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nonparametric statistical inference

Statistical Reasoning For Everyday Life 4th Edition Jeffrey Bennett - Solutions

Percentages. Last year’s budget for the legislative branch of the U.S. government was $4919 million, and this year it is $5333 million. Consider last year’s budget of $4919 million to be the reference value.a. What is the absolute change in the budget from last year to this year?b. What is the
accuracy and Precision. Find a recent news article that causes you to question accuracy or precision. For example, the article might report a figure with more precision than you think is justified, or it might cite a figure that you know is inaccurate. Write a summary of the report, and explain why
absolute and relative Errors. Find a recent news report that describes some mistake in a measured, estimated, or projected number (for example, a budget projection that turned out to be incorrect). In words, describe the size of the error in terms of both absolute error and relative error.
random and Systematic Errors. Find a recent news report that gives a quantity that was measured statistically (for example, a report of population, average income, or the number of homeless people). Write a short description of how the quantity was measured, and briefly describe any likely sources
Wristwatch Errors. Use a Web site that gives you the local time (such as www.time.gov) to set a watch to the nearest second. Then compare the time on your watch with the times on friends’ watches. Record the errors with positive signs for watches that are ahead of the true time and negative signs
census controversies. Use the Library of Congress’s“Thomas” Web site to find out about any pending legislation concerning the collection or use of census data. If you find more than one legislative bill pending, choose one to study in depth. Summarize the proposed legislation, and briefly
The census. Go to the Web site for the U.S. Census Bureau and learn about the census conducted every 10 years. How and when will data be collected for the next census? Are any significant changes in the collection process planned?
Threatened Species. The U.S. government now lists 1,879 endangered or threatened species of animals and plants.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with which the measurement is given, discuss whether you think the fact is
college Students. Wikipedia reports that there are currently 14,261,778 college students in the United States.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with which the measurement is given, discuss whether you think the fact is
cell Phones. The Newport Chronicle reported that there are now 5 billion cell phones in use.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with which the measurement is given, discuss whether you think the fact is believable.
Gateway arch. The St. Louis Gateway Arch is 630.2377599694 feet tall.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with which the measurement is given, discuss whether you think the fact is believable.
Tallest Building. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai is 2,717 feet tall, making it the world’s tallest building.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with which the measurement is given, discuss whether you think the fact is
Population of china. Last year, the population of China was 1,339,414,205 people.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with which the measurement is given, discuss whether you think the fact is believable.
Motor vehicle Deaths. Last year there were 38,929 deaths in the United States due to motor vehicle crashes.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with which the measurement is given, discuss whether you think the fact is
Population. The population of the United States in 1860 was 31,443,321.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with which the measurement is given, discuss whether you think the fact is believable.
accuracy and Precision in Weight. Suppose your weight is 52.55 kilograms. A scale at a health clinic that gives weight measurements to the nearest half kilogram gives your weight as 521 2 kilograms. A digital scale at the gym that gives readings to the nearest 0.01 kilogram gives your weight as
accuracy and Precision in Weight. Suppose your weight is 52.55 kilograms. A scale at a health clinic that gives weight measurements to the nearest half kilogram gives your weight as 53 kilograms. A digital scale at the gym that gives readings to the nearest 0.01 kilogram gives your weight as 52.88
accuracy and Precision in height. Assume that your statistics professor has a height of exactly 175.2 cm. Assume that this height is measured with a tape measure that can be read to the nearest mm (or 1/10 cm) and results from two different measurements are reported as 175 cm and 175.5 cm. Which
accuracy and Precision in corvette Weight. A new Corvette weighs 3,273 lb. A manufacturer’s scale that is accurate to the nearest 10 lb gives the weight as 3,250 lb, while the U.S. Department of Transportation uses a scale that is accurate to the nearest 0.1 lb and obtains a weight of 3,298.2 lb.
Minimizing Errors. When weighing a model 22F car battery, the measuring instrument is very precise, and the weight is obtained 10 consecutive times.a. All 10 measurements are not likely to be exactly the same; thus, the measurements will contain some sources of error. Are these errors systematic or
Minimizing Errors. Twenty-five people, including yourself, are to measure the length of a room to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. Assume that everyone uses the same wellcalibrated measuring device, such as a tape measure.a. All 25 measurements are not likely to be exactly the same; thus, the
Baker’s Dozen. The bakery menu claims that there are 12 doughnuts in a bag, but the baker always puts 13 doughnuts (the true value) in each bag.find the values of the absolute and relative errors.
Wrong change. When purchasing lunch in a cafeteria, the actual (true value) of change due is $2.75, but the incorrect amount of $1.75 is given instead..find the values of the absolute and relative errors.
Steak Weight. A steak at a restaurant actually weighs 18 ounces (the true value), but the menu claims that it is a 20-ounce steak.find the values of the absolute and relative errors.
credit card Bill. You receive a Visa credit card bill for$2,995, but it includes a charge of $1,750 that was not valid.(That is, the true value is $1,750 less than the bill claims.)find the values of the absolute and relative errors.
Measuring Length. A groundskeeper measures the length and width of a school’s athletic field using a ruler that is 1 foot long.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
cigarette Sales. The health commissioner of Los Angeles estimates the number of cigarettes smoked in her city from data for taxes collected on sales of cigarettes.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
counterfeit Products. The police commissioner in New York City estimates the annual value of counterfeit goods sold in the city.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
radar Speeds. Speeds of cars are recorded by a police officer who uses a radar gun.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
M&Ms. The weights of individual M&M plain candies were obtained by placing each candy in a paper cup, then obtaining the weight without accounting for the weight of the cup.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
Passenger Weights. For a flight on a small plane, the pilot asks passengers what they weigh.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
Tax returns. The annual incomes of 200 people are obtained from their tax returns.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
contributions. A survey asks people for the amount of money they donated to charity in the past year.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
Drunk Driving Data. For data collected on car driving fatalities, a researcher claims that while many fatalities are recorded as involving alcohol, many others are missed because the deceased are not tested for alcohol consumption.If this is true, what kind of error is introduced and how does it
Technical Specifications. An iPod battery is supposed to provide 3.7 volts. An aftermarket supplier manufactures 5,000 replacement batteries and finds that they have a mean of 3.7 V, but about half of the batteries have less than 3.7 volts and half have more than 3.7 volts. Does the error appear to
Safe air Travel. Before taking off, a pilot is supposed to set the aircraft altimeter to the elevation of the airport. A pilot leaves from Denver (altitude 5,280 feet) with her altimeter set to 2,500 feet. Explain how this affects the altimeter readings throughout the flight. What kind of error is
Tax audit. A tax auditor reviewing a tax return looks for several kinds of problems, including these two: (1) mistakes made in entering or calculating numbers on the tax return and (2) places where the taxpayer reported income dishonestly. Discuss whether each problem involves random or systematic
aircraft Baggage. An American Airlines agent tells you that you must pay a surcharge because your checked bag weighs 23.018 kg, which exceeds the limit of 23 kg, and that there’s no doubt that the scale is correct because it measures to the thousandth of a kilogram.decide whether the statement
Scanner Error. The Jenkins supermarket manager claims that the scanning errors on purchased items are random, and about half of the errors are in favor of the supermarket.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain clearly; not
relative Error. The relative error that a microbiologist makes in measuring a cell must be less than the relative error that an astronomer makes in measuring a galaxy, because cells are smaller than galaxies.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is
Species of Fish. There are 24,627 species of fish on Earth.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain clearly; not all of these have definitive answers, so your explanation is more important than your chosen answer.
World Population. At a particular moment, the U.S.Census Bureau population clock shows that the global population is 7,118,233,027 people. Describe the accuracy and precision of that population number.
Standard Weight. Using the same standard weight from Exercise 2, assume that you put the weight on a scale and record the weight as 1.2034278 kg. Describe the accuracy and precision of the recorded weight. Explain.
Standard Weight. A standard weight defined to represent exactly 1 kg is kept by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. If you put this 1-kilogram true weight on a scale and the scale says it is 1.002 kg, what is the absolute error and the relative error of the measurement?
Error Type. When recording the weight of a watermelon, a supermarket clerk writes the wrong number. Is this type of error a random error or a systematic error? Explain.
Quality control. Apple tests each of its manufactured iPhones and labels each as acceptable or defective.determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they are continuous or discrete. Give a
Product ratings. Consumer Reports magazine lists ratings of “best buy,” “recommended,” or “not recommended” for each of several different computers.determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative,
Political Survey. In a survey of voter preferences, the political parties of respondents are recorded as coded numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (where 1 = Democrat, 2 = Republican, 3 = Liberal, 4 = Conservative, 5 = other).determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their
Employee hiring years. The years in which employees were hired (such as 2000, 1995, 2012) are used to determine their pension plan.determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they are
Employee Service Times. Seniority of each employee at the Telektronics Corporation is based on the length of time that has passed since the employee was first hired.determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are
Employee ID Numbers. The employees of the Telektronics Corporation have six-digit identification numbers that are randomly generated.determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they are
Marathon runners. Home nations (such as U. S., France, Kenya) of runners in a marathon determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they are continuous or discrete. Give a brief explanation.
Marathon Times. Finish times of the New York City Marathon determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they are continuous or discrete. Give a brief explanation.
SaT Scores. A person with an SAT score of 2200 is twice as qualified for college as a person with a score of 1100.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
Salary. An employee with a salary of $150,000 earns twice as much as one with a $75,000 salary.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
carbon Dating. Using carbon dating, one sample of wood is found to be twice as old as another, because the first sample is found to be 200 years old while the other sample is 100 years old.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement
art Dating. Using carbon dating, one sculpture is found to be 1,000 years old while a second sculpture is found to be 500 years old, so the first sculpture is twice as old as the second.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement
Temperatures. On August 6, it was 80o F in New York City, so it was twice as hot as on December 7, when it was 40° F.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
IQ Score as a Measure of Intelligence. One subject has an IQ score of 140 while another subject has an IQ score of 70, so the first subject is twice as intelligent as the second subject.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement
Wind Speed. Wind with a speed of 40 mi/h moves four times as fast as wind with a speed of 10 mi/h.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
Movie rating. A movie with a 4-star rating is twice as good as one with a 2-star rating.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
Word counts. Numbers of words spoken in a day by a sample of males identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Weights. Weights of the cola in cans of Diet Coke identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
SSN. Social Security numbers identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Distances. Distances traveled by college students as they drive from their homes to their colleges identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Grades. Final course grades of A, B, C, D, F identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
clinical Trial. Results from a clinical trial consisting of“true positive,” “false positive,” “true negative,” or “false negative”identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
cars. Classifications of cars by size as subcompact, compact, intermediate, full-size identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Temperatures. Body temperatures in Fahrenheit of all students in a statistics class identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Movie Types. Types of movies (drama, comedy, etc.)identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Movie ratings. A critic’s movie recommendations of“must see,” “good,” “fair,” “poor,” or “avoid”identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Weights of Textbooks. Weights of college textbooks identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
cola. The exact amounts of cola in different cans state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Stars. Number of stars in each galaxy in the universe state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Movie ratings. The movie ratings by a critic, with 0 stars, 1/2 star, 1 star, and so on state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
car Speeds. The speeds of cars as they pass the center of the Golden Gate Bridge state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Traffic count. Number of cars crossing the Golden Gate Bridge each hour state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Test Scores. The numerical scores on a statistics test state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Test Times. The times required by students to complete a statistics test state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
chemistry. An experiment in chemistry is repeated, and the times it takes for a reaction to occur are recorded.state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Flights. The lengths in minutes of each of the flights between San Francisco and Atlanta in the past month state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Flights. The total numbers of flights by different airlines between San Francisco and Atlanta in the past month state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
aircraft Baggage. The weights of checked bags on flights between San Francisco and Atlanta state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
aircraft Baggage. The numbers of checked bags on flights between San Francisco and Atlanta state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
area codes. The area codes (such as 617) of the telephones of survey subjects determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
GPa. The grade point averages of randomly selected college students
Shoe Sizes. The shoe sizes (such as 8 or 101 2)of test subjects determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
head circumferences. In studying different societies, an archeologist measures head circumferences of skulls determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Nielsen ratings. The number of households with a television in use when surveyed by Nielsen Media Research determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Nielsen Survey. The television shows being watched by households surveyed by Nielsen Media Research determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Survey responses. The responses(yes, no, refuse to answer) from survey subjects when asked a question determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Multiple choice Test Questions.The answers (a,b, c,d, e) to multiple choice test questions determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Physicians. The specialties of physicians(cardiac surgeon, pediatrician, etc.)determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
reaction Times. Braking reaction times (in seconds) are measured as part of a driver education program.determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
White Blood cells. The white blood cell counts of different people, consisting of the numbers of white blood cells per microliter of blood determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Blood Groups. The blood groups of A, B, AB, and O determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
ZIP codes. A researcher argues that ZIP codes are quantitative data because they measure location, with low numbers in the east and high numbers in the west. Is she correct?Why or why not?
Qualitative/Quantitative. Is a researcher correct when she argues that all data are either qualitative or quantitative?Explain.
Quantitative/Qualitative. A football player is taking a statistics course and states that the names of the players on his team are qualitative, but they can be made quantitative by using the numbers on the jerseys of their uniforms. Is he correct? Why or why not?
Qualitative/Quantitative. What is the difference between qualitative data and quantitative data?

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