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physics
university physics

Questions and Answers of University Physics

Many automobile engines have cast-iron cylinders and aluminum pistons. What kinds of problems could occur if the engine gets too hot? (The coefficient of volume expansion of cast iron is
If you heat the air inside a rigid, sealed container until its Kelvin temperature doubles, the air pressure in the container will also double. Is the same thing true if you double the Celsius
Explain why it would not make sense to use a full-size glass thermometer to measure the temperature of a thimbleful of hot water.
For cranial ultrasound, why is it advantageous to use frequencies in the kHZ range rather than the MHz range?(a) The antinodes of the standing waves will be closer together at the lower frequencies
In some applications of ultrasound, such as its use on cranial tissues, large reflections from the surrounding bones can produce standing waves. This is of concern because the large pressure
Because the speed of ultrasound in bone is about twice the speed in soft tissue, the distance to a structure that lies beyond a bone can be measured incorrectly. If a beam passes through 4 cm of
If the deepest structure you wish to image is 10.0 cm from the transducer, what is the maximum number of pulses per second that can be emitted?(a) 3850;(b) 7700;(c) 15,400;(d) 1,000,000.A typical
A long, closed cylindrical tank contains a diatomic gas that is maintained at a uniform temperature that can be varied. When you measure the speed of sound v in the gas as a function of the
A stationary police car emits a sound of frequency 1200 Hz that bounces off a car on the highway and returns with a frequency of 1250 Hz. The police car is right next to the highway, so the moving
Small speakers A and B are driven in phase at 725 Hz by the same audio oscillator. Both speakers start out 4.50 m from the listener, but speaker A is slowly moved away (Fig. E16.34).(a) At what
A jet airplane is flying at a constant altitude at a steady speed vS greater than the speed of sound. Describe what observers at points A, B, and C hear at the instant shown in Fig. Q16.25, when
If you are riding in a supersonic aircraft, what do you hear? Explain. In particular, do you hear a continuous sonic boom? Why or why not?
Does an aircraft make a sonic boom only at the instant its speed exceeds Mach 1? Explain.
In case 1, a source of sound approaches a stationary observer at speed u. In case 2, the observer moves toward the stationary source at the same speed u. If the source is always producing the same
If you wait at a railroad crossing as a train approaches and passes, you hear a Doppler shift in its sound. But if you listen closely, you hear that the change in frequency is continuous; it does not
Stars other than our sun normally appear featureless when viewed through telescopes. Yet astronomers can readily use the light from these stars to determine that they are rotating and even measure
Can you think of circumstances in which a Doppler effect would be observed for surface waves in water? For elastic waves propagating in a body of water deep below the surface? If so, describe the
A sound source and a listener are both at rest on the earth, but a strong wind is blowing from the source toward the listener. Is there a Doppler effect? Why or why not?
A large church has part of the organ in the front of the church and part in the back. A person walking rapidly down the aisle while both segments are playing at once reports that the two segments
Two vibrating tuning forks have identical frequencies, but one is stationary and the other is mounted at the rim of a rotating platform. What does a listener hear? Explain.
A small metal band is slipped onto one of the tines of a tuning fork. As this band is moved closer and closer to the end of the tine, what effect does this have on the wavelength and frequency of the
A small fraction of the energy in a sound wave is absorbed by the air through which the sound passes. How does this modify the inverse square relationship between intensity and distance from the
A 60.0-m-long brass rod is struck at one end. A person at the other end hears two sounds as a result of two longitudinal waves, one traveling in the metal rod and the other traveling in air. What is
Does the sound intensity level b obey the inverse-square law? Why?
If the pressure amplitude of a sound wave is halved, by what factor does the intensity of the wave decrease? By what factor must the pressure amplitude of a sound wave be increased in order to
Which has a more direct influence on the loudness of a sound wave: the displacement amplitude or the pressure amplitude? Explain.
(a) Does a sound level of 0 dB mean that there is no sound?(b) Is there any physical meaning to a sound having a negative intensity level? If so, what is it?(c) Does a sound intensity of zero mean
Lane dividers on highways sometimes have regularly spaced ridges or ripples. When the tires of a moving car roll along such a divider, a musical note is produced. Why? Explain how this phenomenon
In a popular and amusing science demonstration, a person inhales helium and then his voice becomes high and squeaky. Why does this happen? (Warning: Inhaling too much helium can cause unconsciousness
Symphonic musicians always “warm up” their wind instruments by blowing into them before a performance. What purpose does this serve?
In most modern wind instruments the pitch is changed by using keys or valves to change the length of the vibrating air column. The bugle, however, has no valves or keys, yet it can play many notes.
Would you expect the pitch (or frequency) of an organ pipe to increase or decrease with increasing temperature? Explain.
The hero of a western movie listens for an oncoming train by putting his ear to the track. Why does this method give an earlier warning of the approach of a train than just listening in the usual way?
When sound travels from air into water, does the frequency of the wave change? The speed? The wavelength? Explain your reasoning.
The wave speed is measured for different vibration frequencies. A graph of the wave speed as a function of frequency (Fig. P15.80) indicates that as the frequency increases, the wavelength(a)
Violins are short instruments, while cellos and basses are long. In terms of the frequency of the waves they produce, explain why this is so.
As we discussed in Section 15.1, water waves are a combination of longitudinal and transverse waves. Defend the following statement: “When water waves hit a vertical wall, the wall is a node of the
The speed of ocean waves depends on the depth of the water; the deeper the water, the faster the wave travels. Use this to explain why ocean waves crest and “break” as they near the shore.
By what percentage does the frequency of oscillation change if ksurf= 5 N/m?(a) 0.1%;(b) 0.2%;(c) 0.5%;(d) 1.0%.One technique for making images of surfaces at the nanometer scale, including membranes
In the model of Problem 14.94, what is the mechanical energy of the vibration when the tip is not interacting with the surface?(a) 1.2 Ã— 10-18 J;(b) 1.2 Ã— 10-16 J;(c) 1.2
If we model the vibrating system as a mass on a spring, what is the mass necessary to achieve the desired resonant frequency when the tip is not interacting with the surface?(a) 25 ng;(b) 100 ng;(c)
The system shown in Fig. 14.17 is mounted in an elevator. What happens to the period of the motion (does it increase, decrease, or remain the same) if the elevator(a) Accelerates upward at 5.0
Observations of this planet over time show that it is in a nearly circular orbit around its star and completes one orbit in only 9.5 days. How many times the orbital radius r of the earth around our
How many times the acceleration due to gravity g near the earth’s surface is the acceleration due to gravity near the surface of this exoplanet?(a) About 0.29g;(b) about 0.65g;(c) about 1.5g;(d)
Based on these data, what is the most likely composition of this planet?(a) Mostly iron;(b) Iron and rock;(c) Iron and rock with some lighter elements;(d) Hydrogen and helium gases.As planets with a
For a planet in our solar system, assume that the axis of orbit is at the sun and is circular. Then the angular momentum about that axis due to the planet’s orbital motion is L = MvR.(a) Derive an
A satellite with mass 848 kg is in a circular orbit with an orbital speed of 9640 m/s around the earth. What is the new orbital speed after friction from the earth’s upper atmosphere has done -7.50
A planet makes a circular orbit with period T around a star. If the planet were to orbit at the same distance around this star, but the planet had three times as much mass, what would the new period
A spaceship makes a circular orbit with period T around a star. If it were to orbit, at the same distance, a star with three times the mass of the original star, would the new period (in terms of T)
If the elephant were to snorkel in salt water, which is more dense than freshwater, would the maximum depth at which it could snorkel be different from that in freshwater?(a) Yes€”that
How does the force the diaphragm experiences due to the difference in pressure between the lungs and abdomen depend on the abdomen€™s distance below the water surface? The force(a)
The maximum force the muscles of the diaphragm can exert is 24,000 N. What maximum pressure difference can the diaphragm withstand? (a) 160 mm Hg; (b) 760 mm Hg; (c) 920 mm Hg; (d) 5000 mm Hg. An
For the situation shown, the tissues in the elephant€™s abdomen are at a gauge pressure of 150 mm Hg. This pressure corresponds to what distance below the surface of a lake?(a) 1.5 m;(b)
The Environmental Protection Agency is investigating an abandoned chemical plant. A large, closed cylindrical tank contains an unknown liquid. You must determine the liquid€™s density and
A cargo ship travels from the Atlantic Ocean (salt water) to Lake Ontario (freshwater) via the St. Lawrence River. The ship rides several centimeters lower in the water in Lake Ontario than it did in
You drop a solid sphere of aluminum in a bucket of water that sits on the ground. The buoyant force equals the weight of water displaced; this is less than the weight of the sphere, so the sphere
His body is leaning back at 30.0oto the vertical, but the coefficient of static friction between his feet and the ground is suddenly reduced to 0.50. What will happen?(a) His entire body will
His body is again leaning back at 30.0oto the vertical, but now the height at which the rope is held above but still parallel to the ground is varied. The tension in the rope in front of the
If he leans slightly farther back (increasing the angle between his body and the vertical) but remains stationary in this new position, which of the following statements is true? Assume that the rope
Certain features of a person, such as height and mass, are fixed (at least over relatively long periods of time). Are the following features also fixed?(a) Location of the center of gravity of the
You are balancing a wrench by suspending it at a single point. Is the equilibrium stable, unstable, or neutral if the point is above, at, or below the wrench’s center of gravity? In each case give
If the body€™s center of mass were not placed on the rotational axis of the turntable, how would the person€™s measured moment of inertia compare to the moment of inertia for
A doubling of the torque produces a greater angular acceleration. Which of the following would do this, assuming that the tension in the rope doesn€™t change?(a) Increasing the pulley
While the turntable is being accelerated, the person suddenly extends her legs. What happens to the turntable?(a) It suddenly speeds up;(b) It rotates with constant speed;(c) Its acceleration
The moment of inertia of the empty turntable is 1.5 kg m2. With a constant torque of 2.5 N ˆ™ m, the turntable€“person system takes 3.0 s to spin from rest to an angular speed of
You are testing a small flywheel (radius 0.166 m) that will be used to store a small amount of energy. The flywheel is pivoted with low friction bearings about a horizontal shaft through the
You have one object of each of these shapes, all with mass 0.840 kg: a uniform solid cylinder, a thin-walled hollow cylinder, a uniform solid sphere, and a thin-walled hollow sphere. You release each
The V6 engine in a 2014 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 pickup truck is reported to produce a maximum power of 285 hp at 5300 rpm and a maximum torque of 305 ft ∙ lb at 3900 rpm.(a) Calculate the torque,
In Example 10.10 (Section 10.6) the angular speed v changes, and this must mean that there is nonzero angular acceleration. But there is no torque about the rotation axis if the forces the professor
When you stand with bare feet in a wet bathtub, the grip feels fairly secure, and yet a catastrophic slip is quite possible. Explain this in terms of the two coefficients of friction.
A point particle travels in a straight line at constant speed, and the closest distance it comes to the origin of coordinates is a distance l. With respect to this origin, does the particle have
A ball is rolling along at speed v without slipping on a horizontal surface when it comes to a hill that rises at a constant angle above the horizontal. In which case will it go higher up the hill:
You are designing a flywheel to store kinetic energy. If all of the following uniform objects have the same mass and same angular velocity, which one will store the greatest amount of kinetic energy?
What is the purpose of the spin cycle of a washing machine? Explain in terms of acceleration components.
A flywheel rotates with constant angular velocity. Does a point on its rim have a tangential acceleration? A radial acceleration? Are these accelerations constant in magnitude? In direction? In each
In Fig. Q9.4, how are the radial accelerations of points at the teeth of the two sprockets related? Explain. Wrear Treat front Rear sprocket Wfront Front sprocket
The fish shoots the drop of water at an insect that hovers on the water’s surface, so just before colliding with the insect, the drop is still moving at the speed it had when it left the fish’s
What is the average force the fish exerts on the drop of water?(a) 0.00015 N;(b) 0.00075 N;(c) 0.075 N;(d) 0.15 N.Archerfish are tropical fish that hunt by shooting drops of water from their mouths
What is the speed of the archerfish immediately after it expels the drop of water?(a) 0.0025 m/s;(b) 0.012 m/s;(c) 0.75 m/s;(d) 2.5 m/sArcherfish are tropical fish that hunt by shooting drops of
What is the momentum of one drop of water immediately after it leaves the fish’s mouth?(a) 7.5 × 10-4 kg ∙ m/s;(b) 1.5 × 10-4 kg ∙ m/s;(c) 7.5 × 10-3 kg ∙ m/s;(d) 1.5 × 10-3 kg ∙
Block B (mass 4.00 kg) is at rest at the edge of a smooth platform, 2.60 m above the floor. Block A (mass 2.00 kg) is sliding with a speed of 8.00 m/s along the platform toward block B. A strikes B
Based on Fig. P7.82, how much elastic potential energy is stored in the DNA when it is stretched 50 nm?(a) 2.5 * 10-19 J;(b) 1.2 * 10-19 J;(c) 5.0 * 10-12 J;(d) 2.5 * 10-12 J.A DNA molecule, with its
A glass dropped on the floor is more likely to break if the floor is concrete than if it is wood. Why? (Refer to Fig. 8.3b.)Fig 8.3b ΣΗ Large force that acts for a short time The area under both
A segment of DNA is put in place and stretched. Figure P7.82 shows a graph of the force exerted on the DNA as a function of the displacement of the stage. Based on this graph, which statement is the
During the calibration process, the cantilever is observed to deflect by 0.10 nm when a force of 3.0 pN is applied to it. What deflection of the cantilever would correspond to a force of 6.0 pN?(a)
A small block with mass 0.0400 kg is moving in the xy-plane. The net force on the block is described by the potential energy function U(x, y) = (5.80 J/m2)x2 - (3.60 J/m3)y3. What are the magnitude
When people are cold, they often rub their hands together to warm up. How does doing this produce heat? Where does the heat come from?
An object is released from rest at the top of a ramp. If the ramp is frictionless, does the object’s speed at the bottom of the ramp depend on the shape of the ramp or just on its height? Explain.
How many times greater is the kinetic energy of the person when biking than when walking? Ignore the mass of the bike.(a) 1.7;(b) 3;(c) 6;(d) 9.On flat ground, a 70-kg person requires about 300 W of
A 70-kg person walks at a steady pace of 5.0 km/h on a treadmill at a 5.0% grade. (That is, the vertical distance covered is 5.0% of the horizontal distance covered.) If we assume the metabolic power
Based on the given data, how does the energy used in biking 1 km compare with that used in walking 1 km? Biking takes(a) 1/3 of the energy of walking the same distance;(b) The same energy as walking
Suppose you are in a rocket with no windows, traveling in deep space far from other objects. Without looking outside the rocket or making any contact with the outside world, explain how you could
The sign of many physical quantities depends on the choice of coordinates. For example, ay for free-fall motion can be negative or positive, depending on whether we choose upward or downward as
A person wearing these shoes stands on a smooth, horizontal rock. She pushes against the ground to begin running. What is the maximum horizontal acceleration she can have without slipping?(a)
If the person steps onto a smooth rock surface that’s inclined at an angle large enough that these shoes begin to slip, what will happen?(a) She will slide a short distance and stop;(b) She will
For a person wearing these shoes, what’s the maximum angle (with respect to the horizontal) of a smooth rock that can be walked on without slipping?(a) 42°;(b) 50°;(c) 64°;(d) larger than 90°.
When a batted baseball moves with air drag, when does the ball travel a greater horizontal distance?(i) While climbing to its maximum height;(ii) While descending from its maximum height back to the
A ball is dropped from rest and feels air resistance as it falls. Which of the graphs in Fig. Q5.26 best represents its vertical velocity component as a function of time?Figure Q5.26 (a) (c) (d) (e)
You throw a baseball straight upward. If you do not ignore air resistance, how does the time required for the ball to reach its maximum height compare to the time required for it to fall from its
A crate slides up an inclined ramp and then slides down the ramp after momentarily stopping near the top. There is kinetic friction between the surface of the ramp and the crate. Which is greater?(i)

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