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Real Communication An Introduction 2nd Edition Dan O'Hair, Mary Wiemann - Solutions
Is there a particular organizational pattern that would best suit you, your topic, or your audience? For example, are you comfortable with and knowledgeable enough about your hostile audience’s counterpoints that you are comfortable refuting them using the refutational organizational pattern?
Particularly when dealing with your neutral and hostile audiences, what are some ways that you can bridge the gap between your beliefs and those of your audience members? How can you generate goodwill and understanding?
Now imagine that you are presenting the topic to a receptive audience, a neutral audience, and a hostile audience. What do you as a speaker need to do in order to prepare to present your topic to each type of audience? What do you know about your listeners’ beliefs, attitudes, and behavior? What
Is there a form of proof used consistently in the ads of the particular magazine you looked at? Why do you think that is?
Which form of proof do you find least persuasive? Why?
Which form of proof do you find most persuasive? Why?
What magazine and ads did you choose to examine?
10. Do you make effective use of presentation aids throughout your speech? Do the aids help you to achieve your persuasive goals?
9. Have you selected an appropriate organizational pattern for your persuasive speech?Is the organization clear and understandable to your listeners during practice sessions?
8. Have you checked (and rechecked) your speech for logical fallacies? Have you addressed and removed any that you’ve identified?
7. Have you effectively made use of emotion in your speech? Is it appropriately supported by logic and credibility?
6. Have you used solid reasoning in your argument?
5. Do you demonstrate credibility to your audience? Have you effectively worked goodwill, trustworthiness, homophily, and likeability into your delivery?
4. Have you worked to ensure that your speech—and your delivery—will help the audience to engage in central processing?
3. Have you assessed your audience’s disposition and needs? Have you considered what is most relevant to them?
2. Have you developed your thesis statement as a proposition of fact, value, or policy?
. Have you selected a topic about which audience members can have a reasonable disagreement? Is it a topic that allows you to influence attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors?
Have you ever sat through a lecture or a class where the instructor offered a lesson that affirmed a point of view different from your own? Did the instructor acknowledge differing viewpoints? If so, what was your reaction to hearing the instructor’s argument against your belief? Did you respect
What kinds of logical fallacies do you regularly see used in the media?What is your reaction when advertisers, political campaigns, or pundits try to persuade you using faulty logic?
How else might Jolie make her largely American audience feel more connected to refugees?
C Do many Americans dismiss the plight of refugees as something that is not a problem?Does putting a human face on displaced people make them seem more real?
Do you think that Jolie’s focus on resilience and individuals would be as crucial in a more collectivist culture?
B What kinds of cultural values speak to you in a persuasive speech?
A Many celebrities(including Ricky Martin, Selena Gomez, Laurence Fishburne, and Edward Norton) work with the United Nations as goodwill ambassadors for a variety of specific causes.Why do you think that the United Nations seeks their help? Why would a famous actor or singer be more persuasive
What will you do or say to Anthony about this issue?
D How will your group react to this revelation?
C If you were a member of the city council, would you have reacted to the story differently if the speaker had presented it as a thirdhand account?Why or why not?
B How do Anthony’s actions differ from those of the three writers mentioned? Does it matter that Tom Joad, the hero of The Grapes of Wrath, never existed?
A Is it ethical for Anthony to make up a “personal account” to use as an illustration in his persuasive appeal, even if it’s based on a true story? Is there a difference between lying“for a good cause” and lying for any other reason?
Think about the last major purchase you made. Now consider the information you had prior to the purchase(advertisements, reviews in the media, advice from others). Did you rely primarily on emotional appeals, ethical appeals, or logical appeals?
C When advertisements appear on a Web page, are you annoyed? What kind of Web ad would prompt you to click it?
B Do you think user-generated content is more persuasive to people in their twenties than traditional advertisements?Do you think it is more persuasive to people in other age groups as well?
A How many advertisements do you think you encounter in a day? How persuasive do you think they are?
During a campaign season, pay attention to the candidates’ speeches and debates, or visit presidentialrhetoric.com to view current and past presidential speeches. How often does the speaker put forth propositions of fact? Of value? Of policy? Does one type of proposition seem to cause more debate
Explain three forms of rhetorical proof: ethos, logos, and pathos Identify the logical fallacies, deceptive forms of reasoning•Choose an appropriate organizational strategy for your speech?
Develop a persuasive topic and thesis Evaluate your listeners and tailor your speech to them
Define the goals of persuasive speaking
Persuasive Speaking Organizing Patterns in Persuasive Speaking?
Persuading Your Audience Strategies for
The Goals of Persuasive Speaking Developing a Persuasive Topic and Thesis
5. Imagine a process you do every day, such as driving a car. Think about how you would explain the process to someone who’s never done it or even seen it done before. Consider different ways you could make the level of the presentation appropriate for different audiences. Talking to a child, for
4. Think of a topic that you find excruciatingly dull (for example, balancing your checkbook, studying for a required course you don’t like, or taking a summer or part-time job doing something utterly mind-numbing). What would you do if you had to give an informative presentation on such a
3. Locate a persuasive speech that you found particularly compelling. Print it out and edit it, removing any and all of the material that you feel is persuasive in nature (for example, the speaker’s opinions, any notably biased statements, any evidence that you feel is subjective rather than
2. Informative speeches are everywhere—in your classroom, on the news, and in your community. Watch an informative speech (or read a transcript, available at the Web sites of many government agencies and officials). Look to apply the concepts you have learned in this chapter to these informative
1. Review Zachary’s speech on mountain biking in this chapter. What category does the topic of this speech fall into? Which approaches (description, demonstration, definition, explanation) did the speaker use, and was he successful in using those approaches? Did the speaker prove himself to be
9. Are your presentation aids solid, and do they back up your main points(without overwhelming your speech)?
8. Have you selected the most interesting, vivid examples you found in your research?
7. Have you defined your terms clearly and related unfamiliar terms to familiar ideas?
6. Does your speech have a clear and logical structure?
5. Have you stressed the topic’s relevance to your audience?
4. Have you presented a clear benefit to learning the information that you are sharing in your speech?
3. Did you select an appropriate approach for your informative speech? Will your audience be able to clearly identify your approach?
2. Are you certain that you can be objective when delivering a speech on this topic, rather than subjective as in a persuasive speech?
1. Have you selected an informative topic that will teach your audience members something new?
3 What kinds of presentations do you think would work best as podcasts?What kinds would not work well? Are podcasts useful outside academia?
A What are the benefits of having an audio file available? Why is podcasting more effective than old-fashioned analog recordings?•2 Are downloaded presentations as effective as live ones? Can they replace live presentations, or should they just supplement them?
Consider your specific speech purpose—what are your objectives for your informative speech? Now consider what types of presentation aids might help you achieve your purpose.How might you use aids to drive home the point you are trying to make or the central idea that you wish to convey to your
What techniques can you use to look at a subject and find its relevance to you or to your audience? How can these tactics help you create more interesting informative speeches?
3 Does gender play a role in public speaking as well?Would Kotb’s message be as well received by her audience if she were a man?
2 Imagine that you have to give an informative speech about a sexual topic in front of your nursing class. How would you approach the subject?Would you handle it differently if you were speaking in front of your parents?Your religious community?
A Kotb’s approach to informing women about sex is a far cry from the often lighthearted and humorous approaches used by talk show hosts in the United States. How might her approach to informative speaking be perceived in the United States?
Would you find it hard to speak in a purely informative manner on certain subjects?Would you be able to speak, for example, in a nonpersuasive way about your religious beliefs? Your favorite film?A musical act that you just can’t stand?
3 Are your motivations really ethical? Do you want to avoid talking about scholarship money because you think it will never materialize or because you’re angry that the coach misled you?
2 Is the coach’s request really an attempt to inform alumni of what the swim program needs in order to persuade them to donate money?
A What are the ethical obligations of a speaker in preparing informative presentations? Can you ignore the coach’s request and just say what you want to say?
Have you ever had a sense that a speaker was intentionally leaving some information out or that the information was somehow unreliable? How did it make you feel about the speaker?Did it change the way you thought about the information he or she provided?
Guidelines for Informative Speeches?
Presentations Approaches to Conveying Information
The Goals of Informative Speaking Topics for Informative
5. Search YouTube for a segment with a speaker giving a speech (the topic does not matter). Turn off the volume so you can only see (not hear) the speech.Analyze the physical speech delivery of the speaker. Make lists of the problems with his or her speech delivery and of things the speaker does
4. When practicing a speech, pay attention to your gestures and body movements.Practice once using movements that you feel are appropriate and comfortable;then practice in front of a friend, and ask how appropriate your movements actually look. Are you using too many gestures? Two few?
3. Pay attention to how you meet people and the general first impression you receive from them. Ask yourself what makes you feel the way you do about the person. Does the person make you feel comfortable by smiling at you, looking you in the eye, or coming across as sincere? If you can pinpoint the
2. While in class, select a partner and give a one- to two-minute impromptu speech on a topic of your choice. Your partner will write down both negative and positive feedback to share with you, and you will do the same in return.Then team up with another pair of partners. You and your original
1. The King’s Speech centers on Albert’s address to the British people on September 3, 1939, at the outbreak of World War II, audio recordings of which are available online. Listen to them, and consider how you would have received the king’s message if you were a British citizen at that time.
After you have practiced in front of one or more friends, family members, or classmates, consider their feedback. Was anything about the feedback surprising? Did they note the strengths and weaknesses that you expected them to pick up on, based on your own self-assessment? If not, how might you
11. Are your speaking notes helpful and effective?
10. Is your speech within the required time limits for the assignment?
9. Are you able to integrate your presentation aids into your presentation effectively?
8. Do you animate your facial expressions as you deliver your speech?
7. Do you use occasional gestures to emphasize a point you’re making in your speech? Do they feel natural?
6. Are you effectively scanning as you rehearse? (If you have others present, are you making eye contact? If not, are you looking at different quadrants of the room you are rehearsing in?)
5. Does your speech contain words that might pose pronunciation problems for you?
4. Are you articulating well? Are you mumbling? Can other people understand your words?
3. Are you varying your speaking rate and volume?
2. Are you varying your pitch (to avoid being monotonous)?
1. Does your voice project confidence? Authority?
Think back on a variety of different public presentations you’ve witnessed—speeches by fellow students, presentations by instructors, political debates, and so on.What is the most effective use of a visual aid that you have encountered? What is the least effective? Why?
C Imagine instead that Evelyn is not a native speaker of English, or that is from a different region of the United States and you find her accent difficult to understand. Is it ethical to address these concerns when judging her speech?
B You may have been reading this scenario under the assumption that you do not have any physical challenges. Now imagine that you have speech challenges or that you suffer from a chronic illness. Does this influence your critique of Evelyn’s speech? Does it make you more or less comfortable
A Is it ethical to share your concerns with Evelyn?Or is it more appropriate to keep quiet in this situation?
C If a speaker has a strong regional accent, should he or she try to lessen it when speaking publicly? Are there any public speaking situations where a strong regional accent might be beneficial?
B Why do most newscasters tend to speak with a midwestern accent?Why might that accent be considered the most neutral?
A What type of accent do you have? How do you feel it is perceived by others from different regions in the United States or even abroad?
How do you react when you hear speakers with an accent that is different from yours? Do you find them difficult to understand, or do you make assumptions about them based on the way they speak? How might your own accent be an advantage or disadvantage in your next speaking situation?
Many of us feel awkward when we hear our voices on a recording, but rather than feel uncomfortable, you should learn to embrace your speaking voice. What aspects of your vocal delivery are unique to you?How might you, like Seth Rogen, utilize these features to create a confident speaking style all
What aspects would it be impossible to capture?
C What aspects of the public speaking situation do you think a VRT simulation could effectively simulate?
B What are the benefits of practicing in front of a virtual audience? How would it compare to a real one?
A Do you think virtual reality simulations would be helpful aids in preparing for public speaking?Whom might they help more, individuals with moderate speech anxiety or severe speech anxiety?
Have you ever had an embarrassing public speaking moment? What did you do? Did it affect your confidence level or your perception of your own competence? Now compare this to how you reacted to someone else’s embarrassing speaking moment. Did you think less of a fellow student who flubbed a few
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