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Introducing Communication Research Paths Of Inquiry 3rd Edition Donald Treadwell - Solutions
Revisit Professor Michaels’s efforts to research the link, if any, between study conditions and academic performance. His experiments used two study conditions—group and individual. Study conditions involve a lot more than whether a student is studying alone or with others, though. What other
Suppose you wish to explore the relationship between social media use and stress. Which of the approaches discussed in this chapter would you prefer, and why? What advantages might they offer relative to surveys or experiments?
The study used an established scale called the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) that is based on people’s answers to 10 questions.
A Pew Research Center Internet, Science & Tech Project study (Hampton, Rainie, Lu, Shin, & Purcell, 2015) looked at the relationship between social media use and stress. Overall, the researchers found that frequent Internet and social media users do not have higher levels of stress, but there are
You are interested in how exactly a student might go about using the Internet to locate jobs and apply for them. Assuming that a structured interview with specific questions is the best way to get this information, write out the specific questions you would want to ask a student you know to be
Review in this chapter the broad research question of how students use the Internet to find out about employment and apply for jobs. You decide that the best insights on student job hunting on the Internet will come from an in-depth ethnographic study of students as they do this. Using the Dell
The full report, questionnaire, and respondent comments are available at www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/online-harassment (Duggan, 2014).
Using the steps described and discussed in this chapter, do a quantitative analysis of selected quotes from the above website and report your conclusions. In Chapter 13, you will be invited to think about analyzing the same data qualitatively.
A Pew Research Center Internet, Science & Tech Project (2014) study of online harassment asked respondents about six different forms of online harassment. The study also provides selected quotes about harassment from several of those surveyed at
A criticism of advertising and entertainment media such as movies and television is the stereotyping of people by, for example, gender, ethnicity, occupation, or age. Pick one of these types—for example, occupational stereotyping—and outline a content analysis study that would test for the
Both ends of the political spectrum complain about biased reporting by the news media. Set out the basic elements of a content analysis project that would answer the question of whether a p articular news medium is biased toward or against a political figure, government policy, or program. Identify
Review the content analysis study of vehicle campaign stickers outlined at the beginning of this chapter.List the factors that might influence the composition of the sample. What problems can you identify with the sampling decisions made here?633
Identify stories that you and others heard during the first year of study at your institution. How do these stories differ from one another? What topics do they cover that are not addressed by the official student handbook or institutional policies? Which of the approaches identified in this
Stories about organizations are frequently told informally to new members of organizations. Whatever the motivation behind the storytelling, the stories often have the effects of explaining how to survive in the organization and of identifying the informal rules that members need to follow if they
Explaining how two people make a decision.680
Explaining how a group makes its decisions.
Identifying the agenda of management in internal organizational media.
Identifying the political agenda, if any, of a newspaper or television network.
Which of the methods outlined in this chapter would you prefer for researching the following interest areas? Why?
Explaining how two people make a decision.680
Explaining how a group makes its decisions.
Identifying the agenda of management in internal organizational media.
Identifying the political agenda, if any, of a newspaper or television network.
Which of the methods outlined in this chapter would you prefer for researching the following interest areas? Why?
Identify one such current discourse conflict and outline the media you would study; list specific techniques you might use to differentiate the competing discourses; and decide which is the most powerful.Discourse analysis is frequently done with dominant and minority discourses already identified.
You will find competing discourses frequently in local and national news media. Often, the issue will be an environmental one as conservationists and historians compete with developers and investors over the proposed use of a historic or environmentally important site. Generically, the two
You can use these four activities as a crude measure of community engagement by scholarly authors.Use your online research skills to identify communication scholars in your area(s) of interest and research their professional communication activities as far as possible. Assign each a score between 0
A 2015 survey of members of the AAAS (Rainie et al., 2015) found that about 40% of them often or occasionally do at least two of four activities—talk with nonexperts, talk with the media, use social media, or blog. Nearly half engage in one of these four activities either often or occasionally.
The ease with which policy makers could make policy decisions based on each study?
The level of insight each study provides you?
Your ability to relate to the individuals in each study?
Compare the report of a conventional survey or experimental study from a scholarly journal with a narrative report such as Pacanowsky’s “A Small-Town Cop” (1983). What differences do you find between the two reports with respect to
Select two articles from a scholarly journal—one qualitative, one quantitative. Using slideware such as Microsoft PowerPoint or Apple Keynote, design no more than six summary presentation slides for each article. Which type of article can be most easily summarized using slideware? Why?734
What information is lost as you compare a scholarly article with a local newspaper account of scholarly research?733
As a point of reference, 2014 U.S. Census data indicate that approximately 12% of U.S. citizens over the age of 25 have an advanced academic degree; 32% have a bachelor’s degree; and 88% are high school graduates (U.S. Census Bureau, 2015). Based on the readability scores you obtained, what
Type or import sample paragraphs from a scholarly journal such as Communication Monographs into your word processing software and obtain readability statistics, especially the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level score. This latter statistic gives you the grade level of readers capable of reading the
You may also be able to get specific measures of readability such as the Flesch Reading Ease score and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level score.
Your word processing software should have an option to check the readability of your writing. Typically, this check will provide a number of indirect measures of readability such as the average number of sentences per paragraph, words per sentence, characters per word, and percentage of passive
Explain, with examples, how reporting research findings can have ethical implications.
List the steps in bringing raw research data into scholarly publication format.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the web as a publication medium for research.
Compare and contrast writing for interest groups with writing for news media.
Explain why the format and style of scholarly reports are necessary when writing for a scholarly audience.
Describe the format and style of a conventional scholarly research report.
Identify the major publics for research writing and explain why each of them is important.
Critical analyses—the study of the forces behind the content
Semiotics—the study of signs, interpretation, and meaning.
Narrative, discourse, and conversation analyses—the study of stories and talking.
Rhetorical and dramatistic analyses—the study of argumentation and persuasion.
Explain the circumstances under which content analysis may have ethical implications.
Discuss, with examples, the use of content analysis in understanding human interaction.
Identify and explain the units that might be used in content analysis.
Describe, with examples, the steps of a basic content analysis.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative content analysis.
Identify and discuss potential ethical issues with interviews, focus groups, ethnography, and unobtrusive measures.547
Explain, with examples, the basics of coding qualitative data.
Compare and contrast online qualitative methods with traditional qualitative methods.
Explain, with examples, how to conduct the major methods of qualitative research.
Compare and contrast qualitative methods with quantitative methods.
List the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research methods.
Explain the concept of validity in experimental design and identify the threats to validity.
Compare and contrast between-subjects and within-subjects experimental design.
Explain the concept of factorial design in experiments.
Compare and contrast time series analysis with basic experimental design.
Discuss the concept of random assignment in experimental design and why it is important.
Explain the concept of control in experimental design.
Describe the basic experimental design.
Identify the advantages and disadvantages of experiments as research methods.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using other people’s survey data.
Identify ways to improve survey response rates.
Describe with examples common problems in survey wording and how to correct them.
Demonstrate with examples major ways of formatting survey questions.
Describe the main types of surveys, including their advantages and disadvantages.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of surveys as a research method.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of sampling frame.
Describe the concept of a sampling frame.
List the factors influencing the size of a sample.
Identify and explain major probability sampling methods.
Identify and explain major nonprobability sampling methods.
Compare and contrast probability and nonprobability sampling.
Sample size—an important issue—depends on the homogeneity of the population and on the level of confidence you want when making generalizations from your data.
This chapter discusses two types of sampling—probability and nonprobability. Probability sampling strives to obtain samples that statistically represent the overall population. Nonprobability sampling is not statistically representative of the population being sampled but may have greater
What we can do, however, is define populations from that universe and study samples from those populations. The process of selecting the individual units for study is called sampling.
We cannot study the entire universe of human communication in one research project, much as we might want to. The universe is too large and the questions too numerous.
Revisit Exercise 3, “The Internet of Things,” from Chapter 6. Here, you were capturing responses to statements about the Internet of Things using Likert-type response options. Now you are in a position to compute the standard deviation for the responses you captured to each statement. What is
Note also that here we can make a reasonable guess about direction of causality. Coffee drinking has many documented physiological effects, but, to date, demonstrable change in gender is not one of them. If you find a significant difference between men and women in beverage preferences, it would be
Before you can develop a table that sets out your data, you will first need to make a decision about how you will categorize beverages. For example, would tea, coffee, soda, and water be an appropriate set of categories, or would cappuccino, latte, espresso, and Americano best capture your
You will be dealing with two categorical variables here—gender and type of beverage.
Back to the coffee bar. What test would you use to help decide whether beverage preferences are related to gender—that is, whether men and women differ significantly in their drink preferences?
Assume that the group you did Exercise 1 with is randomly selected from a wider student population. Use the formula for standard deviation to calculate the probabilities that the mean value for wealth you calculated from Exercise 1 will be found in that population.
7.1. At what point does your group start to become confident about predicting the group average?No cash? Try the same exercise with routine expenditures, for example daily expenditures on coffee or lunch, monthly expenditures on entertainment or transport, or annual expenditure on clothing.
Wealth is normally distributed, or is it? Ask one individual in your group to disclose the amount of cash he or she is carrying, then ask group members how confident they are that this amount represents the group average. Ask a second individual, a third, and so on, recording each dollar amount
Define Type I and Type II errors.
Compare and contrast the concepts of correlation and regression.
Explain the concept of analysis of variance.
Describe and compute a t test.
Discuss the concept of statistical significance.
Describe the normal curve and its significance to inferential statistics.
Explain the concept of inferential statistics and how they differ from descriptive statistics.
Register with LinkedIn using the “Get Started” window on the home page. This option will give you access to more—members-only—information, as well as enable you to post your own information.
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