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business ethics
Business Ethics Case Studies And Selected Readings 9th Edition Marianne M. Jennings - Solutions
When someone purchased the butter churner or the wagon wheel from a neighbor in the era of wagons and churning, there was no need for the Restatement of the Law of Torts. If the churner or the wheel was defective, the neighbor simply made good on the product or risked the mighty shunning that the
The Peanut Corporation of America was a supplier of processed peanuts to some of the largest food-production companies in the United States, including ConAgra, a major producer of peanut butter. The company was founded by Hugh Parnell Sr. when he was selling ice cream vending machines in the 1960s.
In 1982, 23-year-old Diane Elsroth died after taking a Tylenol capsule laced with cyanide. Within five days of her death, seven more people died from taking tainted Tylenol purchased from stores in the Chicago area.At that time, Tylenol generated \$525 million per year for McNeil Consumer Products,
When competing with Apple, what you don't need is for your new model to be prone to fires. Such was Samsung's fate with its Galaxy Note 7, released just as the new iPhone premiered. Samsung discovered a flaw in the lithium-ion battery cell that resulted in fires. Nor have explosions been ruled out.
The Pinto was a rush project. Ordinarily, auto manufacturers work to blend the engineering concerns with the style preferences of consumers that they determine from marketing surveys. As a result, the placement of the Pinto fuel tank was dictated by style, not engineering. The preferred practice in
On January 11, 1993, young Michael Nole and his family ate dinner at a Jack-in-the-Box restaurant in Tacoma, Washington, where Michael enjoyed his \(\$ 2.69\) "Kid's Meal." The next day, Michael was admitted to Children's Hospital and Medical Center in Seattle with severe stomach cramps and bloody
Decades ago, the American Association of Poison Control Centers had concluded that laundry detergent was really not a safety issue for young children. The kids were not interested in the powder, and they would have to consume a great deal to experience any harm. However, the development of the
Buckyballs and Buckycubes were high-powered, small rare earth magnets that were imported into the United States by Maxfield and Oberton Holdings, LLC, from Ningbo Prosperous Imports \& Exports in Ningbo City, China. The products, which consist of individual magnets packaged as aggregated masses in
Energy, extra energy for work, for workouts, and we seem to have an insatiable appetite for something that will give us a competitive edge in whatever we are doing. Energy drinks, powders, mixes, and pre-workout stimulants have been a growing market. However, these drinks that seem to fly under the
In banks and investment firms, employees who are guiding customers have a variety of mutual funds products available for those customers. Many banks offer their own mutual funds as potential investments for those customers. In some cases, the performance of those mutual funds is only average; other
Marsh McLennan (MMC) is a multinational insurance broker that, at its peak in 2004, had 43,000 employees at offices around the world. \({ }^{107} \mathrm{MMC}\) 's revenues were \(\$ 2\) billion more than its closest competitor, Aon Corporation. \({ }^{108} \mathrm{MMC}\) is actually a conglomerate
Ross Ulbricht, the mastermind behind the creation of the Silk Road website, was convicted of drug conspiracy and other charges for running the website that facilitated drug transactions through the use of bitcoin payments and anonymity of its users. The conviction carries a mandatory sentence of 20
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has moved to revoke the controlled medication licenses of two pharmacies because the pharmacies were filling prescriptions for oxycodone (the painkiller) in excess of their monthly allowances for controlled substances. In addition, the DEA alleges that the
Tom Moore, president of Coca-Cola's Foodservice and Hospitality Division, was looking at sales in the fountain division, a division responsible for one-third of all of Coke's revenues. The fountain division sells fountain-dispensed soda to restaurants, convenience marts, and theaters. Sales were
Lou Gerstner, former CEO of IBM and RJR Nabisco, wrote a Wall Street Journal op-ed piece on then-Wells Fargo CEO John Stumpf's comment that the bank's employees did not do what Wells' culture required, "Put the customer first."140 For not honoring that culture, 5,300 Wells employees were
Covenants not to compete take two forms. The first type is found in the sale of a business. To keep the seller of the business from trotting down the street and opening up another business to compete, courts enforce covenants not to compete in these business purchase agreements as long as they are
Eagle Gate College hired an admission consultant from Stevens-Henager College (Janna Miller). After she was hired, Ms. Miller hired other employees from Steven-Henager, and some of those employees had access to a confidential database at Steven-Henager that included leads for recruiting students.
In 1996, Boeing and Lockheed Martin were in a head-to-head competition for a multibillion-dollar government contract for furnishing the rockets that are used for launching satellites into space (a project referred to in the industry as the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle, or EELV). The satellites
Starwood and Hilton are direct, head-to-head competitors. In 2007, the Blackstone Group, a private equity firm, acquired Hilton for over \(\$ 20\) billion in a top-of-the-market, highly leveraged buyout. Financial analysts suggested that because Blackstone had paid a super-premium price for Hilton,
Philosophers have, of late years, considered chiefly the tendency of affections, and have given little attention to the relation which they stand in to the cause which excites them. In common life, however, when we judge of any person's conduct, and of the sentiments which directed it, we
Trinity Industries is the manufacturer of a product you see every day-the guardrails in the middle of highways, freeways, toll ways, and byways around the country. However, Trinity will be paying \$525 million to the United States Treasury and Joshua Harman, one of his competitors. The story of
When the competition is stiff, the product, service, and price may not be the deciding factor. What the buyer believes about the competitor may be controlling. The following are statements made by contractors as they were in the process of trying to win a remodeling contract with a homeowner:1.You
The Wall Street Journal investigated online pricing and discovered that your price may vary indeed. \({ }^{41}\) Using your zip code, online retailers determine the price of your stapler, your saw, or even your language program, based on whether that retailer has competition in the area (whether
Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. (Leegin), designs, manufactures, and distributes leather goods and accessories under the brand name Brighton. The Brighton brand has now expanded into a full line of women's fashion accessories and is sold across the United States in over 5,000 retail stores.
Powder Corporation runs Park City Mountain. It owns the parking lots, the land at the foot of the mountains, and benefits from the skiers and tourists who visit year-round. It employs 1,200 people and benefited in 2002 when the Winter Olympics were held there. However, there is one interesting
The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) filed an antitrust suit against Apple and five of the largest publishers in the United States (Simon \& Schuster, HarperCollins, Hachette, Penguin, and Macmillan), alleging that Apple conspired with the five to battle Amazon, the market leader on e-book sales,
Macy's had what it believed to be an exclusive merchandising agreement with Martha Stewart, with Ms. Stewart agreeing to provide her name and endorsement to certain Macy's household products. Several years later, JCPenney entered into a similar merchandising agreement with Martha Stewart for her to
Mattel, Inc., is the world's largest manufacturer and marketer of toys, dolls, games, and stuffed toys and animals. Mattel employed Carter Bryant as a product designer from September 1995 through April 1998 and from January 1999 through October 2000. Upon starting his second term of employment in
Electronic Arts, Inc., a video company, had developed football and college video games. However, many of the players in the video games seemed to be images and likenesses of actual college athletes who had played in college bowl games. \({ }^{58}\) The NCAA holds the licensing rights for all
As incongruous as it seems, the Hangover movie franchise is a hotbed of intellectual property issues. Last summer, Warner Brothers settled a lawsuit brought by the tattoo artist who did Mike Tyson's facial tattoo that was then replicated on a character in the original Hangover movie. Now, Louis
It all began in 2012 when a Tiffany's customer wrote to Tiffany's to complain that the high-end retailer was selling its engagement rings at Costco. That was news to Tiffany's because the company was not aware of the sales and had not authorized them. An investigator went to the Huntington Beach
Children at camps around the country in the summer of 1996 were not able to dance the "Macarena" except in utter silence. Their usual oldies dances were halted in 1996. The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) notified camps and the organizations that sponsor camps (such as
Based on your readings in Unit 1, you understand that society recognizes the value of ethics. The cases in Unit 1 focused on individual conduct. But businesses are groups of individuals, and those individuals' ethical standards may not translate into a group setting. In addition, businesses are
Countless sermons have been preached and printed on the ethics of business or the ethics of the businessman. Most have nothing to do with business and little to do with ethics.One main topic is plain, everyday honesty. Businessmen, we are told solemnly, should not cheat, steal, lie, bribe, or take
In the following classic reading, Albert Carr compares business to poker and offers a justification for business bluffing. Mr. Carr provides a different perspective from the previous discussion with its various models and categories geared more toward absolutes.A respected businessman with whom I
Companies such as Enron, WorldCom, Adelphia, Lehman, New Century Financial, Fannie Mae, MF Global, UBS, Chase, Valeant, Volkswagen, Theranos, and GM (many of these companies that you will study) engaged in outrageous behaviors, but their journeys into the hinterlands of huckstering was one of a
A typical form of flawed reasoning that businesses fall into is the either/or conundrum. This flawed analysis finds us reaching a decision, because the pressure is great, the consequences even greater, and the justification compelling. Defining dilemmas in the either/or conundrum commit the
The CFA Institute (Certified Financial Analysts) has a saying, \(P=f(x)\). For you nonmathematicians out there, the translation is that the probability of an ethical outcome is a direct function of the amount of money involved. The more money involved, the less likely an ethical outcome. So, the
In June 2006, the Commodities Futures Trading Commission filed a civil complaint against \(\mathrm{BP}\), alleging that its brokers tried to manipulate the price of propane by manipulating the supply, or at least access to information about the real supply levels. One broker wrote in an e-mail that
Valeant, a Canadian-based company, had a business model that was bound to attract public attention. Valeant's strategy was to purchase the rights to older prescription drugs, double (or more) the price of those drugs, use a mail-order sales system, and wait for the profits to accumulate. In
The issues in ethics cases may change from driving solo in the carpool lane to Wi-Fi piggybacking, to issues of bribery, insider trading, and capitalization of ordinary expenses, but they still hark back to the same questions and considerations (after the fact versus in the midst of) you learned in
Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 with the humble purpose of being both an originator and a clearinghouse for commercial paper. Marcus Goldman, a German immigrant, founded the company along with his son-in-law, Samuel Sachs. The company's strategy was to provide loans for small businesses and then
The Penn State Nittany Lions football team, begun in 1887 , has been a powerhouse. The team has had seven undefeated seasons, two national titles, two Big Ten conference titles, and five other national championships. In addition, the team has tied with Stanford University for the number 10 slot on
The United States was abuzz for three weeks in January 2015 because one of the teams headed to the championship game (Super Bowl XLIX) for the National Football League (NFL) was under investigation by the league for cheating during the AFC Championship Game. During the first half of the game, the
The problems of those online reviews. The number of stars, or lack thereof, can make or break a business. Consider Joe Hadeed's carpet cleaning business. A slew of negative reviews about his work began cropping up on Yelp in 2012.220 Yelp is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of
When I hear businessmen speak eloquently about the "social responsibilities of business in a free-enterprise system," I am reminded of the wonderful line about the Frenchman who discovered at the age of 70 that he had been speaking prose all his life. The businessmen believe that they are defending
Stakeholder theory is unique because it crosses over so many areas of business: the fields of business ethics, management and corporation law have all focused on stakeholder theory. While there is one name, stakeholder theory is used in different ways in these silos of business.Proponents of the
"Rain-forest chic" is a label coined in the popular business press for the increasingly popular corporate branding strategy of capitalizing on consumer use of environmental issues as a screen for buying decisions. Companies have parleyed this market strategy into product successes. Shampoo bottles,
The problem in today's era of corporate pseudo-ethics is that the pendulum has shifted too far. From genuine philanthropy "corporate responsibility" has mutated into a dangerous form of political correctness. The enlightened, entrepreneurial philanthropy of old has, through activist agitation,
John Mackey, the founder and CEO of Whole Foods, has taken a sort of blended position on the role of business in society. He begins his analysis by asking the purpose of hospitals and schools and concludes that they exist to benefit society. Those who work in hospitals and schools, teachers and
Marjorie Kelly challenges the notion that stockholders fund the corporation by pointing out that only the initial shareholders of a corporation actually fund the corporation. When shares change hands subsequently, the company does not actually receive that money from the shareholder. Only when
The prescription drug Daraprim is used to treat toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease that generally occurs in patients with weakened immune systems, such as pregnant women or people suffering from AIDS. Turing Pharmaceutical acquired the patent rights to Daraprim for \(\$ 55\) million. \({ }^{17}\)
Walmart obtained approval after a long regulatory battle to build five stores in the Washington, DC, area. After the company had obtained the approvals, Washington, DC, approved a ballot measure and a city council proposal to increase the minimum wage from \(\$ 11.50\) to \(\$ 15\) per hour.
Chipotle disclosed in January 2016 in an 8-K, an SEC filing that publicly traded companies must make when there are material business developments, that it had received a subpoena from the federal grand jury for the central California district. \({ }^{33}\) The investigation focuses on an outbreak
The manufacture and sale of guns continue to be issues of social responsibility. Although the issues surrounding guns are complex, they are emotionally charged. Over the years, there have been a variety of approaches taken to control the production, distribution, and sale of guns. As these efforts
Craigslist, referred to as the world's largest classified advertising, came into the public spotlight after medical school student Philip H. Markoff was charged with the murder of a young woman he contacted and met through classifieds placed on Craigslist. That murder was one that captured national
Planned Parenthood is a controversial organization that has an impact on any organization from which it obtains support and also from those organizations that withhold their support.Dayton-Hudson Corporation is a multistate department store chain. In 1990, its charitable foundation gave \(\$
Some years ago, when he was serving as the CEO for Motorola, before going on to become Kodak's CEO, George Fisher spoke to a group of our master's students from both engineering and business. One of the questions the students asked, after he had given his thoughts on success in life and business,
Simultaneously, the federal government anticipated pushback from lenders who would point out that these were high-risk loans and required greater returns. However, lenders were evaluated for their CRA commitment, which included their creativity in granting the loans. In addition, lenders faced
The song set off a storm of protest from law enforcement groups. At the annual meeting of Time Warner at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel, 1,100 shareholders as well as police representatives and their spokesman, Charlton Heston, denounced Time Warner executives in a five-hour session on the album and
There are four levels of ethical issues, and there are different root causes for these levels. The levels of lapses as well as the prevention tools are depicted in Figure 3.4, followed by discussion and examples.There is perhaps no better illustration of how these layers work than to explore the
The New England Compounding Center (NECC) was the epicenter of a nationwide outbreak of meningitis that resulted in 77 deaths. The NECC produced a painkilling steroid for use in back treatments. The company's steroid doses contained fungal meningitis that resulted in hundreds of patients becoming
At the beginning of 2015, CVS made the decision to stop selling tobacco in its drug stores around the country. The impact of the decision was about \(\$ 2\) billion loss in tobacco sales. The ban has not yet taken full effect because, in its initial stages, it was voluntary on the part of stores
Ashley Madison.com is known as an "infidelity website." The site, owned by Avid Dating Life, Inc., has as its motto, "Life is short. Have an affair." Its motto gives fairly clear insight into its purpose: the site allows people who want to have an affair to meet and then proceed with that affair.
Biofuels were developed as an alternative to the use of oil and the dangers of its carbon footprint. Biofuels are made from corn, and the production of cars that run on biofuels has been mandated in Europe and the United States. However, there has been an unanticipated effect. The demand for corn
In March 2011, Vogue magazine ran a 3,000-word story, complete with full-page color photographs of Syria's first lady, Asma al-Assad, wife of Syria's leader, Bashar al-Assad. Vogue writer Joan Juliet referred to Mrs. Assad as "glamorous, young, and very chic," the "freshest and most magnetic of
In March 1990, Bill Foley, research manager for Herman Miller, Inc., began a routine evaluation of new woods to use in the firm's signature piece--the \$2,277 (the 1990 cost) Eames chair. The Eames chair is a distinctive office chair with a rosewood exterior finish and a leather seat, and was sold
Solyndra is a solar-cell factory located in California. Begun in 2005, Solyndra was perceived as a high-risk firm because its product design was that of creating cylindrical solar cells. The market has relied on conventional photovoltaic (PV) cells that we are familiar with in solar panels.
The U.S. Justice Department announced that it was dropping all charges against convicted former Alaska U.S. Senator, the late Ted Stevens. U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that his office had uncovered prosecutorial misconduct in that lawyers for the federal government had failed to
George Lefcoe, a renowned USC law professor and expert in real property, zoning, and development and, for a time, a commissioner of the Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission, offered the following thoughts on his retirement and the seduction of public
The experts in organizational behavior tell us that when it comes to incentive plans not all employees are created equal. That is, their literature says to tailor those incentive plans individually because what motivates one employee may be a ho-hum for another. For example, those who have just
Captain Sullenberger's experience and reflections sum up how it works when we face those life-defining, career-defining, and organization-defining ethical dilemmas. Everything we do until those critical decision points is the preparation. Captain Sullenberger described his preparation, which
Penny Winters was a 63 -year-old maintenance worker at the Portage, Indiana, Walmart store. The surveillance cameras caught Ms. Winters eating Oreos that she had not paid for during her evening shift at the store. When asked why she did it, Ms. Winters explained that she did not have the money to
How are the mighty fallen! \(!^{11}\) As we watched the financial firms and businesses fold in near domino fashion following the 2008 financial crisis, we found ourselves wondering what we did or could now do differently that has or will serve to distinguish us from the fallen. By July 2010, the
When Arthur Levitt was the chairman of the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), he gave a speech at New York University (NYU) that became known as the "Numbers Game" speech. He spoke presciently about companies and their efforts to use earnings management, a process in which they use accounting
There was a time when undergraduate students paid for preparation courses for the LSAT. That practice evolved to hiring a one-on-one tutor to coach them on the LSAT. Law schools had no difficulty with students seeking help for exam preparation. However, admissions committees are balking at the use
Yvonne Atkinson Gates, once the chairperson of the Clark County, Nevada, Commission, an elected office, also operated her own daiquiri business. Many of the new and expanding hotels in Clark County, where Las Vegas is located, have retail space available for shops and restaurants. Ms. Atkinson
A recurring theme has emerged over the past few years in classroom discussions and management training about cases that involve subprime lending, CDOs, hedge funds, and the exotic instruments that have not always served companies or markets well. This question inevitably comes out: "What happens if
There is no such thing as a rogue trader. So I wrote in 1996 in analyzing the Nick Leeson/ Joseph Jett losses and characterizations. Joseph Jett was the then-32-year-old bond trader who found an accounting loophole/computer internal control flaw and was able to fabricate nearly half a billion in
The FINOVA Group, Inc., was formed as a commercial finance firm in 1992. It was created as a spin-off from the Greyhound Financial Corporation (GFC). GFC underwent a complete restructuring at that time and other spin-offs included the Dial Corporation.FINOVA, headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona,
Since 2005, Claremont McKenna, ranked number nine on U.S. News \& World Report's best liberal arts colleges in the country, has been lopping on a few points here and there to its entering students' average SAT score before reporting those numbers to U.S. News of World report and rating
In 1998, the Department of the Interior began an incentive plan for oil companies that permitted the companies to waive the \(12.5 \%\) royalty generally paid to the U.S. government for oil leases on federal land. The idea behind the waiver was that oil companies would then have additional cash for
This section of SOX established a quasi-governmental entity called the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB, but called "Peek-a-Boo") under the direction of the SEC to (1) oversee the audit of public companies covered by the federal securities laws (the 1933 and 1934 Acts); (2)
It was 1983 when Bernard J. (aka "Bernie") Ebbers founded Long Distance Discount Service (LDDS), a discount long-distance telephone company, \({ }^{148}\) Local legend has it that Mr. Ebbers, a former junior high school basketball coach from Edmonton, Alberta, launched the plan for what would
Under the leadership of CEO Don Blankenship, Massey went from a family-operated company to a corporation with 150 mines with revenues of \(\$ 2.6\) billion. That growth came in response to Mr. Blankenship's demands and leadership style. He required hourly faxes of production reports from the coal
So wrote Matthew Lee, on May 18, 2008, to the CFO and Chief Risk Officer of Lehman Brothers, a firm that had employed him as an analyst since 1994. Mr. Lee, who headed global balance-sheet and legal-entity accounting, then went on to describe "tens of billions of dollars" on the firm's balance
The U.S. Department of Agriculture issued its biggest meat recall in its history when it ordered a recall of 143 million pounds of meat processed and sold by Westland/Hallmark Meat Packing Company. The Humane Society of the United States had undercover video made at the company's plant that showed
"What were they smoking?" The Fortune cover story featured those words in a 3.5-inch headline, as well as photos of Chuck Prince, Citigroup (\$9.8 billion loss), Jimmy Cayne, Bear Stearns ( \(\$ 450\) million loss), \({ }^{355}\) John Mack, Morgan Stanley ( \(\$ 3.7\) billion loss), and Stan
Enron Corp. was an energy company that was incorporated in Oregon in 1985, with its principal executive offices located in Houston, Texas. By the end of 2001, Enron Corp. was the world's largest energy company, holding \(25 \%\) of all of the world's energy trading contracts. \({ }^{383}\) Enron's
Arthur Andersen, once known as the "gold standard of auditing," was founded in Chicago in 1913 on a legend of integrity as Andersen, Delaney \& Co. In those early years, when the business was struggling, Arthur Andersen was approached by a well-known railway company about audit work. When the audit
Facing foreclosure, mortgagors who have loans that exceed their property value often have a sense of hopelessness and "nothing to lose." These mortgagors simply leave the property, something that is likely in an underwater mortgage because they have so little to lose. Their credit rating is
HealthSouth, a chain of hospitals and rehabilitation centers, used its celebrity and sports figure patients as a means of marketing and distinction. Press releases touted sports figures' use of HealthSouth facilities, such as the press release when Lucio, the Brazilian World Cup soccer star, had
Investors and markets are not always jittery for no reason. There were some Tyco accounting issues that centered on its acquisitions and its accounting for those acquisitions. \({ }^{569}\) What caused investors to seize upon Tyco's financials was that it seemed to be heavily in debt despite the
Employees who are faced with a situation at work in which their values are at odds with the actions of their employers are grappling with their sense of loyalty to the company and their coworkers as well as their own value system. For example, an employee who knows that her company's product is
Beech-Nut was heavily in debt, had only \(15 \%\) of the baby food market, and was operating out of a badly maintained 80-year-old plant in Canajoharie, New York. Creditors and debt were growing. Beech-Nut needed to keep its costs down, its production up, and increase its market share. In 1977,
The Veterans Administration (VA), the country's largest health care system with 9 million Veteran patients and 1,200 facilities, had a plan. It was a program begun with the best of intentions: reward and evaluate employees and managers on getting the waiting times down for veterans in seeking
Morton Thiokol, Inc., an aerospace company, manufactures the solid-propellant rocket motors for the Peacekeeper missile and the missiles on Trident nuclear submarines. Thiokol also worked closely with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in developing the Challenger, one of
Diamond Foods, Inc., was once a cooperative among walnut growers, known as Diamond Walnuts. In 2005, it became a publicly traded corporation. The shareholders of the corporation included the farmers who were formerly members of the Diamond Cooperative. Upon this change in structure, the new CEO,
The Foundation for New Era Philanthropy was founded in 1989 by Mr. John G. Bennett Jr. New Era took in over \$200 million between 1989 and May 1995, from 180 nonprofit organizations, before the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) brought suit against New Era and the foundation went into
Bernard Madoff and his securities firm were an operation that, for over 18 years, managed to lose \(\$ 50\) billion in investors' funds. Madoff, the former chairman of NASDAQ, was able to dupe employees; regulators, and, of course, investors, with nothing more sophisticated than a Ponzi scheme for
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