Cognitive Psychology 7th Edition Robert J. Sternberg, Karin Sternberg - Solutions

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1.8. When children have developed a ______________ ______________, they have a sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two.
1.7. Gender role refers to oura. personal sense of being male or female.b. culture’s expectations about the “right” way for males and females to behave.c. birth sex—our chromosomes and anatomy.d. unisex characteristics.
1.6. An individual who is born with sexual anatomy that differs from typical male or female anatomy has a ____________ ____________ _____________ _____________ .
1.5. On average, girls begin puberty at about the age of ___________, boys at about the age of _______________.
1.3. A fertilized egg will develop into a boy if it receives a/n ______________ chromosome from its father.
1.2. Females and males are very similar to each other. But one way they differ is thata. females are more physically aggressive than males.b. males are more democratic than females in their leadership roles.c. girls tend to play in small groups, while boys tend to play in large groups.d. females
1.5-4 How do gender roles and gender identity differ?
1.5-3 How do sex hormones infl uence prenatal and adolescent sexual development, and what is a disorder of sexual development?
1.5-2 What are some ways in which males and females tend to be alike and to differ?
1.5-1 How does the meaning of gender differ from the meaning of sex?
1.• Prenatal sexual development begins about _______________ weeks after conception.Adolescence is marked by the onset of _____________ .
1.• __________________ (Men/Women) have tended to express more personal and professional interest in people and less interest in things.
1.• ______________ (Men/Women) are more likely to commit relational aggression, and ______________ (men/women) are more likely to commit physical aggression.
1.4. Contrary to what many people assume,a. older people are much less happy than adolescents are.b. we become less happy as we move from teen years into midlife.c. positive feelings tend to grow after midlife.d. those whose children have recently left home—the empty nesters—have the lowest
1.3. Freud defi ned the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and .
1.2. How do cross-sectional and longitudinal studies differ?
1.1. By age 65, a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability toa. recall and list all the important terms and concepts in a chapter.b. select the correct defi nition in a multiple-choice question.c. recall their own birth date.d. practice a well-learned skill, such
1.4-20 A loved one’s death triggers what range of reactions?
1.4-19 How does our well-being change across the life span?
1.4-18 What themes and infl uences mark our social journey from early adulthood to death?
1.4-17 How does memory change with age?
1.4-16 What physical changes occur during middle and late adulthood?
1.• What are some of the most significant challenges and rewards of growing old?
1.• Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to ____________ and to _______________.
1.4. Some developmental psychologists now refer to the period that occurs in some Western cultures from age 18 to the mid-twenties and beyond (up to the time of full adult independence) as _______________ _______________.
1.3. In Erikson’s stages, the primary task during adolescence isa. attaining formal operations.b. forging an identity.c. developing a sense of intimacy with another person.d. living independent of parents.
1.2. According to Piaget, a person who can think logically about abstractions is in the ____________ ____________stage.
1.1. Adolescence is marked by the onset ofa. an identity crisis.c. separation anxiety.b. puberty.d. parent-child confl ict.
1.4-15 What is emerging adulthood?
1.4-14 How do parents and peers infl uence adolescents?
1.4-13 What are the social tasks and challenges of adolescence?
1.4-12 How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers describe adolescent cognitive and moral development?
1.4-11 How is adolescence defi ned, and how do physical changes affect developing teens?
1.What is the selection effect, and how might it affect a teen’s decision to join sports teams at school?
1.According to Kohlberg, ____________ morality focuses on self-interest, _____________ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles, and ________________ morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules.
1.8. In a series of experiments, the Harlows found that monkeys raised with artifi cial mothers tended, when afraid, to cling to their cloth mother, rather than to a wire mother holding the feeding bottle. Why was this fi nding important?
1.7. An 8-month-old infant who reacts to a new babysitter by crying and clinging to his father’s shoulder is showing ___________________ _________________.
1.6. Although Piaget’s stage theory continues to inform our understanding of children’s thinking, many researchers believe thata. Piaget’s stages begin earlier and development is more continuous than he realized.b. children do not progress as rapidly as Piaget predicted.c. few children
1.5. Use Piaget’s fi rst three stages of cognitive development to explain why young children are not just miniature adults in the way they think.
1.4. Why can’t we consciously recall how we learned to walk when we were infants?
1.3. Which of the following is true of motor-skill development?a. It is determined solely by genetic factors.b. The sequence, but not the timing, is universal.c. The timing, but not the sequence, is universal.d. It is determined solely by environmental factors.
1.2. Between ages 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the _______________ lobes, which enable rational planning and aid memory.
1.1. Stroke a newborn’s cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustratesa. a refl ex.b. nurture.c. differentiation.d. continuity.
1.4-10 What are three parenting styles, and how do children’s traits relate to them?
1.4-9 How does childhood neglect or abuse affect children’s attachments?
1.4-8 How have psychologists studied attachment differences, and what have they learned?
1.4-7 How do parent-infant attachment bonds form?
1.4-6 What is autism spectrum disorder?
1.4-5 From the perspectives of Piaget, Vygotsky, and today’s researchers, how does a child’s mind develop?
1.4-4 During infancy and childhood, how do the brain and motor skills develop?
1.• The three parenting styles have been called “too hard, too soft, and just right.” Which one is“too hard,” which one “too soft,” and which one “just right,” and why?
1.• What distinguishes imprinting from attachment?
1.• The biological growth process, called ________________, explains why most children begin walking by about 12 to 15 months.
1.5. Chemicals that pass through the placenta’s screen and may harm an embryo or fetus are called ________________ .
1.4. Body organs fi rst begin to form and function during the period of the ______________ ; within 6 months, during the period of the _______________ , the organs are suffi -ciently functional to allow a good chance of survival.a. zygote; embryob. zygote; fetusc. embryo; fetusd. placenta; fetus
1.3. From the very fi rst weeks of life, infants differ in their characteristic emotional reactions, with some infants being intense and anxious, while others are easygoing and relaxed. These differences are usually explained as differences in ________________.
1.2. Although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time. For example,a. most personality traits emerge in infancy and persist throughout life.b. temperament tends to remain stable throughout life.c. few people change signifi cantly after adolescence.d. people tend to
1.1. The three major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and ______________/_________________ .
1.4-3 What are some newborn abilities, and how do researchers explore infants’ mental abilities?
1.4-2 What is the course of prenatal development, and how do teratogens affect that development?
1.4-1 What three issues have engaged developmental psychologists?
1.• Developmental psychologists use repeated stimulation to test an infant’s _____________ to a stimulus.
1.The first two weeks of prenatal development is the period of the ______________. The period of the _______________ lasts from 9 weeks after conception until birth. The time between those two prenatal periods is considered the period of the __________________ .
1.• What findings in psychology support (1) the stage theory of development and (2) the idea of stability in personality across the life span? What findings challenge these ideas?
1.• Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience are supporting _______________; those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting ________________.
1.Developmental researchers who consider how biological, psychological, and social-cultural forces interact are focusing on ____________ and ______________.
3-13 How has the concept of addiction changed?
3-12 What are substance use disorders, and what roles do tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction play in these disorders?
• Studies have found that people who begin drinking in their early teens are much more likely to develop alcohol use disorder than those who begin at age 21 or after. What possible explanations might there be for this correlation?
• Why do tobacco companies try so hard to get customers hooked as teens?
How does this pleasure-pain description apply to the repeated use of psychoactive drugs?
• Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates are all in a class of drugs called ____________ .
• How is a “shopping addiction” different from the psychological definition of addiction?
• What is the process that leads to drug tolerance?
9. “For what one has dwelt on by day, these things are seen in visions of the night” (Menander of Athens, Fragments).How might the information-processing perspective on dreaming interpret this ancient Greek quote?
8. How has neural activation been used to explain why we dream?
2. During the NREM-1 sleep stage, a person is most likely to experiencea. sleep spindles.b. hallucinations.c. night terrors or nightmares.d. rapid eye movements.
1. Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as ___________ _____________.
3-11 What functions have theorists proposed for dreams?
3-10 What do we dream?
3-9 How does sleep loss affect us, and what are the major sleep disorders?
3-8 What are sleep’s functions?
3-7 How do biology and environment interact in our sleep patterns?
3-6 What is the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages?
3-5 How do our biological rhythms infl uence our daily functioning?
3-4 What is sleep?
• What five theories propose explanations for why we dream?
• A well-rested person would be more likely to have ___________ (trouble concentrating/quick reaction times) and a sleep-deprived person would be more likely to ____________ (gain weight/fight off a cold).
• What are five proposed reasons for our need for sleep?
• The __________ nucleus helps monitor the brain’s release of melatonin, which affects our __________ rhythm.
• Can you match the cognitive experience with the sleep stage? 1. NREM-1 2. NREM-3 3. REM a. story-like dreams b. fleeting images c. minimal awareness
• What are the four sleep stages, and in what order do we normally travel through those stages?
1. Failure to see visible objects because our attention is occupied elsewhere is called _________ ___________.2. We register and react to stimuli outside of our awareness by means of ____________ processing. When we devote deliberate attention to stimuli, we use ____________ processing.3.
3-3 What is the dual processing being revealed by today’s cognitive neuroscience?
3-2 How does selective attention direct our perceptions?
3-1 What is the place of consciousness in psychology’s history?
• Explain three attentional principles that magicians may use to fool us.
• Those working in the interdisciplinary field called _________ __________ study the brain activity associated with the mental processes of perception, thinking, memory, and language.
In what ways is the theory of multiple intelligences different from factoranalytic theories of intelligence?
What are some of the main reasons that intelligence tests have been devised and used?

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Cognitive Psychology 7th Edition Robert J. Sternberg, Karin Sternberg - Solutions

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