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intercultural communication
Experiencing Intercultural Communication An Introduction 6th Edition Judith Martin, Thomas Nakayama - Solutions
4. Identify and describe issues in intercultural friendships, intercultural romantic relationships, and gay relationships.
3. Identify cultural differences in relational communication.
1. Identify and describe the benefits and challenges of intercultural relationships.
7. Be willing to forgive. This means letting go of—not forgetting—feelings of revenge. This may be particularly useful in intercultural conflict.
6. Recognize the importance of context. It is important to understand that larger social, political, and historical contexts give meaning to many types of conflict.Conflict arises for many reasons, and it would be misleading to think that all conflict can be understood solely within the
5. Be creative and expand your repertoire. If a particular way of dealing with conflict is not working, be willing to try a different style. In most intercultural communication, adaptability and flexibility serve us well, and conflict communication is no exception. This means that there is no
4. Identify your preferred style. Although we may change our way of dealing with conflict, based on the situation and the type of conflict, most of us tend to use the same style in most situations. It is also important to recognize which conflict styles “push your conflict button.” Some styles
3. Recognize the existence of different styles. Conflict is often exacerbated because of the unwillingness of partners to recognize style differences, which often have cultural origins. Failure to recognize cultural differences can lead to negative evaluations of partners.
2. Maintain contact. This does not mean that you have to stay in the conflict situation.Sometimes we need to walk away for a while. However, do not cut off the relationship. Attempt a dialogue rather than isolating yourself from or fighting with your opponent. Unlike normal conversation, dialogue
1. Stay centered and do not polarize. This means moving beyond traditional stereotypes and either-or thinking. It is important, though difficult, to avoid explaining the other person’s motives as simple while seeing your own as complex. Try to see both sides, and be open to a third, centered
Writing in 2001 about contemporary global wars, Arundhati Roy expresses: “People rarely win wars;governments rarely lose them. People get killed. Governments molt and regroup, hydra-headed”(p. 126). Is this true?Can you think of contemporary conflicts where her statement holds true?
The recent discovery that former CIA technical assistant Edward Snowden made public massive amounts of sensitive information including classified U.S.surveillance programs has fueled a lot of public discussion about what is considered public and private information.Snowden handed over the documents
Active listening is a three-step process suggested by interpersonal communication scholars to help reduce conflict. It includes paraphrasing the other person’s ideas, expressing understanding of them, and then asking questions about them.From an intercultural perspective, why would this process
What types of conflict do you find to be the most difficult to negotiate? Do you approach conflicts with your partner, your coworkers, friends, and parents in different ways? Are there patterns in the ways you deal with conflict? If conflicts are inevitable, why do we sometimes avoid them with
11. Discuss some suggestions for dealing with intercultural conflicts.
10. Explain why it is important to understand the role of the social and historical contexts in intercultural conflicts.
9. Define social movements.
8. Discuss the relationship between ethnicity, gender, and conflict communication.
7. Identify and describe four styles for dealing with intercultural conflict.
6. Understand how people come by their conflict strategies.
5. Suggest some ways in which cultures differ in their views toward conflict.
4. List the basic principles of nonviolence.
3. Identify five different types of conflict.
2. Define interpersonal conflict and its characteristics.
1. Identify and describe the characteristics of intercultural conflict.
2. Ethnic representation in popular culture: Keep a log of your favorite TV shows for one week. Answer the following questions for each show, and discuss your answers in small groups.a. How many different ethnic groups were portrayed?b. What roles did members of these ethnic groups have?c. What
1. Popular culture: Meet with other students in small groups, and answer the following questions:a. Which popular culture texts (magazines, TV shows, and so on) do you watch/buy, and why?b. Which popular culture texts do you not like and not watch/buy, and why?Discuss why we like certain products
5. Think about how you might be an advocate for those whose voices are not heard in popular culture. How might you help challenge imbalances in popular culture?
4. Think about how you might resist popular culture and when you should do so.Do you talk back to the TV when news is framed in a particular way? Do you notice who gets to speak and who is interviewed, as well as who is not allowed to speak?
3. Be aware of how media portrayal of different cultural groups might influence your intercultural interactions with those groups. How might others see you?
2. Be aware of how popular culture influences the formation of your cultural identity and worldviews. Be conscious of how popular culture images create or reinforce your views about other places and other people, as well as yourself and your immediate environment.
1. Be a reflective consumer of popular culture. Be conscious of the decisions you make about which popular culture texts you choose. Think about why you choose certain television shows, magazines, and other cultural texts. Try reading magazines or watching films or TV shows that you normally would
In 2011, the number of homes in the United States with a television fell for the first time in 20 years. As more people move toward watching television shows on various platforms (Netflix, Hulu Plus, Amazon, etc.), traditional television viewing is losing ground. Some internet sites are developing
In 2016, Mattel, the maker of Barbie dolls, came out with new shapes and skin colors that marked a departure from the stick-thin traditional models. Barbie has long been a site of contestation in American culture, as some people see the doll as impacting girls in a negative way. These new dolls are
Reality television programs continue to draw strong audience ratings. This popularity is reflected in Keeping Up with the Kardashians, one of the longest running reality television shows.It has been criticized for focusing on being famous, and fabricated situations, but it also has received very
Did you like the last Tom Cruise movie?How about his last three? What about the films of Leonardo DiCaprio? Stars can be as important as the films themselves because they help sell movies internationally.So which non-U.S.movie stars can you name other than Jackie Chan?
The ongoing development of new technologies and products means that many more people can easily access international television programming and movies than ever before. For example, KORTV has developed an app that can be used with Apple products, such as Apple TV, and iPad, to watch South Korean
Popular culture from the United States is widely circulated around the globe, but there are several recent examples of other countries influencing pop culture within the United States. Did you know that American Ninja Warrior and Shark Tank are based on Japanese television shows, Sasuke and
8. Suggest effects of the global domination of U.S.popular culture.
7. Discuss how cultural group portrayals in popular culture forms influence intercultural communication.
6. Understand how cultural texts influence cultural identities.
5. Discuss why people consume or resist specific cultural texts.
4. Explain why it is important to understand popular culture in intercultural communication.
3. Describe characteristics of popular culture.
2. Identify some types of popular culture.
1. Define popular culture.
Nonverbal rules: Choose a cultural space that you are interested in studying. Visit this space on four different occasions to observe how people there interact. Focus on one aspect of nonverbal communication, such as eye contact or personal space.List some rules that seem to govern this aspect of
6. Become more aware of your prejudicial assumptions based on nonverbal behavior.When you have a very negative reaction to others, check out the basis for these assumptions. Is it simply because of the way they look? Give them another chance.
5. Be flexible and adaptable in your nonverbal communication in intercultural encounters. Try synchronizing your behavior to that of others, which usually communicates that you feel good about your relationship. If others stand with their arms folded, do the same. If they stand closer than you’re
4. Expand your nonverbal communication repertoire. Practice new nonverbal behaviors. Try varying your posture, facial expressions, and eye contact.
3. Practice your decoding skills. Check out your perceptions of others’ nonverbal behavior. Are you accurate, or do you misread their nonverbal cues? Are they misunderstanding when you think they are understanding? Are they happy when you think they are upset?
2. Become more aware of others’ nonverbal communication. What messages are they sending? And how do you react to those messages? Think about when you are uncomfortable in intercultural encounters. Is your discomfort due to the nonverbal messages others are sending? Are they violating the rules
1. Become more conscious of your nonverbal behavior in intercultural encounters.Practice your encoding skills. You can do this by noting the nonverbal behaviors of others—their facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and so on. Check to see if their nonverbal communication is telling you that
How we dress in large part determines how people view and feel about us. How much can a person guess about you by what you wear? For example, how does your appearance communicate your nationality? How might your appearance be viewed by people from other cultures?
Explore the Handspeak website (www.handspeak.com). Take the tour and find out how to say “Hello,”“Good-bye,” and“Friend” in American Sign Language (ASL).How is sign language similar to and different from other forms of nonverbal communication? From other languages?Could sign
In the United States, we are concerned with making things smell pleasing to us—just think about all of the things you can buy that are scented: perfumes, colognes, candles, soaps, and even markers. According to World Watch Institute, the United States and Europe spend $12 billion a year on
Take a look at the Automated Face Analysis website (www.cs.cmu.edu/ face/home.htm). Do you believe that these kinds of facial expressions not only are similar across cultures but also can be accurately deciphered by a computer?
If you are text messaging someone you like, how would you let them know?Do you use emoticons or emojis, for conveying your emotions? Do these symbols always communicate what you are feeling? Do you think some of these are overused? How else do you convey emotion(other symbols, punctuation, and
John Bulwer was one of the first people to study nonverbal communication, way back in 1649. He is quoted as arguing that facial expressions are important to understand because“they are the neerest and immediate organs of the voluntaire or impetuous motions of the mind.” Check out the website
8. Describe the dynamic nature of cultural spaces.
7. Describe the relationship between cultural identity and cultural space.
6. Define and give examples of cultural space.
5. Understand how nonverbal communication can reinforce cultural stereotypes.
4. Identify cultural differences in nonverbal behavior.
3. Describe what nonverbal behavior communicates.
2. Understand the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication.
1. Define nonverbal communication.
2. “Foreigner” labels: Meet in small groups with other class members, and come up with a list of general labels used to refer to people from other countries who come to the United States (such as immigrants, aliens, or foreigners). For each label, identify a general connotation (positive,
5. Practice using labels that are preferred by group members. Gay or homosexual?African American or Black? White or Caucasian? If you aren’t sure, investigate using appropriate communication strategies—after making sure that you have the kind of relationship where you can ask freely.
4. Practice being flexible and adapting to others’ language style in intercultural encounters. In formal situations, use more formal language. Or if someone uses a more indirect style, try using a more indirect style.
3. Practice expanding your language repertoire in intercultural situations. When you speak with others whose first language is different from yours, speak more slowly, use easy-to-understand words and simple sentences, and avoid slang. If English isn’t your first language, practice asking
2. Become more aware of others’ verbal messages in intercultural encounters. Be aware of your own assumptions about others’ language skills. For example, what kind of assumptions do you make when you hear accented English? Or a southern accent? Or an elaborated style? Or a succinct style?
1. Become more conscious of how you use language. Are you sending the messages you think you are sending? Sharpen your own skills by checking to see if people are interpreting messages the way you intend, particularly in intercultural situations. One way to do this is by asking others what they
Have you used any of the online translation web-based resources?Try experimenting with http://FreeTranslation.com. What happens when you attempt to translate a phrase such as “Don’t hate me because I’m beautiful”from English to Spanish and then back again?Was the meaning conveyed? What does
In the film The Wedding Banquet, an Asian American is trying to figure out how to tell his traditional Chinese parents that he is gay, while his White lover is trying to learn Mandarin. In one very funny scene, the lover gives his partner’s mother some beauty cream, but his Mandarin is so bad he
The crux of some of the most intense debates in the United States rests on the interpretation of words. At the heart of the gay-rights issue is the definition of marriage. Think about how opponents of gay marriage often cite the Bible as a basis for their interpretation of marriage as a union
What you name or label something has important cultural implications. Consider the fact that on most government-sponsored forms people of Latin heritage must check“Hispanic.” What power differences are revealed through institutions’ use of labels? What kinds of personal power are invoked when
One of the primary functions language serves is to communicate our feelings. Consider an experience that made you question if your words adequately express your emotions.What does this tell you about the limits of language? How might speaking many languages expand its potential to express feelings?
••What are some endangered languages?
••Which are the hardest languages to learn?
6. Discuss the complexities of language policies.
5. Discuss multilingualism and the process of moving between languages.
4. Explain how language is related to power.
3. Describe ways that people deal with language and communication style differences.
2. Discuss the role that language plays within different cultures.
1. Identify and define the components of language.
2. Stereotypes and prime-time TV: Watch 4 hours of television during the next week, preferably during evening hours when there are more commercials. During the commercials, record the number of representatives from different identity groups(ethnic, racial, gender, age, class, and so on) that are
1. Stereotypes: List some of the stereotypes that foreigners have about Americans.a. Where do you think these stereotypes come from?b. How do these stereotypes develop?c. How do these stereotypes influence communication between Americans and people from other countries?
4. Talk about identities with your friends. Which identities are most important to them? Which identities do they resist? Which identities do they affirm?
3. Practice communicating with others in ways that affirm their identities.
2. Become more aware of how you assign identities to other people. What assumptions do you make about others’ identities? About poor people? Older people? White people? People with disabilities? How do these assumptions influence your communication?Notice how you communicate with them based on
1. Become more conscious of your own identities and how they relate to your intercultural communication. In what contexts and in which relationships do you feel most comfortable? Which aspects of your identity are most confirmed?Which identities do you most resist? Practice resisting those
“The sun never set on the British Empire”because at one time Britain controlled enough colonies that it was always day somewhere in the Empire. How important is your national identity to you? Are you patriotic? Would your answer change if your nation was not a nation but a colony of another
British cultural studies scholar Stuart Hall explains how he thinks of his identity and the path he has taken in life. He explains:“Instead of asking what are people’s roots, we ought to think about what are their routes, the different points by which they have come to be now; they are, in a
Benedict Anderson has written a book Imagined Communities, in which he argues that nations are fictions. That is, they are imaginary constructs not directly linked to the land that supposedly contains them. Thus, we base parts of our identities on these fictions. What parts of your identity may be
The complexities of gender and sexual identities have been highlighted in films in different cultures. XXY is a film from Argentina about a family with an intersex child and how they navigate their way through questions of identity.Bol is a Pakistani movie that deals with many gender and sexuality
Some people try to engage someone else into a relationship by creating a fictional Online persona. This behavior is called,“catfishing.” Today there is an MTV show called Catfish: The TV Show. On the show, the hosts try to help people figure out if they are with a “catfish” and this entails
What does cultural identity look like? This is a difficult question to answer because we often rely on visual cues to reinforce stereotypes that we hold about certain people and groups. In a series on U.S. American images, PBS explores this question of cultural identity. For more information, go to
7. Describe the relationship between identity and language.
6. Explain identity development of multiracial people.
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