compact disc player is 780 nm. Suppose that a diffraction grating produces first-order tracking beams that are 1.2 mm apart at a distance of 3.0 mm from the
Violet light (wavelength = 410 nm) and red light (wavelength = 660 nm) lie at opposite ends of the visible spectrum.(a) For each wavelength, find the angle θ that locates the first-order maximum
In a Young€™s double-slit experiment, two rays of monochromatic light emerge from the slits and meet at a point on a distant screen, as in Figure (a). The point on the screen where these
A flat observation screen is placed at a distance of 4.5 m from a pair of slits. The separation on the screen between the central bright fringe and the first-order bright fringe is 0.037 m. The light
The same diffraction grating is used with two different wavelengths of light, λA and λB. The fourth-order principal maximum of light A exactly overlaps the third-order principal maximum of light B.
The distance between New York City and London is 3470 mi. (a) If a radio wave from New York City is transmitted directly across the ocean, how long will it take to reach a receiver in London? (b) In
(a) When the Apollo astronauts landed on the moon, it took the radio signal 1.28 s to reach Mission Control on the earth. How far away were the astronauts from the earth? (b) Since the sun is 1.50 x
The range of electromagnetic wave frequencies on the FM radio band is 88.0 MHz to 108 MHz(a) What is the range of wavelengths for the FM radio band? (b) What is the range of photon energy for the FM
The individual rods on rooftop antennas are designed to be one-quarter of a wavelength for each television frequency. What is the range of rod lengths needed for television Channels 2 through 6 if
An illumination of 180 lux on student desks and other work areas is the standard that architects use when designing lighting systems for schools. (a) If a ceiling is 2.50 m above a student work area,
1. Find the distance (in meters) traveled by a radio wave in 5.00 s.2. Find the distance (in meters) traveled by a light wave in 6.40 s.3. A television signal is sent to a communications satellite
1. How long does it take for a radio wave to travel 3000 mi across the United States?2. How long does it take for a flash of light to travel 100 m?3. How long does it take for a police radar beam to
(a) How long does it takes for light to reach the earth from Mars when the separation of the two planets is at its smallest? The earth’s orbital radius is 143 million kilometers. The orbital radius
If it takes 4.31 years for light to reach the earth from Alpha Centauri, the closest star to the earth other than the sun, what is the distance (in miles) to the next nearest neighbor (Barnard’s
How long does it take light to reach the earth from Jupiter when the separation of the two planets is? (a) At its smallest.(b) At its largest? The earth’s orbital radius is 143 million kilometers.
1. Preparing for reentry, astronauts use radar to determine the distance back to the earth. What is their altitude if it takes 0.330 s for the radar wave to travel to the earth and return?2. The
1. c = 3.00 x 108 m/sλ = 4.55 x 10–5 mf =?2. c = 3.00 x 108 m/sλ = 9.70 x 10–10 mf =?3. c = 3.00 x 108 m/sf = 9.70 x 1011 Hzλ =?4. c = 3.00 x 108 m/sf = 24.2 MHzλ
1. Find the wavelength of a radio wave from an AM station broadcasting at a frequency of 1400 kHz2. Find the wavelength of a radio wave from an FM station broadcasting at a frequency of 100 MHz3.
1. What is the energy of a photon of electromagnetic radiation with frequency 8.95 x 1010 Hz?2. What is the frequency of a photon of electromagnetic radiation with energy 3.96 x 10–22 J?3. What is
1. Find the energy of a photon of electromagnetic radiation with frequency 9.20 x 1016 Hz.2. Find the energy of a red photon.3. Find the energy of a blue photon.4. Find the energy of a yellow photon
1. I = 48.0 cdI = ___ℓm2. I = 342 cdI = ___ℓm3. I = 765 ℓmI = ____cd4. I = 432 ℓmI = ____cd5. I = 75.0 cdI = ___ℓm6. I = 650 ℓmI = ___cd7. I = 900 ℓmr = 7.00 ftE =?8. I = 741 ℓmr =
1. Find the intensity of a light source that produces an illumination of 5.50 ft-candles at 9.85 ft from the source.2. Find the intensity of a light source that produces an illumination of 2.39 lux
Find the illumination on a surface by three light sources, each with intensity 150 ℓm located at distances of 2.00 m, 2.70 m, and 2.98 m from the surface, respectively.
1. Find the intensity of two identical light sources located 1.40 m and 1.96 m, respectively, from a point where the illumination is 3.54ℓm/m22. Find the intensity of two identical light sources
1. Find the distance (in meters) traveled by a radio wave in 21.5 h.2. A radar wave that is bounced off an airplane returns to the radar receiver in 3.78 x 10–5, How far (in miles) is the airplane
1. Find the frequency of a light wave if its wavelength is 5.415 x 10–8m.2. What is the energy of a photon with frequency 1.45 x 1011 Hz?3. What is the frequency of a photon with energy of 4.75 x
What are the maximum and minimum transit times for light traveling from Jupiter to Mars? The orbital radii are 215 million kilometers for Mars and 725 million kilometers for Jupiter. Assume the
Find the intensity of two identical light sources located 0.454 m and 0.538 m, respectively, from a point where the illumination is 8.46ℓm/m2
Find the illumination on a surface by three light sources, each with intensity 125 ℓm, located at 1.85 m, 1.92 m, and 2.43 m from the surface, respectively.
1. Which of the following are examples of electromagnetic radiation?(a) Gamma rays(b) Sound waves(c) Radio waves(d) Water waves(e) Visible light2. The particle theory of light explains(a) Diffraction
1. Does light always travel at the same speed? Explain.2. What name is given to the entire range of waves that are similar to visible light?3. Who proposed the particle theory of light?4. Who
Tamera uses a concave mirror when applying makeup. (a) The mirror has a radius of curvature of 38.0cm. What is the focal length of the mirror?(b) Tamera’s face is located 12.5 cm from the mirror.
A convex security mirror has a radius of curvature of –1.50 m. (a) A shoplifter picks up a 0.255-mhigh purse 11.5 m from the mirror. How far behind the mirror, is the image of the purse? (b) Is the
A fish tank made of crown glass is full of fresh water. (a) What is the angle of refraction when the light travels from the air and enters the crown glass at an incident angle of 30.0°? (b)
Diamonds are cut to take advantage of internal reflections of light. The angles of a diamond are cut so that all of the light that enters it reflects out the top. The light or brilliance that emerges
A photographer uses a 60.0-mm lens. (a) How far away should the lens be from the film if the object is located 9.20 m from the lens? (b) What will be the height of the image if the object is 2.00 m
Use the formulas 1/f = 1/so + 1/st and M = hi/ho = –si /so for Problems 1–8.1. Given so = 1.65cm and si = 6.00cm find f.2. Given f = 15.0cm and si = 3.00cm find so.3. Given si = 1.45cm and f =
1. An object 30.0 cm tall is located 10.5 cm from a concave mirror with focal length 16.0 cm. (a) Where is the image located? (b) How high is it?2. An object and its image in a concave mirror are the
(a) What is the height of a figurine 7.33 cm in front of a concave mirror that produces an image –2.75 cm high? The image appears to be 5.03 cm in front of the mirror.(b) Find the focal length of
1. Find the index of refraction of a medium for which the angle of incidence of a light beam is 31.5° and angle of refraction is 25.6°.2. If the index of refraction of a medium is 2.40 and the
An object 5.00 cm tall is placed 15.0 cm from a converging lens, and a real image is formed 7.50 cm from the lens. (a) What is the focal length of the lens? (b) What is the size of the image?
An object 4.50 cm tall is placed 18.0 cm from a converging lens with a focal length of 26.0 cm. (a) What is the location of the image? (b) What is its size?
What are the size and location of an image produced by a converging lens with a focal length of 19.5 cm of an object 5.76 cm from the lens and 1.45 cm high?
What are the size and location of an image produced by a convex lens with a focal length of 14.5 cm of an object 10.5 cm from the lens and 2.35 cm high?
What is the focal length of a convex lens that produces an inverted image twice as large as the object at a distance of 13.3 cm from the lens?
1. Using 1/f = 1/so+1/st , so = 3.50 cm, and st = 7.25 cm, find f.2. Using 1/f = 1/so+1/st , so = 8.50 cm, and f = 25.0 cm, find st3. Using M = ht/ho = –st/so, ho = 6.50 cm, st = 7.50 cm, and so =
1. An object 4.50 cm tall is placed 20.0 cm from a converging lens. A real image is formed 12.0 cm from the lens. (a) What is the focal length of the lens? (b) What is the size of the image?2. The
1. Stained glass is an example of(a) A transparent material.(b) A translucent material.(c) An opaque material.(d) None of the above.2. A virtual image may be(a) Larger than the object.(b) Smaller
1. Explain the difference between real and virtual images.2. Explain the difference between a concave and a convex mirror.3. Explain the effect of spherical aberration.4. For a mirror of given focal
1. Explain the difference between converging and diverging lenses.2. Give several examples of total internal reflection.3. In your own words, explain the law of refraction.4. How does the speed of
1. How do water waves affect the escape of light from below the surface of the water?2. Explain why a fish under water appears to be at a different depth below the surface than it actually is. Does
1. Name the colors of the visible spectrum.2. What property of light determines its color?3. Name the light waves whose wavelengths are(a) slightly longer than visible light and(b) slightly shorter
1. True or false: For you to see a rainbow, the raindrops must be between the sun and you.2. Name the property of a wave that describes its ability to bend around obstacles in its path.3. When a
Why is the sky blue?
Why is a sunset red?
Why are clouds white?
Why is the ocean blue?
If glass is dispersive, why don’t we normally see a spectrum of colors when sunlight passes through a glass window? Explain. (Are the speeds of each color of light the same in the glass?)
When you see the Sun over a lake or the ocean, you often observe a long swath of light (Fig. 22.22). What causes this effect, sometimes called a €œglitter path€?

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