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physics
university physics

Questions and Answers of University Physics

In the alternate universe, how fast must an object be moving for it to have a kinetic energy equal to its rest mass?(a) 225 m/s;(b) 260 m/s;(c) 300 m/s;(d) The kinetic energy could not be equal to
An airplane has a length of 60 m when measured at rest. When the airplane is moving at 180 m/s (400 mph) in the alternate universe, how long would the plane appear to be to a stationary observer?(a)
In a particle accelerator a proton moves with constant speed 0.750c in a circle of radius 628 m. What is the net force on the proton?
Inside a spaceship flying past the earth at three-fourths the speed of light, a pendulum is swinging.(a) If each swing takes 1.80 s as measured by an astronaut performing an experiment inside the
Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 750 kV, so that their kinetic energy is 7.50 × 105 eV.(a) What is the ratio of the speed v of an electron having this energy to the speed
If a muon is traveling at 0.999c, what are its momentum and kinetic energy? (The mass of such a muon at rest in the laboratory is 207 times the electron mass.)
An electron is acted upon by a force of 5.00 × 10-15 N due to an electric field. Find the acceleration this force produces in each case:(a) The electron’s speed is 1.00 km/s.(b) The electron’s
A proton has momentum with magnitude p0 when its speed is 0.400c. In terms of p0, what is the magnitude of the proton’s momentum when its speed is doubled to 0.800c?
A source of electromagnetic radiation is moving in a radial direction relative to you. The frequency you measure is 1.25 times the frequency measured in the rest frame of the source. What is the
Electromagnetic radiation from a star is observed with an earth-based telescope. The star is moving away from the earth at a speed of 0.520c. If the radiation has a frequency of 8.64 × 1014 Hz in
What do you think would be different in everyday life if the speed of light were 10 m/s instead of 3.00 × 108 m/s ?
When a monochromatic light source moves toward an observer, its wavelength appears to be shorter than the value measured when the source is at rest. Does this contradict the hypothesis that the speed
A rocket is moving to the right at 1/2 the speed of light relative to the earth. A light bulb in the center of a room inside the rocket suddenly turns on. Call the light hitting the front end of the
Ordinary photographic film reverses black and white, in the sense that the most brightly illuminated areas become blackest upon development (hence the term negative). Suppose a hologram negative is
A hologram is made using 600-nm light and then viewed by using white light from an incandescent bulb. What will be seen? Explain.
Parallel rays of monochromatic light with wavelength 568 nm illuminate two identical slits and produce an interference pattern on a screen that is 75.0 cm from the slits. The centers of the slits are
If a hologram is made using 600-nm light and then viewed with 500-nm light, how will the images look compared to those observed when viewed with 600-nm light? Explain.
One sometimes sees rows of evenly spaced radio antenna towers. A student remarked that these act like diffraction gratings. What did she mean? Why would one want them to act like a diffraction
Why is a diffraction grating better than a two-slit setup for measuring wavelengths of light?
Could x-ray diffraction effects with crystals be observed by using visible light instead of x rays? Why or why not?
With which color of light can the Hubble Space Telescope see finer detail in a distant astronomical object: red, blue, or ultraviolet? Explain your answer.
Information is stored on an audio compact disc, CD-ROM, or DVD disc in a series of pits on the disc. These pits are scanned by a laser beam. An important limitation on the amount of information that
Figure 31.12 (Section 31.2) shows a loudspeaker system. Low-frequency sounds are produced by the woofer, which is a speaker with large diameter; the tweeter, a speaker with smaller diameter, produces
Some loudspeaker horns for outdoor concerts (at which the entire audience is seated on the ground) are wider vertically than horizontally. Use diffraction ideas to explain why this is more efficient
A rainbow ordinarily shows a range of colors (see Section 33.4). But if the water droplets that form the rainbow are small enough, the rainbow will appear white. Explain why, using diffraction ideas.
You use a lens of diameter D and light of wavelength λ and frequency f to form an image of two closely spaced and distant objects. Which of the following will increase the resolving power?(a) Use a
What is the difference between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction? Are they different physical processes? Explain.
Why can we readily observe diffraction effects for sound waves and water waves, but not for light? Is this because light travels so much faster than these other waves? Explain.
The professor once again returns the apparatus to its original setting, but now she adjusts the oscillator to produce sound waves of half the original frequency. What happens?(a) The students who
The professor again returns the apparatus to its original setting, so you again hear the original loud tone. She then slowly moves one speaker away from you until it reaches a point at which you can
The professor returns the apparatus to the original setting. She then adjusts the speakers again. All of the students who had heard nothing originally now hear a loud tone, while you and the others
Monochromatic light is directed at normal incidence on a thin film. There is destructive interference for the reflected light, so the intensity of the reflected light is very low. What happened to
Physicians use high-frequency (f = 195 MHz) sound waves, called ultrasound, to image internal organs. The speed of these ultrasound waves is 1480 m/s in muscle and 344 m/s in air. We define the index
Coherent light with wavelength λ falls on two narrow slits separated by a distance d. If d is less than some minimum value, no dark fringes are observed. Explain. In terms of λ , what is this
The professor then adjusts the apparatus. The frequency that you hear does not change, but the loudness decreases. Now all of your fellow students can hear the tone. What did the professor do?(a) She
Short-wave radio antennas A and B are connected to the same transmitter and emit coherent waves in phase and with the same frequency f. You must determine the value of f and the placement of the
A researcher measures the thickness of a layer of benzene (n = 1.50) floating on water by shining monochromatic light onto the film and varying the wavelength of the light. She finds that light of
Consider two antennas separated by 9.00 m that radiate in phase at 120 MHz. A receiver placed 150 m from both antennas measures an intensity I0. The receiver is moved so that it is 1.8 m closer to
When a thin oil film spreads out on a puddle of water, the thinnest part of the film looks dark in the resulting interference pattern. What does this tell you about the relative magnitudes of the
If we shine white light on an air wedge like that shown in Fig. 35.12, the colors that are weak in the light reflected from any point along the wedge are strong in the light transmitted through the
Interference can occur in thin films. Why is it important that the films be thin? Why don’t you get these effects with a relatively thick film? Where should you put the dividing line between
A very thin soap film (n = 1.33), whose thickness is much less than a wavelength of visible light, looks black; it appears to reflect no light at all. Why? By contrast, an equally thin layer of soapy
A glass windowpane with a thin film of water on it reflects less than when it is perfectly dry. Why?
In using the superposition principle to calculate intensities in interference patterns, could you add the intensities of the waves instead of their amplitudes? Explain.
If the monochromatic light shown in Fig. 35.5a were replaced by white light, would a two-slit interference pattern be seen on the screen? Explain.fig.35.5a Coherent wave Cylindrical wave fronts
A fellow student, who values memorizing equations above understanding them, combines Eqs. (35.4) and (35.13) to €œprove€ that Ï• can only equal 2Ï€m. How
Coherent red light illuminates two narrow slits that are 25 cm apart. Will a two-slit interference pattern be observed when the light from the slits falls on a screen? Explain.
Could the Young two-slit interference experiment be performed with gamma rays? If not, why not? If so, discuss differences in the experimental design compared to the experiment with visible light.
Scientists working with a particle accelerator determine that an unknown particle has a speed of 1.35 × 108 m/s and a momentum of 2.52 × 10-19 kg ∙ m/s. From the curvature of the particle’s
A rocket ship flies past the earth at 91.0% of the speed of light. Inside, an astronaut who is undergoing a physical examination is having his height measured while he is lying down parallel to the
Why do you think the development of Newtonian mechanics preceded the more refined relativistic mechanics by so many years?
In principle, does a hot gas have more mass than the same gas when it is cold? Explain. In practice, would this be a measurable effect? Explain.
A student asserts that a material particle must always have a speed slower than that of light, and a massless particle must always move at exactly the speed of light. Is she correct? If so, how do
The theory of relativity sets an upper limit on the speed that a particle can have. Are there also limits on the energy and momentum of a particle? Explain.
A high-speed train passes a train platform. Larry is a passenger on the train, Adam is standing on the train platform, and David is riding a bicycle toward the platform in the same direction as the
Two events occur at the same space point in a particular inertial frame of reference and are simultaneous in that frame. Is it possible that they may not be simultaneous in a different inertial
You are holding an elliptical serving platter. How would you need to travel for the serving platter to appear round to another observer?
The average life span in the United States is about 70 years. Does this mean that it is impossible for an average person to travel a distance greater than 70 light-years away from the earth? (A
A spaceship is traveling toward the earth from the space colony on Asteroid 1040A. The ship is at the halfway point of the trip, passing Mars at a speed of 0.9c relative to the Mars frame of
If simultaneity is not an absolute concept, does that mean that we must discard the concept of causality? If event A is to cause event B, A must occur first. Is it possible that in some frames A
Light of wavelength λ and frequency f passes through a single slit of width a. The diffraction pattern is observed on a screen a distance x from the slit. Which of the following will decrease the
In a diffraction experiment with waves of wavelength λ, there will be no intensity minima (that is, no dark fringes) if the slit width is small enough. What is the maximum slit width for which this
You are standing on a train platform watching a high-speed train pass by. A light inside one of the train cars is turned on and then a little later it is turned off.(a) Who can measure the proper
When the light is passed through the bottom of the sample container, the interference maximum is observed to be at 41°; when it is passed through the top, the corresponding maximum is at 37°. What
Why is visible light, which has much longer wavelengths than x rays do, used for Bragg reflection experiments on colloidal crystals?(a) The microspheres are suspended in a liquid, and it is more
What plane spacing in the colloidal crystal could produce the maximum in this experiment?(a) 390 nm;(b) 520 nm;(c) 650 nm;(d) 780 nm.A colloid consists of particles of one type of substance dispersed
If an optical telescope focusing light of wavelength 550 nm has a perfectly ground mirror, what would the minimum mirror diameter have to be so that the telescope could resolve a Jupiter-size planet
The two sources S1and S2shown in Fig. 35.3 emit waves of the same wavelength l and are in phase with each other. Suppose S1is a weaker source, so that the waves emitted by S1have half the amplitude
Would the headlights of a distant car form a two-source interference pattern? If so, how might it be observed? If not, why not?
In a two-slit interference pattern on a distant screen, are the bright fringes midway between the dark fringes? Is this ever a good approximation?
Monochromatic coherent light passing through two thin slits is viewed on a distant screen. Are the bright fringes equally spaced on the screen? If so, why? If not, which ones are closest to being
Could an experiment similar to Young’s two-slit experiment be performed with sound? How might this be carried out? Does it matter that sound waves are longitudinal and electromagnetic waves are
A two-slit interference experiment is set up, and the fringes are displayed on a screen. Then the whole apparatus is immersed in the nearest swimming pool. How does the fringe pattern change?
To determine whether a frog can judge distance by means of the amount its lens must move to focus on an object, researchers covered one eye with an opaque material. An insect was placed in front of
A person with a near point of 85 cm, but excellent distant vision, normally wears corrective glasses. But he loses them while traveling. Fortunately, he has his old pair as a spare.(a) If the lenses
If you run away from a plane mirror at 3.60 m/s, at what speed does your image move away from you?
Ordinary glasses are worn in front of the eye and usually 2.0 cm in front of the eyeball. Suppose that the person in Exercise 34.52 prefers ordinary glasses to contact lenses. What focal length
You take a lens and mask it so that light can pass through only the bottom half of the lens. How does the image formed by the masked lens compare to the image formed before 32 masking?
You can’t see clearly underwater with the naked eye, but you can if you wear a face mask or goggles (with air between your eyes and the mask or goggles). Why is there a difference? Could you
You’ve entered a survival contest that will include building a crude telescope. You are given a large box of lenses. Which two lenses do you pick? How do you quickly identify them?
According to the discussion in Section 34.2, light rays are reversible. Are the formulas in the table in this chapter’s Summary still valid if object and image are interchanged? What does
If a piece of photographic film is placed at the location of a real image, the film will record the image. Can this be done with a virtual image? How might one record a virtual image?
Can an image formed by one reflecting or refracting surface serve as an object for a second reflection or refraction? Does it matter whether the first image is real or virtual? Explain.
A transparent liquid fills a cylindrical tank to a depth of 3.60 m. There is air above the liquid. You look at normal incidence at a small pebble at the bottom of the tank. The apparent depth of the
A spherical air bubble in water can function as a lens. Is it a converging or diverging lens? How is its focal length related to its radius?
When a converging lens is immersed in water, does its focal length increase or decrease in comparison with the value in air? Explain.
The focal length of a simple lens depends on the color (wavelength) of light passing through it. Why? Is it possible for a lens to have a positive focal length for some colors and negative for
How could you very quickly make an approximate measurement of the focal length of a converging lens? Could the same method be applied if you wished to use a diverging lens? Explain.
The bottom of the passenger-side mirror on your car notes, “Objects in mirror are closer than they appear.” Is this true? Why?
Suppose that in the situation of Example 34.7 of Section 34.3 (see Fig. 34.26) a vertical arrow 2.00 m tall is painted on the side of the pool beneath the water line. According to the calculations in
For a concave spherical mirror that has focal length f = +18.0 cm, what is the distance of an object from the mirror’s vertex if the image is real and has the same height as the object?
In Example 34.4 (Section 34.2), there appears to be an ambiguity for the case s = 10 cm as to whether s' is +∞ or -∞ and whether the image is erect or inverted. How is this resolved? Or is it?
A person looks at his reflection in the concave side of a shiny spoon. Is it right side up or inverted? Does it matter how far his face is from the spoon? What if he looks in the convex side?
A student claims that she can start a fire on a sunny day using just the sun’s rays and a concave mirror. How is this done? Is the concept of image relevant? Can she do the same thing with a convex
You may have noticed a small convex mirror next to your bank’s ATM. Why is this mirror convex, as opposed to flat or concave? What considerations determine its radius of curvature?
For a spherical mirror, if s = f , then s' = ∞, and the lateral magnification m is infinite. Does this make sense? If so, what does it mean?
When a room has mirrors on two opposite walls, an infinite series of reflections can be seen. Discuss this phenomenon in terms of images. Why do the distant images appear fainter?
For what range of object positions does a concave spherical mirror form a real image? What about a convex spherical mirror?
If a spherical mirror is immersed in water, does its focal length change? Explain.
Explain why the focal length of a plane mirror is infinite, and explain what it means for the focal point to be at infinity.

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