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physics
university physics

Questions and Answers of University Physics

In Fig. 8.23b, the kinetic energy of the Ping-Pong ball is larger after its interaction with the bowling ball than before. From where does the extra energy come? Describe the event in terms of
A machine gun is fired at a steel plate. Is the average force on the plate from the bullet impact greater if the bullets bounce off or if they are squashed and stick to the plate? Explain.
A net force of 4 N acts on an object initially at rest for 0.25 s and gives it a final speed of 5 m/s. How could a net force of 2 N produce the same final speed?
A net force with x-component ΣFx acts on an object from time t1 to time t2. The x-component of the momentum of the object is the same at t1 as it is at t2, but ΣFx is not zero at all times between
A tennis player hits a tennis ball with a racket. Consider the system made up of the ball and the racket. Is the total momentum of the system the same just before and just after the hit? Is the total
Two figure skaters, one weighing 625 N and the other 725 N, push off against each other on frictionless ice.(a) If the heavier skater travels at 1.50 m/s, how fast will the lighter one travel?(b) How
In Example 8.4 (Section 8.2), consider the system consisting of the rifle plus the bullet. What is the speed of the system’s center of mass after the rifle is fired? Explain.
An egg is released from rest from the roof of a building and falls to the ground. As the egg falls, what happens to the momentum of the system of the egg plus the earth?
A woman stands in the middle of a perfectly smooth, frictionless, frozen lake. She can set herself in motion by throwing things, but suppose she has nothing to throw. Can she propel herself to shore
At the highest point in its parabolic trajectory, a shell explodes into two fragments. Is it possible for both fragments to fall straight down after the explosion? Why or why not?
When an object breaks into two pieces (explosion, radioactive decay, recoil, etc.), the lighter fragment gets more kinetic energy than the heavier one. This is a consequence of momentum conservation,
An apple falls from a tree and feels no air resistance. As it is falling, which of these statements about it are true?(a) Only its momentum is conserved;(b) Only its mechanical energy is
Two pieces of clay collide and stick together. During the collision, which of these statements are true?(a) Only the momentum of the clay is conserved;(b) Only the mechanical energy of the clay is
Two objects of mass M and 5M are at rest on a horizontal, frictionless table with a compressed spring of negligible mass between them. When the spring is released, which of the following statements
A very heavy SUV collides head-on with a very light compact car. Which of these statements about the collision are correct?(a) The amount of kinetic energy lost by the SUV is equal to the amount of
You (mass 55 kg) are riding a frictionless skateboard (mass 5.0 kg) in a straight line at a speed of 4.5 m/s. A friend standing on a balcony above you drops a 2.5 kg sack of flour straight down into
Two cars collide at an intersection. Car A, with a mass of 2000 kg, is going from west to east, while car B, of mass 1500 kg, is going from north to south at 15 m/s. As a result, the two cars become
Jack (mass 55.0 kg) is sliding due east with speed 8.00 m/s on the surface of a frozen pond. He collides with Jill (mass 48.0 kg), who is initially at rest. After the collision, Jack is traveling at
A 15.0-kg block is attached to a very light horizontal spring of force constant 500.0 N/m and is resting on a frictionless horizontal table (Fig. E8.44). Suddenly it is struck by a 3.00-kg stone
A 0.800-kg ornament is hanging by a 1.50-m wire when the ornament is suddenly hit by a 0.200-kg missile traveling horizontally at 12.0 m/s. The missile embeds itself in the ornament during the
Two blocks have a spring compressed between them, as in Exercise 8.24. The spring has force constant 720 N/m and is initially compressed 0.225 m from its original length. For each block, what is(a)
You are called as an expert witness to analyze the following auto accident: Car B, of mass 1900 kg, was stopped at a red light when it was hit from behind by car A, of mass 1500 kg. The cars locked
A 1500-kg sedan goes through a wide intersection traveling from north to south when it is hit by a 2200-kg SUV traveling from east to west. The two cars become enmeshed due to the impact and slide as
In a fireworks display, a rocket is launched from the ground with a speed of 18.0 m>s and a direction of 51.0° above the horizontal. During the flight, the rocket explodes into two pieces of
A diatomic molecule can be modeled as two point masses, m1and m2, slightly separated (Fig. Q9.2). If the molecule is oriented along the y-axis, it has kinetic energy K when it spins about the x-axis.
Which of the following formulas is valid if the angular acceleration of an object is not constant? Explain your reasoning in each case.(a) v = rω;(b) atan = rα;(c) ω = ω0 + αt;(d) atan =
A 2004 Prius with a 150-lb driver and no passengers weighs 3071 lb. The car is initially at rest. Starting at t = 0, a net horizontal force Fx(t) in the +x-direction is applied to the car. The force
What is the difference between tangential and radial acceleration for a point on a rotating body?
In Fig. Q9.4, all points on the chain have the same linear speed. Is the magnitude of the linear acceleration also the same for all points on the chain? How are the angular accelerations of the two
A juggler throws a bowling pin straight up with an initial speed of 8.20 m/s. How much time elapses until the bowling pin returns to the juggler’s hand?
You throw a glob of putty straight up toward the ceiling, which is 3.60 m above the point where the putty leaves your hand. The initial speed of the putty as it leaves your hand is 9.50 m/s.(a) What
A tennis ball on Mars, where the acceleration due to gravity is 0.379g and air resistance is negligible, is hit directly upward and returns to the same level 8.5 s later.(a) How high above its
You throw a small rock straight up from the edge of a highway bridge that crosses a river. The rock passes you on its way down, 6.00 s after it was thrown. What is the speed of the rock just before
A small object moves along the x-axis with acceleration ax(t) = -(0.0320 m/s3)(15.0 s - t). At t = 0 the object is at x = -14.0 m and has velocity v0x = 8.00 m/s. What is the x-coordinate of the
A rocket starts from rest and moves upward from the surface of the earth. For the first 10.0 s of its motion, the vertical acceleration of the rocket is given by ay = (2.80 m/s3)t, where the
A brick is dropped from the roof of a tall building. After it has been falling for a few seconds, it falls 40.0 m in a 1.00-s time interval. What distance will it fall during the next 1.00 s? Ignore
You are standing at rest at a bus stop. A bus moving at a constant speed of 5.00 m/s passes you. When the rear of the bus is 12.0 m past you, you realize that it is your bus, so you start to run
During your summer internship for an aerospace company, you are asked to design a small research rocket. The rocket is to be launched from rest from the earth’s surface and is to reach a maximum
An object is moving along the x-axis. At t = 0 it has velocity v0x = 20.0 m/s. Starting at time t = 0 it has acceleration ax = -Ct, where C has units of m/s3.(a) What is the value of C if the object
In your physics lab you release a small glider from rest at various points on a long, frictionless air track that is inclined at an angle Î¸ above the horizontal. With an electronic
In a physics lab experiment, you release a small steel ball at various heights above the ground and measure the ball’s speed just before it strikes the ground. You plot your data on a graph that
A model car starts from rest and travels in a straight line. A smartphone mounted on the car has an app that transmits the magnitude of the car’s acceleration (measured by an accelerometer) every
Redraw Fig. 3.11a if aÌ…(vector) is antiparallel to vÌ…1(vector). Does the particle move in a straight line? What happens to its speed?figure 3.11a Δύ b- + Δύ
A book slides off a horizontal tabletop. As it leaves the table’s edge, the book has a horizontal velocity of magnitude v0. The book strikes the floor in time t. If the initial velocity of the book
At the instant that you fire a bullet horizontally from a rifle, you drop a bullet from the height of the gun barrel. If there is no air resistance, which bullet hits the level ground first? Explain.
A package falls out of an airplane that is flying in a straight line at a constant altitude and speed. If you ignore air resistance, what would be the path of the package as observed by the pilot? As
Sketch the six graphs of the x- and y-components of position, velocity, and acceleration versus time for projectile motion with x0 = y0 = 0 and 0 < α0 < 90°.
You are a mechanical engineer working for a manufacturing company. Two forces, F̅1(vector) and F̅2(vector), act on a component part of a piece of equipment. Your boss asked you to find the
You are a team leader at a pharmaceutical company. Several technicians are preparing samples, and you want to compare the densities of the samples (density = mass>volume) by using the mass and
You are lost at night in a large, open field. Your GPS tells you that you are 122.0 m from your truck, in a direction 58.0o east of south. You walk 72.0 m due west along a ditch. How much farther,
As a test of orienteering skills, your physics class holds a contest in a large, open field. Each contestant is told to travel 20.8 m due north from the starting point, then 38.0 m due east, and
You leave the airport in College Station and fly 23.0 km in a direction 34.0o south of east. You then fly 46.0 km due north. How far and in what direction must you then fly to reach a private landing
You are given two vectors Let counterclockwiseangles be positive.(a) What angle does A(Vector) make with the + x-axis? (b) What angle does B(Vector) make with the + x-axis? (c) Vector
If A̅(Vector) = 0 for a vector in the xy-plane, does it follow that Ax = -Ay? What can you say about Ax and Ay?
(a) If A̅(Vector) ∙ B̅(Vector) = 0 does it necessarily follow that A = 0 or B = 0? Explain.(b) If A̅(Vector) × B̅(Vector) = 0, does it necessarily follow that A = 0 or B = 0? Explain.
Show that, no matter what A̅(Vector) and B̅(Vector )are, A̅(Vector) ∙ { A̅(Vector) × B̅(Vector)}= 0.
Consider the vector productsandGive an example that illustrates the general rule that these two vector products do not have the same magnitude or direction. Can you choose vectors
Which of the following are legitimate mathematical operations:(a)(b)(c)(d)(e) A· (B – Ċ) (A - В) х С;
Let A̅(Vector) represent any nonzero vector. Why is A̅(Vector)/A a unit vector, and what is its direction? If θ is the angle that A̅(Vector) makes with the +x-axis, explain why (A̅(Vector) /A)
What does A̅(Vector) ∙ A̅(Vector), the scalar product of a vector with itself, give? What about A̅(Vector) × A̅(Vector), the vector product of a vector with itself?
If A̅(Vector) and B̅(Vector) are nonzero vectors, is it possible for both A̅(Vector) ∙ B̅(Vector) and A̅(Vector) × B̅(Vector) to be zero? Explain.
Express each approximation of p to six significant figures:(a) 22/7 and(b) 355/113.(c) Are these approximations accurate to that precision?
(a) Does it make sense to say that a vector is negative? Why?(b) Does it make sense to say that one vector is the negative of another? Why? Does your answer here contradict what you said in part (a)?
Can you find a vector quantity that has a magnitude of zero but components that are not zero? Explain. Can the magnitude of a vector be less than the magnitude of any of its components? Explain.
Air traffic controllers give instructions called “vectors” to tell airline pilots in which direction they are to fly. If these are the only instructions given, is the name “vector” used
The “direction of time” is said to proceed from past to future. Does this mean that time is a vector quantity? Explain.
Can you find two vectors with different lengths that have a vector sum of zero? What length restrictions are required for three vectors to have a vector sum of zero? Explain.
A circular racetrack has a radius of 500 m. What is the displacement of a bicyclist when she travels around the track from the north side to the south side? When she makes one complete circle around
Is the vector (î + ĵ + k̂) a unit vector? Is the vector (3.0î - 2.0ĵ) a unit vector? Justify your answers.
Three archers each fire four arrows at a target. Joe’s four arrows hit at points 10 cm above, 10 cm below, 10 cm to the left, and 10 cm to the right of the center of the target. All four of Moe’s
What are the units of volume? Suppose another student tells you that a cylinder of radius r and height h has volume given by πr3h. Explain why this cannot be right.
The quantity π = 3.14159.... is a number with no dimensions, since it is a ratio of two lengths. Describe two or three other geometrical or physical quantities that are dimensionless.
Describe how you could measure the thickness of a sheet of paper with an ordinary ruler.
What physical phenomena (other than a pendulum or cesium clock) could you use to define a time standard?
The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) maintains several accurate copies of the international standard kilogram. Even after careful cleaning, these national standard kilograms
What is your height in centimeters? What is your weight in newtons?
Suppose you are asked to compute the tangent of 5.00 meters. Is this possible? Why or why not?
How many correct experiments do we need to disprove a theory? How many do we need to prove a theory? Explain.
On October 15, 2001, a planet was discovered orbiting around the star HD 68988. Its orbital distance was measured to be 10.5 million kilometers from the center of the star, and its orbital period was
A parallel-plate capacitor is made from two plates 12.0 cm on each side and 4.50 mm apart. Half of the space between these plates contains only air, but the other half is filled with Plexiglas®of
You are working on an electronics project requiring a variety of capacitors, but you have only a large supply of 100-nF capacitors available. Show how you can connect these capacitors to produce each
Electric eels and electric fish generate large potential differences that are used to stun enemies and prey. These potentials are produced by cells that each can generate 0.10 V. We can plausibly
A parallel-plate air capacitor is to store charge of magnitude 240.0 pC on each plate when the potential difference between the plates is 42.0 V.(a) If the area of each plate is 6.80 cm2, what is the
In a certain region of space, the magnetic field is not uniform. The magnetic field BÌ… has both a z-component and a component that points radially away from or toward the z-axis. The
The largest cyclotron in the United States is the Tevatronat Fermilab, near Chicago, Illinois. It is called a Tevatron because it can accelerate particles to energies in the TeV range: 1 tera-eV =
The 20.0 cm x 35.0 cm rectangular circuit shown in Fig. E27.45 is hinged along side ab. It carries a clockwise 5.00-A current and is located in a uni-form 1.20-T magnetic field oriented perpendicular
A straight, 2.5-m wire carries a typical household current of 1.5 A (in one direction) at a location where the earth’s magnetic field is 0.55 gauss from south to north. Find the magnitude and
A 10.0-cm-long solenoid of diameter 0.400 cm is wound uniformly with 800 turns. A second coil with 50 turns is wound around the solenoid at its center. What is the mutual inductance of the
A circular loop of flexible iron wire has an initial circumference of 165.0 cm, but its circumference is decreasing at a constant rate of 12.0 cm/s due to a tangential pull on the wire. The loop is
One practical way to measure magnetic field strength uses a small, closely wound coil called a search coil. The coil is initially held with its plane perpendicular to a magnetic field. The coil is
A single loop of wire with an area of 0.0900 m2 is in a uniform magnetic field that has an initial value of 3.80 T, is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, and is decreasing at a constant
A flat, round iron ring 5.00 cm in diameter has a cur-rent running through it that produces a magnetic field of 75.4 μT at its center. This ring is placed in a uniform external magnetic field of
Two insulated wires perpendicular to each other in the same plane carry currents as shown in Fig. E28.29. Find the magnitude of the net magnetic field these wires produce at points P and Q if the
Currents in dc transmission lines can be 100 A or more. Some people have expressed concern that the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from such lines near their homes could cause health dangers. For a
Certain bacteria (such as Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum) tend to swim toward the earth’s geographic north pole because they contain tiny particles, called magnetosomes, that are sensitive to a
The body contains many small currents caused by the motion of ions in the organs and cells. Measurements of the magnetic field around the chest due to currents in the heart give values of about 10
A short current element dt = (0.500 mm) ĵ carries a current of 8.20 A in the same direction as dI. Point P is located at r̅ = |(–0.730 m) î + (0.390 m) k̂. Use unit vectors to express the
An inductor with L = 9.50 mH is connected across an ac source that has voltage amplitude 45.0 V.(a) What is the phase angle ϕ for the source voltage relative to the current? Does the source voltage
A capacitor is connected across an ac source that has volt-age amplitude 60.0 V and frequency 80.0 Hz. (a) What is the phase angle ϕ for the source voltage relative to the current? Does the
You have a special light bulb with a very delicate wire filament. The wire will break if the current in it ever exceeds 1.50 A, even for an instant. What is the largest root-mean-square current you

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