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social science
psychology 2e
Psychology 2nd Edition Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett - Solutions
Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain?a. Thalamusb. Hippocampusc. Amygdalad. Substantia nigra
The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:a. Estrogen and progesteroneb. Norepinephrine and epinephrinec. Thyroxine and oxytocind. Glucagon and insulin
The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands.a. Ovaryb. Thyroidc. Pituitaryd. Pancreas
The ________ gland secretes epinephrine.a. Adrenalb. Thyroidc. Pituitaryd. Master
The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body’s fluid levels.a. Adrenalb. Pituitaryc. Testesd. Thyroid
The theory of evolution by natural selection requires variability of a given trait. Why is variability necessary and where does it come from?
Cocaine has two effects on synaptic transmission: it impairs reuptake of dopamine and it causes more dopamine to be released into the synaptic cleft. Would cocaine be classified as an agonist or antagonist? Why?
Drugs such as lidocaine and novocaine act as Na+ channel blockers. In other words, they prevent sodium from moving across the neuronal membrane. Why would this particular effect make these drugs such effective local anesthetics?
Examine Figure 3.14, illustrating the effects of sympathetic nervous system activation. How would all of these things play into the fight or flight response? Parasympathetic Nervous System Constricts pupil- Stimulates salivation Slows heart rate Constricts bronchi Stimulates digestion Causes
What are the implications of compromised immune function as a result of exposure to chronic stress?
Before the advent of modern imaging techniques, scientists and clinicians relied on autopsies of people who suffered brain injury with resultant change in behavior to determine how different areas of the brain were affected. What are some of the limitations associated with this kind of approach?
Which of the techniques discussed would be viable options for you to determine how activity in the reticular formation is related to sleep and wakefulness? Why?
Hormone secretion is often regulated through a negative feedback mechanism, which means that once a hormone is secreted it will cause the hypothalamus and pituitary to shut down the production of signals necessary to secrete the hormone in the first place. Most oral contraceptives are made of small
Chemical messengers are used in both the nervous system and the endocrine system. What properties do these two systems share? What properties are different? Which one would be faster? Which one would result in long-lasting changes?
Have you or someone you know ever been prescribed a psychotropic medication? If so, what side effects were associated with the treatment?
Hopefully, you do not face real physical threats from potential predators on a daily basis. However, you probably have your fair share of stress. What situations are your most common sources of stress? What can you do to try to minimize the negative consequences of these particular stressors in
You read about H. M.'s memory deficits following the bilateral removal of his hippocampus and amygdala. Have you encountered a character in a book, television program, or movie that suffered memory deficits? How was that character similar to and different from H. M.?
Given the negative health consequences associated with the use of anabolic steroids, what kinds of considerations might be involved in a person’s decision to use them?
The body’s biological clock is located in the ________.a. Hippocampusb. Thalamusc. Hypothalamusd. Pituitary gland
________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.a. Biologicalb. Circadianc. Rotatingd. Conscious
________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.a. Light-dark exposureb. Coffee consumptionc. Alcohol consumptiond. Napping
Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.a. Pineal glandb. Thyroidc. Pituitary glandd. Pancreas
The ________ plays a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.a. Hypothalamusb. Thalamusc. Ponsd. Both a and b
________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.a. Growth hormoneb. Melatoninc. LHd. FSH
________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.a. Melatoninb. Slow-wave sleepc. Sleep deprivationd. Growth hormone
________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep.a. Stage 1b. Stage 2c. Stage 3 and stage 4d. REM sleep
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.a. Stage 1b. Stage 2c. Stage 3 and stage 4d. REM
Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.a. Schizophreniab. Parkinson’s diseasec. Depressiond. Generalized anxiety disorder
The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.a. Latentb. Manifestc. Collective unconsciousd. Important
________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.a. RBDb. CPAPc. Cataplexyd. Insomnia
An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to themuscles that regulate breathing.a. Central sleep apneab. Obstructive sleep apneac. Narcolepsyd. SIDS
The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.a. Sleep apneab. RBDc. SIDSd. Narcolepsy
________ is another word for sleepwalking.a. Insomniab. Somnambulismc. Cataplexyd. Narcolepsy
________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.a. Withdrawalb. Psychological dependencec. Toleranced. Reuptake
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.a. GABAb. Glutamatec. Acetylcholined. Dopamine
________ refers to drug craving.a. Psychological dependenceb. Antagonismc. Agonismd. Physical dependence
LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.a. Dopamineb. Serotoninc. Acetylcholined. Norepinephrine
________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.a. Hypnosisb. Meditationc. Mindful awarenessd. Cognitive therapy
________ has its roots in religious practice.a. Hypnosisb. Meditationc. Cognitive therapyd. Behavioral therapy
Meditation may be helpful in ________.a. Pain managementb. Stress controlc. Treating the flud. Both a and b
Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.a. Hypnosisb. Meditationc. Mindful awarenessd. Progressive relaxation
Healthcare professionals often work rotating shifts. Why is this problematic? What can be done to deal with potential problems?
Generally, humans are considered diurnal which means we are awake during the day and asleep during the night. Many rodents, on the other hand, are nocturnal. Why do you think different animals have such different sleep-wake cycles?
If theories that assert sleep is necessary for restoration and recovery from daily energetic demands are correct, what do you predict about the relationship that would exist between individuals’ total sleep duration and their level of activity?
How could researchers determine if given areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of sleep?
Differentiate the evolutionary theories of sleep and make a case for the one with the most compelling evidence.
Freud believed that dreams provide important insight into the unconscious mind. He maintained that a dream’s manifest content could provide clues into an individual’s unconscious. What potential criticisms exist for this particular perspective?
Some people claim that sleepwalking and talking in your sleep involve individuals acting out their dreams. Why is this particular explanation unlikely?
One of the recommendations that therapists will make to people who suffer from insomnia is to spend less waking time in bed. Why do you think spending waking time in bed might interfere with the ability to fall asleep later?
How is narcolepsy with cataplexy similar to and different from REM sleep?
The negative health consequences of both alcohol and tobacco products are well-documented. A drug like marijuana, on the other hand, is generally considered to be as safe, if not safer than these legal drugs. Why do you think marijuana use continues to be illegal in many parts of the United States?
Why are programs designed to educate people about the dangers of using tobacco products just as important as developing tobacco cessation programs?
What advantages exist for researching the potential health benefits of hypnosis?
What types of studies would be most convincing regarding the effectiveness of meditation in the treatment for some type of physical or mental disorder?
We experience shifts in our circadian clocks in the fall and spring of each year with time changes associated with daylight saving time. Is springing ahead or falling back easier for you to adjust to, and why do you think that is?
What do you do to adjust to the differences in your daily schedule throughout the week? Are you running a sleep debt when daylight saving time begins or ends?
Have you (or someone you know) ever experienced significant periods of sleep deprivation because of simple insomnia, high levels of stress, or as a side effect from a medication? What were the consequences of missing out on sleep?
Researchers believe that one important function of sleep is to facilitate learning and memory. How does knowing this help you in your college studies? What changes could you make to your study and sleep habits to maximize your mastery of the material covered in class?
What factors might contribute to your own experiences with insomnia?
Many people experiment with some sort of psychoactive substance at some point in their lives. Why do you think people are motivated to use substances that alter consciousness?
Under what circumstances would you be willing to consider hypnosis and/or meditation as a treatment option? What kind of information would you need before you made a decision to use these techniques?
________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time.a. Absolute thresholdb. Difference thresholdc. Just noticeable differenced. Transduction
Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as ________.a. Transductionb. Difference thresholdc. Sensory adaptationd. Inattentional blindness
________ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.a. Sensory adaptationb. Inattentional blindnessc. Difference thresholdd. Transduction
At which stage of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to illness?a. Exhaustionb. Alarm reactionc. Fight-or-flightd. Resistance
During an encounter judged as stressful, cortisol is released by the ________.a. Sympathetic nervous systemb. Hypothalamusc. Pituitary glandd. Adrenal glands
According to the Holmes and Rahe scale, which life event requires the greatest amount of readjustment?a. Marriageb. Personal illnessc. Divorced. Death of spouse
While waiting to pay for his weekly groceries at the supermarket, Paul had to wait about 20 minutes in a long line at the checkout because only one cashier was on duty. When he was finally ready to pay, his debit card was declined because he did not have enough money left in his checking account.
What is one of the major criticisms of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?a. It has too few items.b. It was developed using only people from the New England region of the United States.c. It does not take into consideration how a person appraises an event.d. None of the items included are
Which of the following is not a dimension of job burnout?a. Depersonalizationb. Hostilityc. Exhaustiond. Diminished personal accomplishment
The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ________.a. Antibodiesb. Telomeresc. Lymphocytesd. Immune cells
The risk of heart disease is especially high among individuals with ________.a. Depressionb. Asthmac. Telomeresd. Lymphocytes
The most lethal dimension of Type A behavior pattern seems to be ________.a. Hostilityb. Impatiencec. Time urgencyd. Competitive drive
Which of the following statements pertaining to asthma is false?a. Parental and interpersonal conflicts have been tied to the development of asthma.b. Asthma sufferers can experience asthma-like symptoms simply by believing that an inert substance they breathe will lead to airway obstruction.c.
Emotion-focused coping would likely be a better method than problem-focused coping for dealing with which of the following stressors?a. Terminal cancerb. Poor grades in schoolc. Unemploymentd. Divorce
Studies of British civil servants have found that those in the lowest status jobs are much more likely to develop heart disease than those who have high status jobs. These findings attest to the importance of ________ in dealing with stress.a. Biofeedbackb. Social supportc. Perceived controld.
Relative to those with low levels of social support, individuals with high levels of social support ________.a. Are more likely to develop asthmab. Tend to have less perceived controlc. Are more likely to develop cardiovascular disordersd. Tend to tolerate stress well
The concept of learned helplessness was formulated by Seligman to explain the ________.a. Inability of dogs to attempt to escape avoidable shocks after having received inescapable shocksb. Failure of dogs to learn to from prior mistakesc. Ability of dogs to learn to help other dogs escape
Which of the following is not one of the presumed components of happiness?a. Using our talents to help improve the lives of othersb. Learning new skillsc. Regular pleasurable experiencesd. Identifying and using our talents to enrich our lives
Have you ever experienced or witnessed bullying or cyberbullying? How did it make you feel? What did you do about it? After reading this section would you have done anything differently?
The next time you see someone needing help, observe your surroundings. Look to see if the bystander effect is in action and take measures to make sure the person gets help. If you aren’t able to help, notify an adult or authority figure that can.
Think about your recent friendships and romantic relationship(s). What factors do you think influenced the development of these relationships? What attracted you to becoming friends or romantic partners?
Have you ever used a social exchange theory approach to determine how satisfied you were in a relationship, either a friendship or romantic relationship? Have you ever had the costs outweigh the benefits of a relationship? If so, how did you address this imbalance?
Who was the first psychologist to use psychology in advertising?a. Hugo Münsterbergb. Elton Mayoc. Walter Dill Scottd. Walter Bingham
Which test designed for the Army was used for recruits who were not fluent in English?a. Army Personalityb. Army Alphac. Army Betad. Army Intelligence
Which area of I-O psychology measures job satisfaction?a. Industrial psychologyb. Organizational psychologyc. Human factors psychologyd. Advertising psychology
Which statement best describes the Hawthorne effect?a. Giving workers rest periods seems like it should decrease productivity, but it actually increases productivity.b. Social relations among workers have a greater effect on productivity than physical environment.c. Changes in light levels improve
Which of the following questions is illegal to ask in a job interview in the United States?a. Which university did you attend?b. Which state were you born in?c. Do you have a commercial driver’s license?d. What salary would you expect for this position?
Which of the following items is not a part of KSAs?a. Aspirationb. Knowledgec. Skilld. Other abilities
Who is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant?a. Americans with Disabilities Actb. Supreme Court of the United Statesc. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commissiond. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology
A ________ is an example of a tactical team.a. Surgical teamb. Car design teamc. Budget committeed. Sports team
Which practice is an example of Theory X management?a. Telecommutingb. Flextimec. Keystroke monitoringd. Team meetings
Which is one effect of the team halo effect?a. Teams appear to work better than they dob. Teams never failc. Teams lead to greater job satisfactiond. Teams boost productivity
Which of the following is the most strongly predictive factor of overall job satisfaction?a. Financial rewardsb. Personalityc. Autonomyd. Work content
What is the name for what occurs when a supervisor offers a work-related reward in exchange for a sexual favor?a. Hiring biasb. Quid pro quoc. Hostile work environmentd. Immutable characteristics
What aspect of an office workstation would a human factors psychologist be concerned about?a. Height of the chairb. Closeness to the supervisorc. Frequency of coworker visitsd. Presence of an offensive sign
A human factors psychologist who studied how a worker interacted with a search engine would be researching in the area of ________.a. Attentionb. Cognitive engineeringc. Job satisfactiond. Management
Many of the examples of I-O psychology are applications to businesses. Name four different non-business contexts that I-O psychology could impact?
Construct a good interview question for a position of your choosing. The question should relate to a specific skill requirement for the position and you will need to include the criteria for rating the applicants answer.
What might be useful mechanisms for avoiding bias during employment interviews?
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