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computer sciences
systems analysis and design

Questions and Answers of Systems Analysis And Design

Some analysts believe that if the trend toward more powerful CASE tools continues, many tedious development tasks might be performed automatically. Is there a limit to the capabilities of future CASE
How do you know if a project is economically feasible? Why is TCO important?
Describe each cost classification and include two examples.
What are four chargeback methods? In your view, is one more “fair” than another?
Describe each benefit classification, and include two examples.
What formula do you use to calculate the payback period?
What formula do you use to calculate ROI?
Define the term present value, and provide an example.
What is the meaning of the phrase, time value of money? Discuss.
In this Toolkit Part, you learned how to use payback analysis, ROI, and NPV to assess IT projects. Could these tools also be used in your personal life? Give an example of how you might use each one
Suppose you are studying two hardware lease proposals. Option 1 costs $4,000, but requires that the entire amount be paid in advance. Option 2 costs $5,000, but the payments can be made $1,000 now
Are the Internet and the World Wide Web one and the same? Why or why not?
What is the invisible Web, and how large is it?
How would you plan an Internet research strategy?
How would you assess the quality of Internet research results?
What is Boolean logic? Provide three examples using everyday terms.
Describe social networking, forums, newsletters, blogs, podcasts, RSS feeds, Webinars, mailing lists, Web-based discussion groups, chat rooms, and instant messaging. How can these tools be used in
1. Before you start on the capstone project, you decide to hone your ERD skills by drawing your own version of the ERD shown in Figure 9-21 on page 364. You don’t have to be precise — it’s just
A precise optical signal source can control the output power level to within 1 percent [32]. A laser is controlled by an input current to yield the power output. A microprocessor controls the input
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are being developed to operate in the air autonomously for long periods of time. By autonomous, we mean that there is no interaction with human ground controllers.
Consider the inverted pendulum shown in Figure El.13. Sketch the block diagram of a feedback control system using Figure 1.3 as the model. Identify the process, sensor, actuator, and controller. The
Describe the block diagram of a person playing a video game. Suppose that the input device is a joystick and the game is being played on a desktop computer. Use Figure 1.3 as a model of the block
An automobile driver uses a control system to maintain the speed of the car at a prescribed level. Sketch a block diagram to illustrate this feedback system.
Fly-fishing is a sport that challenges the person to cast a small feathery fly using a light rod and line. The goal is to place the fly accurately and lightly on the distant surface of the stream
An autofocus camera will adjust the distance of the lens from the film by using a beam of infrared or ultrasound to determine the distance to the subject [42]. Sketch a block diagram of this
Because a sailboat cannot sail directly into the wind, and traveling straight downwind is usually slow, the shortest sailing distance is rarely a straight line. Thus sailboats tack upwind-the
Modern automated highways are being implemented around the world. Consider two highway lanes merging into a single lane. Describe a feedback control system carried on the automobile trailing the lead
Describe the block diagram of the speed control system of a motorcycle with a human driver.
Describe the process of human biofeedback used to regulate factors such as pain or body temperature. Biofeedback is a technique whereby a human can, with some success, consciously regulate pulse,
Future advanced commercial aircraft will be E-enabled. This will allow the aircraft to take advantage of continuing improvements in computer power and network growth. Aircraft can continuously
Many luxury automobiles have thermostatically controlled air-conditioning systems for the comfort of the passengers. Sketch a block diagram of an air-conditioning system where the driver sets the
The role of air traffic control systems is increasing as airplane traffic increases at busy airports. Engineers are developing air traffic control systems and collision avoidance systems using the
Automatic control of water level using a float level was used in the Middle East for a water clock [1, 11]. The water clock (Figure P1.11) was used from sometime before Christ until the 17th century.
An automatic turning gear for windmills was invented by Meikle in about 1750 [1, 11]. The fantail gear shown in Figure P1.12 automatically turns the windmill into the wind. The fantail windmill at
A common example of a two-input control system is a home shower with separate valves for hot and cold water. The objective is to obtain (1) a desired temperature of the shower water and (2) a desired
Adam Smith (1723-1790) discussed the issue of free competition between the participants of an economy in his book Wealth of Nations. It may be said that Smith employed social feedback mechanisms to
Small computers are used in automobiles to control emissions and obtain improved gas mileage. A computer-controlled fuel injection system that automatically adjusts the fuel-air mixture ratio could
All humans have experienced a fever associated with an illness. A fever is related to the changing of the control input in the body's thermostat. This thermostat, within the brain, normally regulates
Baseball players use feedback to judge a fly ball and to hit a pitch [35]. Describe a method used by a batter to judge the location of a pitch so that he can have the bat in the proper position to
A cutaway view of a commonly used pressure regulator is shown in Figure P1.18. The desired pressure is set by turning a calibrated screw. This compresses the spring and sets up a force that opposes
Ichiro Masaki of General Motors has patented a system that automatically adjusts a car's speed to keep a safe distance from vehicles in front. Using a video camera, the system detects and stores a
In the past, control systems used a human operator as part of a closed-loop control system. Sketch the block diagram of the valve control system shown in Figure P1.2.
A high-performance race car with an adjustable wing (airfoil) is shown in Figure P1.20. Develop a block diagram describing the ability of the airfoil to keep a constant road adhesion between the
The potential of employing two or more helicopters for transporting payloads that are too heavy for a single helicopter is a well-addressed issue in the civil and military rotorcraft design arenas
Engineers want to design a control system that will allow a building or other structure to react to the force of an earthquake much as a human would. The structure would yield to the force, but only
Engineers at the Science University of Tokyo are developing a robot with a humanlike face [52]. The robot can display facial expressions, so that it can work cooperatively with human workers. Sketch
An innovation for an intermittent automobile windshield wiper is the concept of adjusting its wiping cycle according to the intensity of the rain [54]. Sketch a block diagram of the wiper control
In the past 40 years, over 20,000 metric tons of hardware have been placed in Earth's orbit. During the same time span, over 15,000 metric tons of hardware returned to Earth. The objects remaining in
NASA is developing a compact rover designed to transmit data from the surface of an asteroid back to Earth, as illustrated in Figure P1.26. The rover will use a camera to take panoramic shots of the
A direct methanol fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts a methanol water solution to electricity [75]. Like rechargeable batteries, fuel cells directly convert chemicals to energy;
In a chemical process control system, it is valuable to control the chemical composition of the product. To do so, a measurement of the composition can be obtained by using an infrared stream
The accurate control of a nuclear reactor is important for power system generators. Assuming the number of neutrons present is proportional to the power level, an ionization chamber is used to
A light-seeking control system, used to track the sun, is shown in Figure P1.5. The output shaft, driven by the motor through a worm reduction gear, has a bracket attached on which are mounted two
Feedback systems do not always involve negative feedback. Economic inflation, which is evidenced by continually rising prices, is a positive feedback system. A positive feedback control system, as
The story is told about the sergeant who stopped at the jewelry store every morning at nine o'clock and compared and reset his watch with the chronometer in the window. Finally, one day the sergeant
The student-teacher learning process is inherently a feedback process intended to reduce the system error to a minimum. With the aid of Figure 1.3, construct a feedback model of the learning process
Models of physiological control systems are valuable aids to the medical profession. A model of the heart-rate control system is shown in Figure P1.9 [23, 24, 48]. This model includes the processing
The development of robotic microsurgery devices will have major implications on delicate eye and brain surgical procedures. The microsurgery devices employ feedback control to reduce the effects of
Advanced wind energy systems are being installed in many locations throughout the world as a way for nations to deal with rising fuel prices and energy shortages, and to reduce the negative effects
Many modern luxury automobiles have an auto park option. This feature will parallel park an automobile without driver intervention. Figure AP1.3 illustrates the parallel parking scenario. Using
Adaptive optics has applications to a wide variety of key control problems, including imaging of the human retina and large-scale, ground-based astronomical observations [98]. In both cases, the
The Burj Dubai is the tallest building in the world [94]. The building, shown in Figure AP1.5, stands at over 800 m with more than 160 stories. There are 57 elevators servicing this tallest
Control systems are aiding humans in maintaining their homes. The robotic vacuum cleaner depicted in Figure AP1.6 is an example of a mechatronic system under active control that relies on infrared
The road and vehicle noise that invade an automobile's cabin hastens occupant fatigue [60]. Design the block diagram of an "anti noise" feedback system that will reduce the effect of unwanted noises.
Many cars are fitted with cruise control that, at the press of a button, automatically maintains a set speed. In this way, the driver can cruise at a speed limit or economic speed without continually
As part of the automation of a dairy farm, the automation of cow milking is under study [36]. Design a milking machine that can milk cows four or five times a day at the cow's demand. Sketch a block
A large, braced robot arm for welding large structures is shown in Figure DP1.4. Sketch the block diagram of a closed-loop feedback control system for accurately controlling the location of the weld
Vehicle traction control, which includes antiskid braking and anti spin acceleration, can enhance vehicle performance and handling. The objective of this control is to maximize tire traction by
The Hubble space telescope was repaired and modified in space on several occasions [44, 46, 49]. One challenging problem with controlling the Hubble is damping the jitter that vibrates the spacecraft
A challenging application of control design is the use of nano robots in medicine. Nano robots will require onboard computing capability, and very tiny sensors and actuators. Fortunately, advances in
Consider the human transportation vehicle (HTV) depicted in Figure DP1.8. The self-balancing HTV is actively controlled to allow safe and easy transportation of a single person [97]. Using Figure 1.3
Increasingly stringent requirements of modern, high-precision machinery are placing increasing demands on slide systems [53]. The typical goal is to accurately control the desired path of the table
A unity, negative feedback system has a nonlinear function y = f(e) = e2, as shown in Figure E2.1. For an input r in the range of 0 to 4, calculate and plot the open-loop and closed-loop output
One of the most potentially beneficial applications of an automotive control system is the active control of the suspension system. One feedback control system uses a shock absorber consisting of a
A spring exhibits a force-versus-displacement characteristic as shown in Figure E2.11. For small deviations from the operating point x0, find the spring constant when x0 is(a) -1.4;(b) 0;(c) 3.5.
Off-road vehicles experience many disturbance inputs as they traverse over rough roads. An active suspension system can be controlled by a sensor that looks "ahead" at the road conditions. An example
Consider the feedback system in Figure E2.13. Compute the transfer functions Y(s)/Td(s) and Y(s)/N(s).
Find the transfer functionY1(s) / R2(s)for the multivariate system in Figure E2.14.
Obtain the differential equations for the circuit in Figure E2.15 in terms of i1 and i2.
The position control system for a spacecraft platform is governed by the following equations:d2p / dt2 + 2dp / dt + 4p = θv1 = r - pdθ/dt = 0.6v2v2 = 7v1The variables involved are as follows:r(t) =
A spring develops a force f represented by the relation f = kx2, where x is the displacement of the spring. Determine a linear model for the spring when x0 = 1/2.
The output y and input x of a device are related by y = x + 1.4x3. (a) Find the values of the output for steady-state operation at the two operating points x0 = 1 and x0 = 2. (b) Obtain a linearized
The transfer function of a system is Y(s) / R(s) = 15(s + 1) / s2 + 9s + 14 Determine y(t) when r(t) is a unit step input.
A thermistor has a response to temperature represented by R = R0e−0.1T, where R0 = 10,000Ω, R = resistance, and T = temperature in degrees Celsius. Find the linear model for the thermistor
Determine the transfer function V0(s)/V(s) of the operational amplifier circuit shown in Figure E2.20. Assume an ideal operational amplifier. Determine the transfer function when R1 = R2 = 100 kÎ©,
A high-precision positioning slide is shown in Figure E2.21. Determine the transfer function Xp(s)/Xin(s) when the drive shaft friction is bd = 0.7, the drive shaft spring constant is kd = 2, mc = 1,
The rotational velocity Ï‰ of the satellite shown in Figure E2.22 is adjusted by changing the length of the beam L. The transfer function between Ï‰(s) and the incremental change
Determine the closed-loop transfer function T(s) = Y(s)/R(s) for the system of Figure E2.23.
The block diagram of a system is shown in Figure E2.24. Determine the transfer function T(s) = Y(s)/R(s).
An amplifier may have a region of dead band as shown in Figure E2.25. Use an approximation that uses a cubic equation y = ax3 in the approximately linear region. Select a and determine a linear
Determine the transfer function X2(s)/F(s) for the system shown in Figure E2.26. Both masses slide on a frictionless surface, and k = 1 N/m.
Find the transfer function Y(s)/Td(s) for the system shown in Figure E2.27.
Determine the transfer function V0(s)/V(s) for the op-amp circuit shown in Figure E2.28 [1]. Let R1 = 167 kÎ©, R2 = 240 kÎ©, R3 = 1 kÎ©, R4 = 100 kÎ©, and
A system is shown in Fig. E2.29(a).(a) Determine G(s) and H(s) of the block diagram shown in Figure E2.29(b) that are equivalent to those of the block diagram of Figure E2.29(a).(b) Determine
The force versus displacement for a spring is shown in Figure E2.3 for the spring-mass-damper system of Figure 2.1. Graphically find the spring constant for the equilibrium point of y = 0.5 cm and a
A system is shown in Figure E2.30.(a) Find the closed-loop transfer function Y(s)/R(s) when G(s) = 10 / s2 + 2s + 10.(b) Determine Y(s) when the input R(s) is a unit step.(c) Compute y(t).
Determine the partial fraction expansion for V(s) and compute the inverse Laplace transform. The transfer function V(s) is given by: V(s) = 400 / s2 + 8s + 400
A laser printer uses a laser beam to print copy rapidly for a computer. The laser is positioned by a control input r(t), so that we have Y(s) = 4(s + 50) / s2 + 30s + 200 R(s). The input r(t)
A non inverting amplifier uses an op-amp as shown in Figure E2.5. Assume an ideal op-amp model and determine v0/vin.
A nonlinear device is represented by the function y = f(x) = ex, where the operating point for the input x is x0 = 1. Determine a linear approximation valid near the operating point.

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