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Statistics Plus New Mylab Statistics With Pearson Etext Access Card Package 13th Edition James Mcclave ,Terry Sincich - Solutions
Explain why we generally prefer the standard deviation to the range as a measure of variation.
Give a technique that is used to distort information shown on a graph.
Consider the following three measurements: 50, 70, 80.Find the z-score for each measurement if they are from a population with a mean and standard deviation equal toa. m = 60, s = 10b. m = 60, s = 5c. m = 40, s = 10d. m = 40, s = 100
Refer to Exercise 2.179. For parts a–d, determine whether the three measurements 50, 70, and 80 are outliers.
For each of the data sets in parts a–c, compute x, s2, and s.If appropriate, specify the units in which your answers are expressed.a. 4, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7b. - $1, $4, - $3, $0, - $3, - $6c. 3/5%, 4/5%, 2/5%, 1/5%, 1/16%d. Calculate the range of each data set in parts a–c.
For each of the data sets in parts a–d, compute x, s2, and s.a. 13, 1, 10, 3, 3b. 13, 6, 6, 0c. 1, 0, 1, 10, 11, 11, 15d. 3, 3, 3, 3e. For each of the data sets in parts a–d, form the interval x { 2s and calculate the percentage of the measurements that fall into that interval.
Construct a scatterplot for the data listed here. Do you detect any trends? Variable #1: 174 268 345 119 400 520 190 448 307 252 Variable #2: 8 10 15 7 22 31 15 20 11 9
Excavating ancient pottery. Archaeologists excavating the ancient Greek settlement at Phylakopi classified the pottery found in trenches. (Chance, Fall 2000.) The accompanying table describes the collection of 837 pottery pieces uncovered in a particular layer at the excavation site. Construct and
Japanese reading levels. University of Hawaii language professors C. Hitosugi and R. Day incorporated a 10-week extensive reading program into a second-semester Japanese language course in an effort to improve students’ Japanese reading comprehension.(Reading in a Foreign Language, Apr. 2004.)
Body length of armadillos. A group of environmentalists reported the results of a study of giant armadillos inhabiting the southeastern region of Venezuela. A sample of 80 armadillos was captured and the body length (not including the tail) of each was measured (in centimeters).A MINITAB graph
Crash tests on new cars. Each year, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash tests new car models to determine how well they protect the driver and front-seat passenger in a head-on collision.The NHTSA has developed a “star” scoring system for the frontal crash test,
Crash tests on new cars. Refer to Exercise 2.190 and the NHTSA crash test data. One quantitative variable recorded by the NHTSA is driver’s severity of head injury(measured on a scale from 0 to 1,500). Numerical descriptive statistics for the 98 driver head-injury ratings are displayed in the
Estimating the age of glacial drifts. Tills are glacial drifts consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders.Engineers from the University of Washington’s Department of Earth and Space Sciences studied the chemical makeup of buried tills in order to estimate the age of the glacial
Training zoo animals. “The Training Game” is an activity used in psychology in which one person shapes an arbitrary behavior by selectively reinforcing the movements of another person. A group of 15 psychology students at the Georgia Institute of Technology played the game at Zoo Atlanta while
Groundwater contamination in wells. Refer to the Environmental Science & Technology (Jan. 2005) study of the factors related to MTBE contamination in 223 New Hampshire wells, presented in Exercise 2.23(p. 70).The data are saved in the MTBE file. Two of the many quantitative variables measured for
Sociology fieldwork methods. University of New Mexico professor Jane Hood investigated the fieldwork methods used by qualitative sociologists. (Teaching Sociology, July 2006.) Searching for all published journal articles, dissertations, and conference proceedings over the previous seven years in
Radioactive lichen. Lichen has a high absorbance capacity for radiation fallout from nuclear accidents. Since lichen is a major food source for Alaskan caribou, and caribou are, in turn, a major food source for many Alaskan villagers, it is important to monitor the level of radioactivity in
Improving SAT scores. The National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) tracks a nationally representative sample of U.S. students from eighth grade through high school and college. Research published in Chance (Winter 2001) examined the SAT scores of 265 NELS students who paid a private tutor to
Ammonia in car exhaust. Three-way catalytic converters have been installed in new vehicles in order to reduce pollutants from motor vehicle exhaust emissions.However, these converters unintentionally increase the level of ammonia in the air. Environmental Science& Technology (Sept. 1, 2000)
College protests of labor exploitation. The United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS) was formed by students on U.S. and Canadian college campuses in 1999 to protest labor exploitation in the apparel industry. Clark University sociologist Robert Ross analyzed the USAS movement in the Journal of
Speed of light from galaxies. Astronomers theorize that cold dark matter caused the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies in the universe. The theoretical model for cold dark matter requires an estimate of the velocities of light emitted from galaxy clusters. The Astronomical Journal (July
Whistling dolphins. Marine scientists who study dolphin communication have discovered that bottlenose dolphins exhibit an individualized whistle contour known as their signature whistle. A study was conducted to categorize the signature whistles of 10 captive adult bottlenose dolphins in socially
Sentence complexity study. A study published in Applied Psycholinguistics (June 1998) compared the language skills of young children (16–30 months old) from low-income and middle-income families. A total of 260 children—65 in the low-income and 195 in the middle-income group—completed the
Freckling of superalloy ingots. Freckles are defects that sometimes form during the solidification of alloy ingots.A freckle index has been developed to measure the level of freckling on the ingot. A team of engineers conducted several experiments to measure the freckle index of a certain type of
Archaeologists’ study of ring diagrams. Archaeologists gain insight into the social life of ancient tribes by measuring the distance (in centimeters) of each artifact found at a site from the “central hearth” (i.e., the middle of an artifact scatter).A graphical summary of these distances, in
Oil spill impact on seabirds. The Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics (Sept. 2000) published a study on the impact of the Exxon Valdez tanker oil spill on the seabird population in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Data were collected on 96 shoreline locations(called
Benford’s Law of Numbers. According to Benford’s law, certain digits (1, 2, 3,…, 9) are more likely to occur as the first significant digit in a randomly selected number than are other digits. For example, the law predicts that the number “1” is the most likely to occur (30% of the time)
Speed of light from galaxies. Refer to The Astronomical Journal study of galaxy velocities, presented in Exercise 2.200(p. 137). A second cluster of galaxies, named A1775, is thought to be a double cluster—that is, two clusters of galaxies in close proximity. Fifty-one velocity observations(in
Standardized test “average.” U.S. News & World Report reported on many factors contributing to the breakdown of public education. One study mentioned in the article found that over 90% of the nation’s school districts reported that their students were scoring “above the national
Zinc phosphide in pest control. A chemical company produces a substance composed of 98% cracked corn particles and 2% zinc phosphide for use in controlling rat populations in sugarcane fields. Production must be carefully controlled to maintain the 2% zinc phosphide because too much zinc phosphide
Grades in statistics. The final grades given by two professors in introductory statistics courses have been carefully examined. The students in the first professor’s class had a grade point average of 3.0 and a standard deviation of.2. Those in the second professor’s class had grade points with
Salaries of professional athletes. The salaries of superstar professional athletes receive much attention in the media.The multimillion-dollar long-term contract is now commonplace among this elite group. Nevertheless, rarely does a season pass without negotiations between one or more of the
What are the most basic outcomes of an experiment called?
What is an event?
An experiment results in one of the sample points:E1, E2, E3, E4, or E5. a. Find P(E3) if P(E1).2, P(E2) = .1, P(E4) = .1, and P(E5) = .2 b. Find P(E3) if P(E) = P(E3), P(E2) = .3, P(E4) .3, and P(E5) = .2 c. Find P(E3) if P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E4) = P(Es) = .1
The following Venn diagram describes the sample space of a particular experiment and events A and B:a. Suppose the sample points are equally likely. Find P(A)and P(B).b. Suppose P122 = P132 = P142 = P182 = P192 = 120 and P112 = P152 = P162 = P172 = P1102 = 320.Find P(A) and P(B). 7 09 02 8 10 4 06
The sample space for an experiment contains five sample points with probabilities as shown in the table. Find the probability of each of the following events:A: 5Either 1, 2, or 3 occurs.6 B: 5Either 1, 3, or 5 occurs.6 C: 54 does not occur.6 Sample Points Probabilities 12345 .05 .20 .30 .30 .15
Compute each of the following: a. b. d. e. 63 c. 33
Two fair dice are tossed, and the up face on each die is recorded.a. List the 36 sample points contained in the sample space.b. Assign probabilities to the sample points.c. Find the probability of observing each of the following events:A: 5A 3 appears on each of the two dice.6 B: 5The sum of the
Two marbles are drawn at random and without replacement from a box containing two blue marbles and three red marbles.a. List the sample points.b. Assign probabilities to the sample points.c. Determine the probability of observing each of the following events:A: 5Two blue marbles are drawn.6 B: 5A
Simulate the experiment described in Exercise 3.15, using any five identically shaped objects, two of which are one color and three another. Mix the objects, draw two, record the results, and then replace the objects. Repeat the experiment a large number of times (at least 100). Calculate the
Do social robots walk or roll? Refer to the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010) study of the trend in the design of social robots, Exercise 2.7(p. 66). Recall that in a random sample of 106 social (or service) robots designed to entertain, educate, and care for human
Crop damage by wild boars. The level of crop damage by wild boars in southern Italy was investigated in Current Zoology (Apr. 2014). In the study, crop damage occurred when the wild boars partially or completely destroyed agricultural crops in privately owned lands. The researchers identified 157
Colors of M&Ms candies. Originally, M&Ms Plain Chocolate Candies came in only a brown color. Today, M&Ms in standard bags come in six colors: brown, yellow, red, blue, orange, and green. According to Mars Corporation, today 24% of all M&Ms produced are blue, 20% are orange, 16% are green, 14% are
Rare underwater sounds. A study of underwater sounds in a specific region of the Pacific Ocean focused on scarce sounds, such as humpback whale screams, dolphin whistles, and sounds from passing ships (Acoustical Physics, Vol. 56, 2010). During the month of September (non-rainy season), research
USDA chicken inspection. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that, under its standard inspection system, one in every 100 slaughtered chickens passes inspection for fecal contamination.a. If a slaughtered chicken is selected at random, what is the probability that it passes
African rhinos. Two species of rhinoceros native to Africa are black rhinos and white rhinos. The International Rhino Federation estimates that the African rhinoceros population consists of 5,055 white rhinos and 20,405 black rhinos.Suppose one rhino is selected at random from the African rhino
STEM experiences for girls. Refer to the 2013 National Science Foundation (NSF) study on girls’ participation in informal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics(STEM) programs, Exercise 2.12(p. 67). Recall that the researchers sampled 174 young women who recently participated in a STEM
Health risks to beachgoers. According to a University of Florida veterinary researcher, the longer a beachgoer sits in wet sand or stays in the water, the higher the health risk(University of Florida News, Jan. 29, 2008). Using data collected at 3 Florida beaches, the researcher discovered the
Cheek teeth of extinct primates. Refer to the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Vol. 142, 2010) study of the dietary habits of extinct mammals, Exercise 2.9(p. 66). Recall that 18 cheek teeth extracted from skulls of an extinct primate species discovered in western Wyoming were analyzed.
Chance of rain. Answer the following question posed in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution: When a meteorologist says, “The probability of rain this afternoon is .4,” does it mean that it will be raining 40% of the time during the afternoon?
Railway track allocation. Refer to the Journal of Transportation Engineering (May 2013) investigation of railroad track allocation at a railway station with 11 tracks, Exercise 2.16(p. 68). A simple algorithm designed to minimize waiting time and bottlenecks is one in which engineers randomly
Museum management. Refer to the Museum Management and Curatorship (June 2010) study of the criteria used to evaluate museum performance, Exercise 2.22(p. 69).Recall that the managers of 30 leading museums of contemporary art were asked to provide the performance measure used most often. A summary
Choosing portable grill displays. A study of how people attempt to influence the choices of others by offering undesirable alternatives was published in the Journal of Consumer Research (Mar. 2003). In one phase of the study, the researcher had each of 124 college students select showroom displays
ESL students and plagiarism. The Journal of Education and Human Development (Vol. 3, 2009) investigated the causes of plagiarism among six English-as-a-secondlanguage(ESL) students. All students in the class wrote two essays, one in the middle and one at the end of the semester. After the first
Jai alai Quinella bet. The Quinella bet at the parimutuel game of jai alai consists of picking the jai alai players that will place first and second in a game, irrespective of order.In jai alai, eight players (numbered 1, 2, 3, … , 8) compete in every game.a. How many different Quinella bets are
Using game simulation to teach a course. In Engineering Management Research (May 2012), a simulation game approach was proposed to teach concepts in a course on production. The proposed game simulation was for color television production. The products are two color television models, A and B. Each
Lead bullets as forensic evidence. Chance (Summer 2004)published an article on the use of lead bullets as forensic evidence in a federal criminal case. Typically, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) will use a laboratory method to match the lead in a bullet found at a crime scene with
Matching socks. Consider the following question posed to Marilyn vos Savant in her weekly newspaper column, “Ask Marilyn”:I have two pairs of argyle socks, and they look nearly identical—one navy blue and the other black. [When doing the laundry] my wife matches the socks incorrectly much
Post-op nausea study. Nausea and vomiting after surgery are common side effects of anesthesia and painkillers. Six different drugs, varying in cost, were compared for their effectiveness in preventing nausea and vomiting (New England Journal of Medicine, June 10, 2004). The medical researchers
Dominant versus recessive traits. A gene is composed of two alleles. An allele can be either dominant or recessive.Suppose a husband and a wife, who are both carriers of the sickle cell anemia allele but do not have the disease, decide to have a child. Because both parents are carriers of the
Drug testing of firefighters. Hillsborough County, Florida, has 42 fire stations that employ 980 career firefighters and 160 volunteers. Both types of firefighters are drug tested every six months. However, the career firefighters and volunteers are treated as separate populations.For drug testing,
A fair coin is tossed three times, and the events A and B are defined as follows:A: {At least one head is observed.}B: {The number of heads observed is odd.}a. Identify the sample points in the events A, B, A ∪ B, Ac, and A ¨ B.b. Find P1A2, P1B2, P1A ∪ B2, P1Ac2, and P1A ¨ B2 by summing the
Suppose P1B2 = .7, P1D2 = .5, and P1B ¨ D2 = .3.Find the probabilities below. a. P(DC) b. P(B) c. P(BUD)
Consider the following Venn diagram, whereFind each of the following probabilities: - P(E2) = P(E3)=1/5, P(E4) = P(Es) = 1/20, P(E6)=1/10, P(E7) = 1/5: A B E E2 E4 Es E3 E E6 S
Consider the following Venn diagram, whereFind the following probabilities: = == P(E1) 2, P(E2) = P(E3) = .04, P(E4) = .06, == P(E5) .08, P(E6) = .15, P(E7) = .25, and P(E8) = .18 E E3 E2 A E7 E4 Es B E6 Es S
A pair of fair dice is tossed. Define the events A and B as follows. Define the following events:A: 5An 8 is rolled6 1The sum of the numbers of dots on the upper faces of the two dice is equal to 8.)B: 5At least one of the two dice is showing a 66a. Identify the sample points in the event A, B, A
Three fair coins are tossed. We wish to find the probability of the event A: 5Observe at most two tails.6a. Express A as the union of three mutually exclusive events. Using the expression you wrote, find the probability of A.b. Express A as the complement of an event. Using the expression you
The outcomes of two variables are (Low, Medium, High)and (On, Off), respectively. An experiment is conducted in which the outcomes of each of the two variables are observed.The probabilities associated with each of the six possible outcome pairs are given in the following table:Consider the
Social networking. According to the Pew Research Internet Project (Dec. 2013) survey, the two most popular social networking sites in the United States are Facebook and LinkedIn. Of all adult Internet users, 71% have a Facebook account, 22% have a LinkedIn account, and 18% visit both Facebook and
Do social robots walk or roll? Refer to the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010) study of the trend in the design of social robots, Exercise 3.17(p. 157). Recall that in a random sample of 106 social robots, 63 were built with legs only, 20 with wheels only, 8 with both
Study of analysts’ forecasts. The Journal of Accounting Research (Mar. 2008) published a study on relationship incentives and degree of optimism among analysts’ forecasts.Participants were analysts at either a large or small brokerage firm who made their forecasts either early or late in the
Gene expression profiling. Gene expression profiling is a state-of-the-art method for determining the biology of cells.In Briefings in Functional Genomics and Proteomics (Dec.2006), biologists reviewed several gene expression profiling methods. The biologists applied two of the methods (A and B) to
Scanning errors at Wal-Mart. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) mandates that for every 100 items scanned through the electronic checkout scanner at a retail store, no more than 2 should have an inaccurate price. A study of the accuracy of checkout scanners at Wal-Mart stores
Sleep apnea and sleep stage transitioning. Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by collapses of the upper airway during sleep. Chance (Winter 2009)investigated the role of sleep apnea in how people transition from one sleep stage to another. The various stages of sleep for a large
Attempted suicide methods. A study of attempted suicide methods was published in the journal Death Studies (Vol.38, 2014). Data for 59 suicide victims who had previously attempted suicide were collected. The table gives a breakdown of the number of suicide victims according to method used and
Guilt in decision making. The effect of guilt emotion on how a decision maker focuses on the problem was investigated in the Jan. 2007 issue of the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (see Exercise 1.31, p. 50). A total of 171 volunteer students participated in the experiment, where each was
Abortion provider survey. The Alan Guttmacher Institute Abortion Provider Survey is a survey of all 358 known nonhospital abortion providers in the United States (Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, Jan./Feb. 2003). For one part of the survey, the 358 providers were classified according
Fighting probability of fallow deer bucks. In Aggressive Behavior (Jan./Feb. 2007), zoologists investigated the likelihood of fallow deer bucks fighting during the mating season. During the observation period, the researchers recorded 205 encounters between two bucks. Of these, 167 involved one
Cell phone handoff behavior. A “handoff” is a term used in wireless communications to describe the process of a cell phone moving from a coverage area of one base station to another. Each base station has multiple channels(called color codes) that allow it to communicate with the cell phone.
Chemical signals of mice. The ability of a mouse to recognize the odor of a potential predator (e.g., a cat) is essential to the mouse’s survival. The chemical makeup of these odors—called kairomones—was the subject of a study published in Cell (May 14, 2010). Typically, the sources of these
Employee behavior problems. The Organizational Development Journal (Summer 2006) reported on the results of a survey of human resource officers (HROs) at major firms. The focus of the study was employee behavior, namely absenteeism, promptness to work, and turnover.The study found that 55% of the
Cloning credit or debit cards. Wireless identity theft is a technique of stealing an individual’s personal information from radio-frequency-enabled cards (e.g., credit or debit cards). Upon capturing this data, thieves are able to program their own cards to respond in an identical fashion via
Galileo’s passe-dix game. Passe-dix is a game of chance played with three fair dice. Players bet whether the sum of the faces shown on the dice will be above or below 10.During the late 16th century, the astronomer and mathematician Galileo Galilei was asked by the Grand Duke of Tuscany to
Encoding variability in software. At the 2012 Gulf Petrochemicals and Chemicals Association (GPCA)Forum, Oregon State University software engineers presented a paper on modeling and implementing variation in computer software. The researchers employed the compositional choice calculus (CCC)—a
Give the formula for finding P1BA2.
For two events, A and B, P1A2 = .4, P1B2 = .4, and P1AB2 = .75.a. Find P1A ¨ B2.b. Find P1BA2.
An experiment results in one of three mutually exclusive events A, B, and C. It is known that P1A2 = .50, P1B2 = .30, and P1C2 = .20, Find each of the following probabilities:a. P1A ∪ B2b. P1A ¨ B2c. P1AB2d. P1B ∪ C2e. Are B and C independent events? Explain.
For two independent events, A and B, P1A2 = .2 and P1B2 = .6.a. Find P1A ¨ B2.b. Find P1AB2.c. Find P1A ∪ B2.
An experiment results in one of five sample points with probabilities P1E12 = .22, P1E22 = .21, P1E32 = .21, P1E42 = .24, and P1E52 = .12. The following events have been defined:f. Find P1CB2.g. Consider each pair of events A and B, A and C, and B and C. Are any of the pairs of events
Consider the experiment defined by the accompanying Venn diagram, with the sample space S containing five sample points. The sample points are assigned the following probabilities: P1E12 = .1, P1E22 = .1, P1E32 = .2, P1E42 = .5, P1E52 = .1.a. Calculate P(A), P(B), and P1A ¨ B2.b. Suppose we know
A sample space contains six sample points and events A, B, and C, as shown in the Venn diagram below. The probabilities of the sample points are P112 = .20, P122 = .05, P132 = .30, P142 = .10, P152 = .10, and P162 = .25.a. Which pairs of events, if any, are mutually exclusive?Why?b. Which pairs of
Two fair dice are tossed, and the following events are defined:A: 5The sum of the numbers showing is odd.6 B: 5The sum of the numbers showing is 9, 11, or 12.6 Are events A and B independent? Why?
A box contains two white, two red, and two blue poker chips. Two chips are randomly chosen without replacement, and their colors are noted. Define the following events: A: [Both chips are of the same color.} B: {Both chips are red.} C: {At least one chip is red or white.} Find P(B|A), P(B|A),
Do social robots walk or roll? Refer to the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010) study of the trend in the design of social robots, Exercise 3.17(p. 157). Recall that in a random sample of 106 social robots, 63 were built with legs only, 20 with wheels only, 8 with both
Crop damage by wild boars. Refer to the Current Zoology(Apr. 2014) study of crop damage by wild boars, Exercise 3.18(p. 158). Recall that researchers identified 157 incidents of crop damage in the study area caused by wild boars over a five-year period. The table giving the types of crops destroyed
Cardiac stress testing. In addition to standard exercise electrocardiography (SEE), two widely applied methods of stress testing of cardiac patients are stress echocardiography(SE) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). These methods were evaluated in the American Journal of
National firearms survey. The Harvard School of Public Health conducted a study of privately held firearm stock in the United States. In a representative household telephone survey of 2,770 adults, 26% reported that they own at least one gun (Injury Prevention, Jan. 2007). Of those that own a gun,
Guilt in decision making. Refer to the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (Jan. 2007) study of the effect of guilt emotion on how a decision maker focuses on the problem, Exercise 3.59(p. 170). The results (number responding in each category) for the 171 study participants are reproduced in the
Speeding linked to fatal car crashes. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA),“Speeding is one of the most prevalent factors contributing to fatal traffic crashes” (NHTSA Technical Report, Aug. 2005). The probability
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