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Research In Communication Sciences And Disorders Methods For Systematic Inquiry 3rd Edition Lauren K. Nelson - Solutions
Is an r of −0.90 stronger than an r of 0.50? Explain.
When the relationship between two variables is perfect and inverse, what is the value of r?
What does it mean when a researcher reports that the probability for a statistic was p > 0.05?
What does it mean when a researcher reports that the probability for a statistic was p < 0.01?
Draw the following:a. A roughly normal distribution with a mean of 50 and an SD of 5b. A roughly normal distribution with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10 Try to use a similar scale of measurement in your drawings. Which distribution has the most variability?
Draw a distribution that illustrates data that approximate a normal curve, one that illustrates data with a positive skew, and one that illustrates data with a negative skew.
What is the relationship between the mean and median in: (a) normal curve, (b) curve with a positive skew, and (c) curve with a negative skew?
Will an extreme, outlying score have a greater impact on the range or the standard deviation of a set of scores?
What is the relationship between the standard deviation and variance?
What measure of variability is calculated by determining the difference between the minimum and maximum scores?
Three measures of central tendency are the mode, median, and mean.What measure of central tendency provides information about the most frequently occurring category or score? What measure of central tendency is calculated by summing all the scores in a set and dividing that sum by the number of
What descriptive statistics are used most often with nominal level measures?
Explain when a researcher would use each of the following:a. Scatterplotb. Column graphc. Line graph
What kind of chart or graph could you use if your level of measurement was nominal and you had percentages that totaled to 100%?
What level of measurement would allow you to say that a score of 30 was three times as much as a score of 10?
The scores obtained from articulation/phonology or language tests most likely measure at what level?
Researchers classified preschool children’s history of middle ear infections as frequent/moderate/infrequent based on the number of reported episodes. What scale of measurement would this be?
Subjects in a study indicated where they live, which the researcher classified by geographic regions (e.g., Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, West).What scale of measurement would this be?
Match the level of measurement with its brief description _____ Nominal _____ Ordinal _____ Interval _____ Ratioa. Rank order from highest to lowestb. Shows how much participants differ but no true 0c. Measures with a true 0d. Naming or mutually exclusive categories
Assuming all other factors are equal, which of the follow would require a larger sample?a. A behavior with high variability or a behavior with low variabilityb. A group difference of 10 points or a group difference of 20 pointsc. A trait that occurs frequently in a population or a trait that occurs
The following example illustrates the use of random numbers to select participants for a study. The potential participants, listed by identification letter in column one, each received a random number, as shown in column two. If a researcher selected participants by random number from lowest to
Identify each of the following statements as true or false.a. You can reduce the potential errors from using a biased sample by selecting a very large sample.b. Generally speaking, a larger sample yields more precise results because the sample is more likely to be representative.
Explain the difference between random sampling and random assignment of subjects to groups.
Which of the sampling approaches in question 5 is often used in obtaining normative data for our clinical tests?
Explain the procedures a researcher would use for each of the following approaches to random sampling.a. Systematic samplingb. Simple random samplingc. Stratified random samplingd. Cluster sampling
How could each of the following sources of bias affect the findings from a study?a. Failing to identify all members of a populationb. Sample of conveniencec. Volunteerism
What is one reason that the intended population for a study and the accessible population could be different?
If all members of a population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in a study, is the sample biased or unbiased?
What term refers to all persons of interest to researchers when they conduct a study? What term refers to the group of persons who actually participate in a study?
How are a systematic review and meta-analysis different from the narrative review of literature that usually begins a research report?
In most levels of evidence models, what kind of evidence is at the highest level and what kind is at the lowest level?
Explain the difference between a multiple baseline across behaviors single-subject design and a multiple baseline across subjects single-subject design.
What is the best way to control for most threats to internal validity?
What is the meaning of the term statistical regression and how could this phenomenon affect the results of an intervention study?
A researcher wished to use a factorial design to study the length/scheduling of treatment sessions (30-minute sessions four times per week and onehour sessions two times per week)as well as two different approaches to providing feedback (immediate feedback following every response versus delayed
Explain how a repeated measures design would be different from a pretest–posttest randomized control group design.
Explain how maturation is a threat to the internal validity of a study and how including both randomized treatment and control groups addresses this threat.
Identify each of the following statements as most likely to apply to single-subject or group research designs.a. Participants experience both the treatment and control conditions.b. A good approach when participants respond in unique ways to the experimental intervention.c. Provide the best level
Explain the concept of pretest sensitization (reactive effect of testing).
Why is a switching replications design a good choice for intervention research?
What is the design notation for a switching replications design?
What is the primary distinction between a true experimental design and a quasi-experimental design?
Explain the following design notation:R O X O R O O
What are two important characteristics of a true experimental design?
The purpose of __________ is to explore cause and effect relationships.
How do qualitative researchers assure that they have accurately portrayed the meaning of their participants’actions, statements, and beliefs?
List two strategies qualitative researchers use to address the issue of researcher bias.
What threat to credibility or validity might be occurring in the following scenario? A qualitative researcher was interested in studying how children with specific language impairment (SLI) communicated with their classroom teachers. The researcher believed that SLI would interfere with effective
Which of the following are nonexperimental research approaches? Select all that apply.a. Randomly assigning participants to treatment and control groupsb. Correlation study comparing scores on two testsc. Comparing children with communication disorders to agematched peersd. A-B-A-B single subject
Which of the following research questions is most appropriate for a quantitative approach? Which is most appropriate for a qualitative approach? Explain your answers.a. What are the differences between the school interactions, both with peers and teachers, of fifth-grade students with communication
Identify the characteristics of qualitative research. Choose all that apply.a. Researchers using this approach rely on inductive reasoning.b. Researchers often use this research approach when very little is known about a topic.c. This research method usually yields a statistical report of
What kind of study is the best alternative for identifying potential cause and effect relationships when conducting a true experiment is not practical?
Explain how researchers test their participants when conducting a prediction study.
Do researchers conduct correlation studies to establish a cause and effect relationship between two variables?Explain your answer.
Are case studies an example of qualitative or quantitative research?Explain your answer.
Match the type of nonexperimental study with its description._____ Survey research _____ Correlation study _____ Case control study _____ Case studya. Compare persons with and without communication disordersb. Study a single person, situation, or organizationc. Obtain participants’ responses to
What is the primary difference between experimental and nonexperimental research designs?
What information do you usually include when listing a journal article in your reference list?
Which of the following statements is true?a. In APA style you cite the source of an idea in a paraphrase by using a footnote at the end of your paper.b. In APA style you cite the source of an idea by including the author and year in your paragraph.
Identify the combination of terms that would retrieve more sources or would be broader.a. delay OR disorder OR impairmentb. delay AND disorder AND impairment
Identify the combination of terms that would retrieve fewer sources or would be narrower.a. speech OR language OR hearingb. speech AND language AND hearing
What is the role of the AND operator in Boolean logic?
What free search engine provides a way to complete a citation search?
If your research topic is focused on adults and/or medical issues, which search engine is the best choice for your search?
List three search engines that you can use to search the professional literature for free.
If your study is focused on children and/or educational topics, which search engine is the best choice for your search?
What is the most efficient way to search the professional literature?
List three reasons why audiologists and speech-language pathologists conduct searches of professional literature.
What term refers to the skills associated with finding, evaluating, summarizing, and using information?
Which statement is true?a. We test our subjects at two different times to establish splithalf reliability.b. We test our subjects at two different times to establish testretest reliability
Describe each of the following forms of reliability:a. Interobserver reliabilityb. Test-retest reliabilityc. Parallel-forms reliabilityd. Split-half reliability
Identify the most accurate statement:a. A speech, language, or hearing test with high reliability might have low validity.b. A speech, language, or hearing test with high validity might have low reliability.
If a test yields consistent results, it is a __________ test.
A validity coefficient is based on what statistic? Given the nature of this statistic, a validity coefficient would range from __________ to __________.
Try to identify an area in communication sciences and disorders for which you would want to make predictions. How could you establish the predictive validity of a measure for this purpose?
What type of reliability is important for measuring the outcomes of a treatment study? How do you establish this type of reliability?
Think of an area of communication sciences and disorders that interests you. What are some of the measurement instruments used in this area?What do you know about their reliability and validity?
Consider the dependent variable(s)in H0 or H1. How might you operationalize the dependent variable(s) to make them more measurable?
How might an author of a research paper include the information in these examples in a statement of purpose?Write an example.
Another approach to defining the focus of a study is to write a research question. Rewrite H1 above as a research question.
Is H1 in the example directional or nondirectional? If it is directional, rewrite it to be nondirectional. If it is nondirectional, rewrite it to be directional.
In either H0 or H1 above, what is the independent variable? The dependent variable?
The statement labeled H0 above is called a __________, and the statement labeled H1 is called a __________.
Do researchers have to follow the HIPAA “Privacy Rule” when managing data for a research project? Explain your answer.
What kind of information is covered under the HIPAA “Privacy Rule?”
What is plagiarism?
Is it ever appropriate to use another author’s words in your writing?Explain your answer.
Match the following terms with their examples._____ credit for intellectual effort _____ attribution of ideas _____ conflict of interesta. Citing a sourceb. More than one rolec. Credit for authorship
What do the letters IRB mean?
What are two reasons why present day researchers feel that the Tudor(1939) study at the University of Iowa violated principles of human participant protection?
Provide an example of a violation of the principle of beneficence in the conduct of a research study.
Provide an example of coercive or undue influence in recruiting participants for a research study.
Identify two groups of research participants who receive special protections under federal law.
Which of the principles of protection of human participants means researchers need to make equitable decisions regarding who is invited to participate in research?
Given concerns about protecting the well-being of persons who participate in research, why do governmental agencies, professional organizations, and universities, among others, encourage research endeavors?
Which of the three basic principles of protection of human participants means persons make their own, informed decisions about participating in research?
What are the three basic principles of protection of human research participants identified in the Belmont Report?
Which of the following statements is true?a. Some of the skills associated with the diagnosis and treatment of communication disorders are similar to the skills required to conduct scientific research.b. The skills required to conduct scientific research are entirely different from the skills
List the typical parts of a research report. When you start reading a research report, which part would you read first? Which part would you read next?
When reading a research report, where are you most likely to find the research questions or statement of purpose?
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