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business communication essentials
Business Communication Contexts And Controversies 1st Edition Les Hanson, Darryl Hammond - Solutions
In a graduate seminar, a college professor has a new graduate student from China with excellent reading fluency in English but limited oral proficiency.What should be the professor’s expectations of the Chinese student’s participation in seminar discussions?
Because many managers must now deal with a variety of cultures, they must learn to adapt to a variety of cultural differences in the workplace and at the bargaining table. Which cultural values and behaviors are the most important for the intercultural manager to learn about?
What are some of the typical behaviors of U.S.negotiators that might create problems in a negotiation session with business representatives from another culture? What recommendations would you make for dealing with these problem areas?
What is meant by “Nonverbal communication is rule-governed”?
How late can you be for the following:(a) a class, (b) work,(c) a job interview,(d) a dinner party, or(e) a date with a friend? Ask this same question of members of two or three cultures other than your own.
How can studying the intercultural aspects of nonverbal behavior assist you in discovering your own ethnocentrism? Give personal examples.
Give your culture’s interpretation of the following nonverbal actions:• Two people are speaking loudly, waving their arms, and using many gestures.• A customer in a restaurant waves his hand over his head and snaps his fingers loudly.• An elderly woman dresses entirely in black.• A young
What is meant by the following: “Most nonverbal communication is learned on the subconscious level.”
What are some potential obstacles to accurately reading the nonverbal messages of other people?
Why is it useful to understand the nonverbal language of a culture?
Explain the phrase: “Our nonverbal actions usually reflect our culture.”
Watch a foreign film and look for examples of proxemics, touch, and facial expressions. Compare these to those of the dominant culture of the United States.
Go to YouTube and type in “Culture and body language.” View some of the videos for examples of how cultures differ in their use of body language.
Locate pictures from magazines and newspapers that you believe are showing the following emotions through facial expressions: (a) anger, (b) joy,(c) sadness, (d) fear, and (e) revulsion. Show these pictures to people from various cultures and see what interpretations they give to the facial
Attend an event—social, religious, etc.—populated by people from a culture different from your own.Make note of any differences between your culture and the culture you are visiting as they apply to greeting behavior, eye contact, voice volume levels, seating arrangements, dress, and the like.
Go to YouTube and view video of services of three different religions: Catholic, Buddhist, and Jewish. Observe the nonverbal elements, noting particularly the differences in how members of each group use paralanguage, space, and touch.
A Google search for “Where is the Speaker From?” should take you to the PBS website regional dialect quiz. Take the quiz. Explore the“Do You Speak American” site for additional information on U.S dialects. (The quiz is at http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/map/map.html)
Meet with one or two ESL speakers to identify the kinship terms they use in their native language(e.g., mother, brother, aunt, etc.). Do they have kinship terms that vary with age differences? Do their kinship terms differ between own kin and other’s kin? What cultural values do you think their
Working with an ESL speaker, compile a list of animals that are common to both of you, then compare the sounds that each of you hear those animals make.
Talk with two or three people over sixty years of age and ask them for some examples of the slang they used in their younger days (e.g., “groovy man”). Try to compare it with slang that is popular now. You can also do this by watching a movie made before 1960.
Some scholars think the world is moving toward an “oligarchy” of major economic power languages.Do you think this would be a good or bad occurrence? Why? What will happen to minority languages, and what will be the result?
Construction of a simple sentence in English is Subject-Verb-Object (S-V-O). In Japanese and Korean it is S-O-V. What kind of problems might this present for simultaneous translation?
How many “brands” can you think of that have international recognition? What type of meaning(e.g., style, reliability, etc.) do you usually associate with those brands? Do other people assign the same meaning to them?
Some countries have an official language (or languages), but others do not. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a country having an official language? Should the United States have an official language? Why?
What images come to mind when you hear someone speaking English with an accent? Do different accents create different images? Try to decide why you form those images? Talk with others to see if they have the same experience.
Take four different English proper nouns (other than someone’s name) and use online translation dictionaries to translate each noun into five different European languages. Do some of the translated nouns have a resemblance to the English nouns? If so, what are some possible reasons?
Discuss the following statement: “Prejudice can never be eliminated because it is so deeply rooted in human nature.”
How did you establish some of your identities?How do you enact those identities?
What are some of your different identities and how did you acquire them? What are some differences between your identities and those same identities in another culture?
How would you define identity? How would you explain your identities to another person?
Why is an awareness of identity important in your personal life? What are some of the situations in which this awareness would be beneficial?
To learn more about your personal biases and preferences, take one of the Implicate Association Tests (IAT), sponsored by Harvard University.The tests can be taken anonymously online with results provided immediately. Go to “Project Implicit” at https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/demo/
What is the relationship among stereotypes, prejudice, racism, and ethnocentrism?
Working with some members of your class, try to compile a list of what you believe to be examples of American ethnocentrism.
Select an ethnicity other than your own and try to answer the five questions relating to avoiding stereotypes on page 233.
Construct a list of as many of your identities as you can. Using the list, draw a pie chart with each identity receiving space proportional to that identity’s importance to you. Compare your chart with other classmates’ charts. Do members of the dominant and minority cultures differ in the
What cultural values help explain why face is more important in Asian societies than in the United States?
How can cultural differences in social perception affect the intercultural communication process?
Examine the concept of high- and low-context cultures. What problems can you anticipate when you are communicating with someone who holds a different context orientation?
What differences in behavior are exhibited by people who come from cultures that have different activity orientations?
How does a study of cultural values help you understand other cultures?
Think about a recent conflict situation in which you participated (e.g., an argument with your significant other, your parents, or a stranger). What communication strategies did you use to give, maintain, or take face?
Examine your behavior and determine how well you fit into the various degrees of time orientation.
Working with others, make a list of typical American behaviors that relate to evil, good and evil, and good. How widespread are these behaviors within the culture?
Working with others and using Hofstede’s value dimensions, make a list of behaviors found in American culture that reflect individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and femininity.
Working with others, list the American cultural values mentioned in this chapter. Try to think of other values that are not included in the text.Then find examples from American advertising campaigns that illustrate those values. For example, the advertising slogan, “Just do it,” from an
In a group, identify and discuss the common principles and practices you see among all of the major religions.
Working with others, discuss the following question:“How does my view of death compare with the beliefs found in the six great religious traditions?”As part of your discussion, include observations on how a person’s perception of death might influence his or her behavior.
Go to YouTube and search for videos that show a religious service inside a Catholic Church, an Islamic Mosque, and a Buddhist Temple. Make note of the rituals, messages, art, music, and space that you deem offer insight into each religious tradition. Also, what do these services have in common and
Working with others, answer the following: “Why has religion been relevant to humankind for more than ten thousand years?”
What role might religion play in an intercultural communication encounter?
Answer the question: “Is globalization good or bad for religion?”
What common set of ethics can you identify from the six religious traditions discussed in this chapter?
Explain the statement: “Religion is only one kind of worldview.”
Explain how its religious views are linked to a culture’s lifestyle.
How can a government use a nation’s historical legacy to generate popular support among the general population?
The section on Chinese history mentioned that Chinese officials were disturbed when British officials wore poppy flowers during a state visit. In your opinion, should the British representatives have worn the poppies? Why?
How can the historical legacies of the United States and Russia (China, Islamic nations) produce discord and conflict?
Interview an older member of your family about the family’s history. Try to identify a historical event that resulted in a family tradition carried on today.
Go to YouTube and see if there are any videos on the history of a country or culture you are interested in. (Use Russia to see an example.)
Write down the different groups you belong to now and those you belonged to 4–5 years ago(include all informal groups, such as a study group). Compare your list with other classmates to see how frequently membership in a group has changed.
Select a country (or culture) different from your own. Obtain as much information as you can about the history of that country. Try to isolate examples of how the country’s national character has been determined by historical events.
Google “Why study history?” and make a list of five good reasons you find and compare them with other class members.
Go to YouTube and search for “gender stereotypes in the media.” After viewing some of the most popular videos, try to answer the following questions:What cultural themes are repeated in many of the videos? How accurate are these themes?
Working with others, discuss the following question:Are child-rearing practices throughout the world more alike than they are different?
Go to YouTube and search for “Jewish family Passover.” View some of the family videos as they apply to how family rituals are taught to the children who are sharing the religious service associated with the Passover dinner.
Working with others, have each person discuss the “stories” that helped form his or her family and cultural identity.
Interview someone from a culture different from your own using questions about child-rearing practices.You might inquire about methods of discipline, toys, games, topics discussed at the dinner table, and so forth. During the discussion share with themsome“do’s” and “don’ts” you were
How do you think you learned your perceptions of the elderly?
Do you believe mass media and social networking will make major alterations to gender roles in the next ten years? Why or why not?
Was the parenting style in your home more authoritarian or laissez-faire?
Why do you believe families in the United States have experienced so many changes in the last two decades? What are these changes?
What do you see as the major differences between nuclear and extended families?
Examine the deep structure of your culture(s)and explain how it influences intercultural communication.
What are some ways a person’s family influences his or her cultural identity?
How does intercultural communication differ from everyday forms of communication?
Explain what is meant by the phrase: “Communication is contextual.” Can you think of examples of how context has influenced your behavior?
Why is it said that much of culture is invisible?
Explain how and why communication and culture are linked.
What is meant by the statement: “In studying other cultures, we do so very often from the perspective of our own culture”107?
Go to YouTube and search for “culture and folk tales.” View some folktales from a variety of cultures.Note the “lessons” being taught in each folktale.
Make a list of the changes in your culture that you have observed in your lifetime. Discuss with a group of your classmates how those changes have affected intercultural communication.
Attend a meeting (church service, lecture, social event, etc.) of a culture or co-culture different from you own. Try to notice the various ways cultural characteristics of that culture are being reflected in the interaction.
Early in this chapter we discussed the notion that“Communication has a consequence.” List at least two occasions when you have experienced a consequence due to a communication.
Go to YouTube and type in “Examples of culture shock.” After viewing some of the videos, try to isolate some of the most common causes of culture shock.
In a class or online group, discuss the components of an intercultural ethic. How would you recommend that such an ethic be internalized so that it is always present during intercultural communication?
Working with others, discuss the various ways the dominant culture influences and controls the values, attitudes, and behaviors of co-cultures.
Explain the link between culture and communication.
Working with others, think of some of the ways that the changing U.S. demography will likely affect your lives.
As a member of a host culture, what responsibilities do you believe you have to make immigrants feel comfortable in their new cultural environment?
What are the relative merits of a fundamentalist and a relativist approach to developing an intercultural ethic?
Why do you believe so many immigrants have a difficult time adapting to a new culture? What suggestions do you have for making that process less troublesome?
If you were planning a trip to another country, what preparations would you make to minimize the effects of culture shock?
How do you think the United States becoming a“minority majority” nation will influence dominant culture values?
What are some of the communication challenges that will have to be managed over the next 50 years?
10. I’m sorry if my original assessment made you feel physically ill. I hope you’re feeling (good, well)________ now.
9. I liked, also, the way you used actual photographs in your PowerPoint presentation, rather than relying only on text. The website with the free pictures (http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx) provided you with some great photos. Perhaps you didn’t do so (bad, badly) ________
8. Some of them looked (apprehensive, apprehensively)________ about participating, but you made sure that no one was asked to do anything they found uncomfortable.
7. You, however, (sure, surely) changed that by getting them involved.
6. At the start, the audience seemed (real, really)________ subdued.
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