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Questions and Answers of Business Communication

Why is it useful to obtain the power curve for a hypothesis test?
Refer to Example 4.24 on pages 202- 203. In probability notation, the percentage of Midwest residents can be expressed as P(R2). Do the same for the percentage of a. Southern residents. b. Southern
Explain why Type II errors and powers are almost always obtained by computer.
Explain the meaning of the term hypothesis as used in inferential statistics.
Suppose that you take an exam with 400 possible points and are told that the mean score is 280 and that the standard deviation is 20. You are also told that you got 350. Did you do well on the exam?
What role does the decision criterion play in a hypothesis test?
In the article "Food Allergy Advice May Be Peanuts" (Science News, Vol. 174, No. 12, pp. 8-9), N. Seppa reports that early exposure to peanuts seems to lessen the risk of nut allergy. Of 4000 Jewish
Answer true or false and explain your answer: For a fixed sample size, decreasing the significance level of a hypothesis test results in an increase in the probability of making a Type II error.
True or false: The P-value is the smallest significance level for which the observed sample data result in rejection of the null hypothesis.
Fill in the blank: The Mann-Whitney test can be used to compare two population means. That test can also be used to compare two population __________.
What constitutes each pair in a paired sample?
A hypothesis test, based on a paired sample, is to be performed to compare the means of two populations. The sample of 15 paired differences contains an outlier but otherwise is approximately bell
Explain how to proceed with a paired sign test if one or more of the paired differences equals 0.
Define the phrase independent samples.
Explain one possible advantage of using a paired sample instead of independent samples.
What distribution is used in this chapter to make inferences for one population standard deviation?
The two χ2-values that divide the area under the curve into a middle 0.95 area and two outside 0.025 areas
Provide a reason why the classification of data is important.
What distribution is used in this chapter to make inferences for two population standard deviations?
Fill in the blanks: a. An F-curve is ______________skewed. b. For an F-curve with df = (14, 5), the F-value having area 0.05 to its left equals the ____________of the F-value having area 0.05 to its
Identify the notation used for each of the following concepts. a. K factorial b. The number of possible permutations of r objects that can be formed from a collection of m objects c. The number of
Three actions are to be performed in a definite order. There are four possibilities for the first action; corresponding to each of these possibilities are five possibilities for the second action;
Four actions are to be performed in a definite order. There are five possibilities for the first action; corresponding to each of these possibilities are two possibilities for the second action;
Find 0!, 5!, and 6!.
Find 3!, 7!, and 2!.
When you use the two-standard-deviations F-test, what assumption must be met by the variable under consideration? How important is that assumption?
When you use chi-square procedures to make inferences about a population standard deviation, why should the variable under consideration be normally distributed or nearly so?
How many numbers of degrees of freedom does an F-curve have? What are those degrees of freedom called? Why do you think they are so called?
The National Center for Health Statistics published the following data on the leading causes of death in 2010 in National Vital Statistics Reports. Deaths are classified according to the tenth
In using F-procedures to make inferences for two population standard deviations, why should the distributions (one for each population) of the variable under consideration be normally distributed or
The number of possible permutations of m objects among themselves is __________.
The number of possible samples of size n from a population of size N is __________.
What is meant by saying that a variable has a chi-square distribution?
How are different chi-square distributions identified?
When you use the one-standard-deviation χ2-test or χ2-interval procedure, what assumption must be met by the variable under consideration? How important is that assumption?
There are many choices to make when buying a new car. The options for a Tesla Model S can be found on the Tesla Motors website. For 2013, choices are available, among others, for roof (3), exterior
Regarding a sample proportion: a. What is it? b. What symbol is used for it?
A statistics professor needs to construct a five-question quiz, one question for each of five topics. The computerized testing system she uses provides eight choices for the question on the first
Why is a sample proportion generally used to estimate a population proportion instead of obtaining the population proportion directly?
Identify two main types of graphical displays that are used for qualitative data.
An advertisement for i Dolls states: "Choose from 69 billion combinations to create a one-of-a-kind doll." The ad goes on to say that there are 39 choices for hairstyle, 19 for eye color, 8 for hair
Investment firms usually have a large selection of mutual funds from which an investor can choose. One such firm has 30 mutual funds. Suppose that you plan to invest in four of these mutual funds,
Explain the relationships among the sample proportion, the number of successes in the sample, and the sample size.
From the official website of the 2013 Los Angeles Dodgers major league baseball team, we found that there were five active players on roster available to play outfield. Assuming that these five
At a movie festival, a team of judges is to pick the first, second, and third place winners from the 18 films entered. How many possibilities are there?
The sales manager of a clothing company needs to assign seven salespeople to seven different territories. How many possibilities are there for the assignments?
What important theorem in statistics implies that, for a large sample size, the possible sample proportions of that size have approximately a normal distribution?
Explain the basic idea for performing a hypothesis test, based on independent samples, to compare two population proportions.
Why is statistical inference generally used to obtain information about a population proportion?
Is a population proportion a parameter or a statistic? What about a sample proportion? Explain your answers.
A classic study, conducted in 1935 by B. Lowe at the Iowa Agriculture Experiment Station, analyzed differences in the amount of fat absorbed by doughnuts in cooking with four different fats. For the
Regarding a population proportion: a. What is it? b. What symbol is used for it?
If the observed and expected frequencies for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, a chi-square independence test, or a chi-square homogeneity test matched perfectly, what would be the value of the test
Identify the type of table that is used to group bivariate data.
Identify three ways in which the total number of observations of bivariate data can be obtained from the frequencies in a contingency table. Discuss.
To decide whether two variables of a population are associated, we usually need to resort to inferential methods such as the chi-square independence test. Why?
Step 1 of Procedure 13.2 gives generic statements for the null and alternative hypotheses of a chi-square independence test. Use the terms statistically dependent and statistically independent,
For what purpose is a chi-square homogeneity test used?
If a variable of two populations has only two possible values, the chi-square homogeneity test is equivalent to a two-tailed test that we discussed in an earlier chapter. What test is that?
How do you distinguish among the infinitely many different chisquare distributions and their corresponding χ2-curves?
How do you identify different chi-square distributions?
Explain why a census is often not the best way to obtain information about a population.
Regarding a χ2-curve: a. At what point on the horizontal axis does the curve begin? b. Classify its shape as symmetric, left skewed, or right skewed. c. As the number of degrees of freedom
If a line has a positive slope, y-values on the line decrease as the x-values decrease.
What kind of plot is useful for deciding whether finding a regression line for a set of data points is reasonable?
Regarding the variables in a regression analysis, a. What is the independent variable called? b. What is the dependent variable called?
Using the regression equation to make predictions for values of the predictor variable outside the range of the observed values of the predictor variable is called _________.
What is one purpose of the linear correlation coefficient?
The linear correlation coefficient is also known by another name. What is it?
The graph of a linear equation with one independent variable is a ______.
The y-intercept of a line has no effect on the steepness of the line.
A horizontal line has no slope.
Identify two statistical methods other than a census for obtaining information.
For two variables satisfying Assumptions 1-3 for regression inferences, the population regression equation is y = 20 − 3.5x. For samples of size 10 and given values of the predictor variable, the
Without doing any calculations, fill in the blank. Based on the sample data in Table 15.4, the predicted price for a 4-year-old Orion is $11,443. A point estimate for the mean price of all 4-year-old
Identify the statistic used to estimate the population linear correlation coefficient.
Suppose that, for a sample of pairs of observations from two variables, the linear correlation coefficient, r, is positive. Does this result necessarily imply that the variables are positively
Suppose that, for a sample of pairs of observations from two variables, the linear correlation coefficient, r, is negative. Does this result necessarily imply that the variables are negatively
Suppose that x and y are predictor and response variables, respectively, of a population. Consider the population that consists of all members of the original population that have a specified value
What statistic is used to estimate a. The y-intercept of the population regression line? b. The slope of the population regression line? c. The common conditional standard deviation, σ, of the
Based on a sample of data points, what is the best estimate of the population regression line?
Identify three statistics that can be used as a basis for testing the utility of a regression.
The difference between an observed value and a predicted value of the response variable is called a _______.
In sampling, explain why obtaining a representative sample is important.
For a particular value of a predictor variable, is there a difference between the predicted value of the response variable and the point estimate for the conditional mean of the response variable?
In each part, specify what type of analysis you might use. a. To study the effect of one factor on the mean of a response variable b. To study the effect of two factors on the mean of a response
What is the name of the distribution on which the Tukey multiple-comparison method is based? What is its abbreviation?
The parameter ν for the q-curve in a Tukey multiple comparison equals one of the degrees of freedom for the F-curve in a one-way ANOVA. Which one?
Determine the following for a q-curve with parameters κ = 6 and ν = 13. a. The q-value having area 0.05 to its right b. q0.01
Determine the following for a q-curve with parameters κ = 8 and ν = 20. a. The q-value having area 0.01 to its right b. q0.05
Find the following for a q-curve with parameters κ = 9 and ν = 30. a. The q-value having area 0.01 to its right b. q0.05
Find the following for a q-curve with parameters κ = 4 and ν = 11. a. The q-value having area 0.05 to its right b. q0.01
The data from Exercise 16.70 on the number of words of three syllables or more in advertisements from magazines of three different educational levels.
The data from Exercise 16.72 on the survival times, in days, among samples of patients in advanced stages of cancer, grouped by the affected organ, who were given a vitamin C supplement.
Identify some methods used in descriptive statistics.
When is the use of single-value grouping particularly appropriate?
In Step 3 of Procedure 16.2, we obtain confidence intervals only when i < j. Explain how to determine the remaining confidence intervals from those obtained.
Of what test is the Kruskal-Wallis test a nonparametric version?
In the Kruskal-Wallis test, how should you deal with tied ranks?
How do we identify an F-distribution and its corresponding F-curve?

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