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Critical Thinking And Communication The Use Of Reason In Argument 7th Edition Edward S. Inch, Kristen H. Tudor - Solutions

• Identify four principles of communication
• Identify four types of communication
• Identify and describe the parts of the communication process
• Explain the importance of studying communication
Opposing Cases. Consider two cases you constructed in Chpater 8. For each of them, construct an opposing case. Use a different opposing strategy for each of the propositions: direct refutation, defense of present policies, defense of present policies with minor repairs, counterproposal,
Following are two sets of scrambled claims for cases opposing legalization of marijuana.The first is a direct refutation opposing the needs-analysis case included in Exercise 3 from Chapter 8. The second set of statements develops a counterproposal. Unscramble the claims in each case, and construct
Refutation. This chapter discussed different ways of refuting extended cases. First, we discussed strategies for refutation. These included the following:■ Case-level refutation, which is aimed at the entire case■ Specific refutation, which is aimed at individual arguments within the case
5. What alternatives to allowing the sale of human organs are suggested by the discussion?Can you think of any others? In Chapter 8, we explored the arguments in support of selling human organs on the open market.Box 8.1 outlined many of the issues related to this controversy. The conversation
4. If you were going to do a presentation on this topic, how would you organize it? In Chapter 8, we explored the arguments in support of selling human organs on the open market.Box 8.1 outlined many of the issues related to this controversy. The conversation highlighted several issues including
3. Can you think of any other objections, issues, or questions you could raise to oppose the sale of human organs? In Chapter 8, we explored the arguments in support of selling human organs on the open market.Box 8.1 outlined many of the issues related to this controversy. The conversation
2. What arguments do you think would be most effective in refuting the idea of allowing human organs to be sold on the open market? In Chapter 8, we explored the arguments in support of selling human organs on the open market.Box 8.1 outlined many of the issues related to this controversy. The
1. What questions of fact and value are suggested by the discussion? In Chapter 8, we explored the arguments in support of selling human organs on the open market.Box 8.1 outlined many of the issues related to this controversy. The conversation highlighted several issues including the need for more
Scramble. Below is a set of scrambled claims supporting the proposition “The federal government should legalize the sale, possession, and use of marijuana.” Some claims could be used to outline an extended argument using needs analysis, and some could be selected to construct a
Case Outline. For each of the following policy propositions, outline a needs case or a comparative-advantages case.1. Proposition: I should buy a new car.2. Proposition: I should live with my parents until I have established myself in a career.3. Proposition: The federal government should provide
Identification. First, identify whether each of the following is a proposition of fact, value, or policy. Next, construct an issues brief for each proposition. For the purpose of this exercise, the issues brief need contain only the claims that one might expect an arguer to make.*1. Third-party
5. How would you respond to these arguments? Would you sell a kidney to pay for graduate school? What if selling a lung or skin could help make house payments during economic downturns? Would you be willing to sell an organ of a deceased loved one if it financially helped your family? Most
4. If you were going to design a 10-minute policy presentation in support of allowing compensation for organ donation, how would you organize it? Would you sell a kidney to pay for graduate school? What if selling a lung or skin could help make house payments during economic downturns? Would you be
3. Are there other issues or questions you want included in discussion of organ donation? Would you sell a kidney to pay for graduate school? What if selling a lung or skin could help make house payments during economic downturns? Would you be willing to sell an organ of a deceased loved one if it
2. What issues seem to be the most important in addressing each type of proposition? Would you sell a kidney to pay for graduate school? What if selling a lung or skin could help make house payments during economic downturns? Would you be willing to sell an organ of a deceased loved one if it
1. What fact, value, and policy-based propositions might arise from this discussion?Would you sell a kidney to pay for graduate school? What if selling a lung or skin could help make house payments during economic downturns? Would you be willing to sell an organ of a deceased loved one if it
Your university is a large research institution that conducts studies in cancer and AIDS prevention and treatment. You were attracted to the school in the first place because it has the best premedical program in the state, and your goal is to become a doctor. Although you support finding cures for
Read the following three situations and analyze the values that clash:Situation 1 Your parents are paying for your university education. Paying the tuition and housing bills can be a hardship for them, but their hope is that you succeed with your education and complete a degree in business.
The goal of this exercise is to reach a consensus through collaborative debate.Step. 1. Students select a topic to serve as the proposition. Topics should be accessible to all members of the class. For example:The University should eliminate grades.The local community should fund a new
Mapping. Based on the propositions above, develop an issues map. For the purpose of this exercise, the issues map need contain only the claims that one might expect an arguer to make.Based on your map, what issues need further investigations?
Underlying Facts and Values. Consider the following policy based propositions. Make a list of the fact and value claims that would be a part of the propositional arena for each.1. The USA Patriot Act should be repealed.2. *Marijuana should be legalized.3. *The death penalty should be abolished. 4.
4. How could you use value redistribution, value emphasis, and value restandardization with any of these arguments? The case studies in Boxes 7.1 and 7.2 imply values related to sex-selection and abortion. Using the five value hierarchies shown in Figure 7.1,
3. What arguments can you make to either strengthen or refute the value claims being made? The case studies in Boxes 7.1 and 7.2 imply values related to sex-selection and abortion. Using the five value hierarchies shown in Figure 7.1,
2. Which seem to be the strongest values? The case studies in Boxes 7.1 and 7.2 imply values related to sex-selection and abortion. Using the five value hierarchies shown in Figure 7.1,
1. Which value hierarchies are being used? The case studies in Boxes 7.1 and 7.2 imply values related to sex-selection and abortion. Using the five value hierarchies shown in Figure 7.1,
5. If you were going to present a ten-minute speech on this topic, which side would you choose? How would you outline the presentation? Is it a boy or a girl? How many times have soon-to-be parents been asked that question?Historically, answers have been vague, but technological advances have made
4. How would you have organized this argument? Is it a boy or a girl? How many times have soon-to-be parents been asked that question?Historically, answers have been vague, but technological advances have made it possible for parents not only to know the sex of their unborn child but to choose it.
3. Which speaker was more persuasive? Why? Is it a boy or a girl? How many times have soon-to-be parents been asked that question?Historically, answers have been vague, but technological advances have made it possible for parents not only to know the sex of their unborn child but to choose it. The
2. Did the speakers adequately respond to the issues and arguments presented by the other? Is it a boy or a girl? How many times have soon-to-be parents been asked that question?Historically, answers have been vague, but technological advances have made it possible for parents not only to know the
1. What types of claims, evidence, and reasons were used in this discussion?Is it a boy or a girl? How many times have soon-to-be parents been asked that question?Historically, answers have been vague, but technological advances have made it possible for parents not only to know the sex of their
20. The evidence is clear, cumulative, and robust enough to rule out dismissal or denial. And it has been accumulating for over two decades . . . . What it points to is this: Information technology,upon which we are now very dependent, has occasioned an epidemic of chronic, often crippling,
19. For a member of this president’s inner circle to admit that the federal government is so massive that it is essentially not practical for the chief executive to hold it accountable or for the president to effectively manage it is simply stunning. It also begs the question, if it is no longer
18. Let the skeptics of this peace recall what once existed among these people. There was a time when the traffic of ideas and commerce and pilgrims flowed uninterrupted among the cities of the fertile crescent. In Spain, in the Middle East, Muslims and Jews once worked together to write brilliant
17. [T]he first amendment to the Constitution does not protect only nice speech or only attractive speech, or only popular speech. We would not need a Constitution for that purpose.The great thing about the United States of America is that our Constitution protects any crackpot who wants to stand
16. A campaign for president or prime minister looks a lot like show business, or the selling of show business, with its live appearances and TV interviews, its spot advertisements on TV, its market research and focus groups. When Bill Clinton campaigned for the American presidency in 1992, there
15. The [Supreme] Court’s description of the place of Roe [v. Wade] in the social history of the United States is unrecognizable. Not only did Roe not, as the Court suggests, resolve the deeply divisive issue of abortion, it did more than anything else to nourish it by elevating it to the
14. The deficit is a hard problem, but we know that it is not the wallet Washington lacks, it is the will! We know Washington . . . will find $500 billion to bail out banks and bankers that stole people’s money. Think about it; $5 billion would allow us to reach nearly every child eligible for
13. The awesome power of government needs to be constantly checked by defense lawyers so that mere accusations don’t inevitably turn into guilt. As Justice Brandeis said, “In order to promote liberty, we need eternal vigilance.”Adapted from a statement by Jack Litman, “To Defend a
12. Video games work just like the operant conditioning used by modern armies to train soldiers. . . . Whereas soldiers in World War II were taught to shoot (calmly, at stationary targets), soldiers sent to Vietnam were taught to kill—as a conditioned response. They were trained, in full combat
11. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the
10. Mass culture is in some senses lonely and individualistic. The reasons for this can be summed up, as usual, in a single word: television. More and more, entertainment is about observing and absorbing, not about participating. It is a matter of millions of atomized individuals, each on a
9. Scandal has been part of the American system from the beginning. There were allegations of sexual misconduct during the Washington presidency. The Washington cabinet almost broke up over Hamilton and Jefferson fighting with each other. These are the problems that happen in a democratic
8. 1991 statistics from the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching show that SAT scores are directly proportional to family income. Students from families with incomes under $10,000 score an average of 768 (combined verbal and math scores) out of a possible total of 1,200. Students
7. Carla Kiiskila, a resident of a section of north Wallingford that seems pretty tranquil until you try to cross the street, wrote to the Engineering Department to complain about the hazards of N. 50th Street at Sunnyside Avenue . . . . Kiiskila complains that she has several times narrowly
6. We observe here today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom—symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning—signifying renewal, as well as change.John Fitzgerald Kennedy, “Inaugural Address, 1961,” in Speech Criticism: Methods and Materials, William A.Linsley, ed. (Dubuque,
5. If we burn the forests of the Amazon, we are told, our planet’s lungs will give out, and we will slowly asphyxiate. Surely we have better, more practical reasons for not burning them than to stave off universal catastrophe. I can easily imagine similar arguments that would have required the
4. Any presidential candidate who would take a holiday on a remote Caribbean island with a woman to whom he is not married and with whom he plans to spend a nonworking vacation is the biggest idiot who walked the face of the earth and for that reason alone is unqualified to be President of the
3. It is said by those who have examined the matter closely that the largest number of divorces is now found in communities where the advocates of female suffrage are most numerous, and where the individuality of woman as related to her husband, which such a doctrine inculcates, is increased to the
2. Many of the stories depicting sexual harassment as a severe problem spring from “consultants”whose livelihoods depend upon exaggerating its extent.... Susan Webb, president of Pacific Resources Development Group, a Seattle consultant, says she spends 95 percent of her time advising on sexual
1. The listener should often be shown the conclusion contained in the principle. From this principle, as from the center, light shines on all parts of the work. In much the same way, a painter plans his painting so that light emanates naturally from a single source to each object.The whole work is
Using the arguments developed in Box 6.1, write an argument that uses necessary causal reasoning and one that uses sufficient causal reasoning.
Using the case study developed in Box 6.1, write two coexistential arguments. First, write one based on person/act and second, write one based on authority.
5. Why do you think some members of the scientific community conclude that violent video games are harmful, but other scientists say they are not? What does this tell you about field theory that was developed in Chapter 1?On April 20, 1999, two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, killed twelve
4. If you were Spencer and you were going to reply to JP’s last comment, what would you say? What reasons would you use?On April 20, 1999, two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, killed twelve students and a teacher. Twenty-three others were wounded before Harris and Klebold killed
3. Which arguments had the weakest reasoning? Why did they appear weak?On April 20, 1999, two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, killed twelve students and a teacher. Twenty-three others were wounded before Harris and Klebold killed themselves at Columbine High School in Colorado. With no
2. Which arguments seemed to have the best reasoning? What made the reasoning persuasive?On April 20, 1999, two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, killed twelve students and a teacher. Twenty-three others were wounded before Harris and Klebold killed themselves at Columbine High School in
1. How was reasoning used in the preceding discussion? Did you find it effective? Why?On April 20, 1999, two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, killed twelve students and a teacher. Twenty-three others were wounded before Harris and Klebold killed themselves at Columbine High School in
Driving with Cell Phones. Read the following persuasive appeal by the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration. The evidence presented in this document provides support for banning mobile telephone use in vehicles. Read the argument and do the following:1. Identify the types of
Plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious issue on college and university campuses, especially in an era when information is easily accessible over the Internet. This exercise asks you to analyze plagiarism policies in the following ways:1. What is the policy at your home institution? How is it
Evidence Evaluation. Below are a number of pieces of information that could be relevant as evidence for certain claims in argumentative speeches or essays. To complete this exercise, divide into groups of three or four. Within each group, each individual should decide which types of resources
Editorial Analysis. Find an editorial in a local newspaper or magazine and analyze the evidence in it. When you are done, you should be able to answer the following:1. What types of evidence did you discover?2. What were the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence?
15. The Cecil Textbook of Medicine reported in its fifth edition on page 1,031 that “in a series of patients studied post-mortem more than 90 percent complained of shortness of breath.”—From the Journal of Irreproducible Results, 40(2), (1995): 15. Using Evidence. The following passages help
14. On March 3, 2000, the National Rifle Association’s Institute for Legislative Action criticized President Bill Clinton’s claim that “13 children are killed by guns every day.” The NRA pointed out that to reach the “13 children” figure, President Clinton and antigun groups counted
13. In an advertisement signed by Bill Gates, chairman of Microsoft Corporation, and his CEO, Steve Ballmer, the two men early in the year 2000 predicted that appellate courts considering a court order to break up their company “will reaffirm the well-established legal precedent that antitrust
12. Cheating in school has reached epidemic proportions. In a study conducted at a large eastern university, researchers discovered that 88.3 percent of the students cheated at some point in their academic careers. Using Evidence. The following passages help illustrate correct and incorrect uses of
11. People like high-calorie, high-fat foods that have no nutritional value. Some fast-food hamburgers have more than 1,000 calories. That’s ridiculous. This kind of eating leads to obesity and contributes to a worldwide epidemic. Children model our behavior, and they learn from their parents.Not
10. Dr. Harvey Brenner concluded a study of unemployment in 1975. He argued that for each 1 percent increase in the unemployment rate, the death rate increases by 36,667 lives.Therefore, the federal government should take immediate action to decrease the levels of unemployment in this country.
9. A cosmetics company conducted a study of prospective customers for a new skin lotion. They sent 10,000 questionnaires to these customers, asking them to compare the new product with a variety of other products. Ninety percent of those responding favored the new skin lotion;therefore, the
8. According to the Environmental Policy Institute and the Health and Energy Institute, “The Food and Drug Administration allowed irradiation of canned bacon in 1963 based on Army research. Five years later the FDA rescinded the approval, saying that the tests had been improperly structured and
7. A nationwide survey of college freshmen by Alexander W. Astin in 1991 revealed that 85.5 percent of those polled agreed that the government is not doing enough to control pollution. Water and air pollution controls should definitely be increased. Using Evidence. The following passages help
6. As the National Rifle Association has argued, if handguns were made illegal, then only those people who abide by the law would be barred from obtaining handguns. The criminals and the smugglers and racketeers would still have them. Using Evidence. The following passages help illustrate correct
5. We should reinstitute the military draft in this country. After all, we should recall John F.Kennedy’s famous words, “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” Our country is currently in a military force crisis, and a military draft is something we
4. But, in actuality, almost 25,000 people are involved in fatal alcohol-related accidents per year.Of these 25,000 people, over 25 percent are under the age of twenty-one. This means we are losing over 6,000 young people per year because of alcohol. There are several reasons a nationwide drinking
3. In a special advertisement on Zenith Data Systems, Enrico Pesatori, Zenith Data Systems president and chief executive officer, said, “We have taken many major steps over the past eighteen months to respond to our customers’ needs for innovative, aggressively priced products, and to adapt to
2. Recently, at the University of Wisconsin, a study was conducted on listening and study patterns of freshmen students in beginning speech course. This study found that students in this course exhibited a lack of concentration in their studies and note taking. Therefore, we can conclude that
1. Mr. Herbert Kause convincingly argued last month that pregnant women should restrict their intake of caffeine. According to studies he conducted over the past six years, he has found strong evidence that supports the conclusion that caffeine is dangerous to unborn children. Using Evidence. The
Developing a Case. Select three topics on which you would like to develop an argumentative case. A list of suggested topics is given, but you may choose some other topic area. What is important is that you already know enough about the topic to construct claims related to it. Within each topic
Exercise 2: Claim Continuum. This chapter discussed a continuum within which three types of claims could be identified: fact, value, and policy. Fact claims make inferences about past, present, or future conditions or relationships; they can be explanatory, predictive, or historical. Value claims
In this chapter, four criteria were described that enable you to decide whether a proposition is well formulated. They are as follows:■ Controversiality. The proposition should state a thesis that is potentially disputable rather than one about which most people would agree.■ Clarity. The
4. Take a close look at the claims made by each speaker. Were they strong or weak? What makes a claim strong?By some estimates, more than 8 million people are logged into file-sharing networks around the world at any one time. With more than 900 million illegal music files available on these
3. If sharing protected files is illegal, why do people do it? If you represented a recording studio, what would you do?By some estimates, more than 8 million people are logged into file-sharing networks around the world at any one time. With more than 900 million illegal music files available on
2. Which advocate was stronger in terms of developing quality arguments? Why do you think so?By some estimates, more than 8 million people are logged into file-sharing networks around the world at any one time. With more than 900 million illegal music files available on these networks, along with
1. Should students be expelled for illegal file sharing? What arguments persuade you that this conclusion is correct?By some estimates, more than 8 million people are logged into file-sharing networks around the world at any one time. With more than 900 million illegal music files available on
Situation Analysis. Read the following three situations and analyze the values that clash:Situation 1 Your parents are paying for your university education. Paying the tuition and housing bills can be a hardship for them, but their hope is that you succeed with your education and complete a degree
Flag Burning. What follows is an excerpt from a Supreme Court decision on flag burning (Texas v. Johnson 491 U.S. 397 [1989]). In this case, a man named Johnson participated during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas, in a political demonstration to protest the policies of the
10. Since Nixon declared war in 1971, the United States has been engaged in a “War on Drugs.”We fight it every day and on almost every street in the United States. We spend billions patrolling boarders looking for drug smugglers, finding dealers, busting users, and incarcerating just about
9. More and more of our communication is not face-to-face, and not with people we know. The proliferation and increasing portability of technology isolate people in a bubble. When I was a child, my family got the first television on our block, and the neighborhood children gathered in our dining
8. A picture may well be worth a thousand words, but as historical documents, photographs are subject to the same questions as written documents. Despite initial appearances, photographs are not objective. Photographic images were created for specific purposes and for audiences.No photograph can be
7. From a discussion of the Internet’s effect on young people:Adam: Is the Internet changing the nature of childhood, or are children changing the nature of the Internet? I think both. I grew up with a computer. I’ve used the computer ever since I was three. When we got an iPad I don’t think
6. “Fracking” is a cost-effective way to extract natural gas from the Earth’s crust. Natural gas is plentiful; it can help North America to become energy independent. Natural gas is relatively clean. My concern is that environmentalists who overclaim the long-term damage to the stability of
5. I am of the opinion that we have lost part of what makes us great. More than 20 percent of the global population lives in absolute poverty. There is serious disease and death from illnesses that Western medicine has the capability of curing. Children go malnourished while many of us waste more
4. *The documentary Reunion—Ten years after the war is the story of a group of Serbian and Albanian students who originally met right before NATO began bombing Kosovo. The Albanian students talked about the hardships under Serbian rule and how much their lives were shaped by the daily presence of
3. The worst mistake is to execute someone wholly innocent. Now that executions are approaching 100 per year in the United States, the chances rise that at least one will be the wrong guy.Perhaps. But it has pretty clearly not happened in Washington [State]. This state has executed three men, none
2. The world lives under the threat of nuclear war and I believe it is time that the United States forcefully end nuclear weapons development programs in any nation that does not already have them. The proliferation of nuclear weapons is frightening—especially when enemy states such as Pakistan
1. *I talk with American students every day. Many of them come to college poorly prepared and without focus. They will be asked to take on large debt for degrees they no little or nothing about.They have high ambitions but few goals or strategies for achieving the goals they have. They pursue
5. Value restandardization involves changing criteria by which we measure something.Can you identify examples of restandardization in the discussion? How would you restandardize the values in the case study? Using the discussion in Box 3.1, identify the processes

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