Exploring Psychology 10th Edition David G. Myers, C Nathan Dewall - Solutions

1.13-3 What was Freud’s view of personality?
1.13-2 How did Sigmund Freud’s treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconscious mind?
1.13-1 What theories inform our understanding of personality?
1.• What does it mean to be empathic? How about self-actualized? Which humanistic psychologists used these terms?
1.• How did humanistic psychology provide a fresh perspective?
1.• Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate ______________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against ________________ .
1.• In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to ______________ at that stage.
1.• According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ____________operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain; the ___________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate
1.6. One way of resolving confl icts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called _________________ goals.
1.5. Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them. This exemplifi es the concept of _______________ -_________________ perceptions.
1.4. The bystander effect states that a particular bystander is less likely to give aid ifa. the victim is similar to the bystander in appearance.b. no one else is present.c. other people are present.d. the incident occurs in a deserted or rural area.
1.3. After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plusa. a reward.c. companionate
1.2. A happy couple celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep ____________love, even though their _____________love has probably decreased over the years.
1.1. The more familiar a stimulus becomes, the more we tend to like it. This exemplifi es the __________ _____________effect.
1.12-17 How can we transform feelings of prejudice, aggression, and confl ict into attitudes that promote peace?
1.12-16 How do social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social confl ict?
1.12-15 How do social exchange theory and social norms explain helping behavior?
1.12-14 When are people most—and least—likely to help?
1.12-13 How does romantic love typically change as time passes?
1.12-12 Why do we befriend or fall in love with some people but not others?
1.• What are some ways to reconcile conflicts and promote peace?
1.• Why didn’t anybody help Kitty Genovese? What social psychology principle did this incident illustrate?
1.Two vital components for maintaining companionate love are ____________ and ______________-_______________ .
1.• How does the two-factor theory of emotion help explain passionate love?
1.• How does being physically attractive influence others’ perceptions?
1.• People tend to marry someone who lives or works nearby. This is an example of the _____________ _____________ ______________ in action.
1.7. Social scientists studying the effects of pornography have mostly agreed that violent pornographya. has little effect on most viewers.b. is the primary cause of reported and unreported rapes.c. leads viewers to be more accepting of coercion in sexual relations.d. has no effect, other than
1.6. Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use beatings to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can bea. learned through direct rewards.b. triggered by exposure to violent media.c. learned through observation of aggressive models.d. caused by hormone changes at
1.5. When those who feel frustrated become angry and aggressive, this is referred to as the _____________-______________ ______________.
1.4. Evidence of a biochemical infl uence on aggression is the fi nding thata. aggressive behavior varies widely from culture to culture.b. animals can be bred for aggressiveness.c. stimulation of an area of the brain’s limbic system produces aggressive behavior.d. a higher-than-average level of
1.3. The other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are ___________ (more/less) homogeneous than our own group.
1.2. If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. What psychological principle can help explain this reaction?
1.1. Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as ______________.
1.12-11 What psychological and social-cultural factors may trigger aggressive behavior?
1.12-10 How does psychology’s defi nition of aggression differ from everyday usage? What biological factors make us more prone to hurt one another?
1.12-9 What are the cognitive roots of prejudice?
1.12-8 What is prejudice? What are its social and emotional roots?
1.• What biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences interact to produce aggressive behaviors?
1.• When prejudiced judgment causes us to blame an undeserving person for a problem, that person is called a __________________.
1.• Why do sports fans tend to feel a sense of satisfaction when their archrival team loses?Why do such feelings, in other settings, make conflict resolution more challenging?
1.9. Sharing our opinions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as ______________ ______________.
1.8. In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses self-consciousness and selfcontrol.This phenomenon is called ________________.
1.7. Dr. Huang, a popular music professor, delivers fascinating lectures on music history but gets nervous and makes mistakes when describing exam statistics in front of the class. Why does his performance vary by task?
1.6. In Milgram’s experiments, the rate of compliance was highest whena. the “learner” was at a distance from the “teacher.”b. the “learner” was close at hand.c. other “teachers” refused to go along with the experimenter.d. the “teacher” disliked the “learner.”
1.5. Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group ifa. the group members have diverse opinions.b. the person feels competent and secure.c. the person admires the group’s status.d. no one else will observe the person’s behavior.
1.4. Jamal’s therapist has suggested that Jamal should “act as if” he is confi dent, even though he feels insecure and shy.Which social psychological theory would best support this suggestion, and what might the therapist be hoping to achieve?
1.3. We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the ____________ - ________________-_____________-__________________ phenomenon.
1.2. Celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through(central/peripheral) route persuasion.
1.1. If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person’s behavior toa. moral weakness or an addictive personality.b. peer pressure.c. the easy availability of drugs on city streets.d. society’s
1.12-7 What are group polarization and groupthink, and how much power do we have as individuals?
1.12-6 How is our behavior affected by the presence of others?
1.12-5 What did Milgram’s obedience experiments teach us about the power of social infl uence?
1.12-4 What is automatic mimicry, and how do conformity experiments reveal the power of social infl uence?
1.12-3 How does culture affect our behavior?
1.12-2 How do attitudes and actions interact?
1.12-1 What do social psychologists study? How do we tend to explain others’ behavior and our own?
1.• When a group’s desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other options, ____________has occurred.
1.• When like-minded groups discuss a topic, and the result is the strengthening of the prevailing opinion, this is called _______________ _______________.
1.• You are organizing a meeting of fiercely competitive political candidates and their supporters.To add to the fun, friends have suggested handing out masks of the candidates’ faces for supporters to wear. What phenomenon might these masks engage?
1.• People tend to exert less effort when working with a group than they would alone, which is called __________________ ______________.
1.• What is social facilitation, and why is it more likely to occur with a well-learned task?
1.What situations have researchers found to be most likely to encourage obedience in participants?
1.• Psychology’s most famous obedience experiments, in which most participants obeyed an authority figure’s demands to inflict presumed painful, dangerous shocks on an innocent participant, were conducted by social psychologist _________________ ________________.
1.• Which of the following strengthens conformity to a group?a. Finding the group attractiveb. Feeling securec. Coming from an individualist cultured. Having made a prior commitment
1.• What is culture, and how does its transmission distinguish us from other social animals?
1.When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions,____________ ___________ theory attempts to explain why.
1.• How do our attitudes and our actions affect each other?
1.• Driving to school one snowy day, Marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. “Slow down! What a terrible driver,” he thinks to himself. Moments later, Marco himself slips through an intersection and yelps, “Wow! These roads are awful. The city plows need to get out
1.10. A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology, this observation is embodied in the ________________ _______________ principle.
1.9. After moving to a new apartment, you fi nd the street noise irritatingly loud, but after a while, it no longer bothers you. This reaction illustrates thea. relative deprivation principle.b. adaptation-level phenomenon.c. feel-good, do-good phenomenon.d. importance of mindfulness meditation.
1.8. _____________psychology is a scientifi c fi eld of study focused on how humans thrive and fl ourish.
1.7. One of the most consistent fi ndings of psychological research is that happy people are alsoa. more likely to express anger.b. generally luckier than others.c. concentrated in the wealthier nations.d. more likely to help others.
1.6. Research on the faith factor has found thata. pessimists tend to be healthier than optimists.b. our expectations infl uence our feelings of stress.c. religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active.d. religious engagement promotes isolation, repression, and ill
1.5. Because it triggers the release of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins,____________ exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety.
1.4. People who have close relationships are less likely to die prematurely than those who do not, supporting the idea thata. social ties can be a source of stress.b. gender infl uences longevity.c. Type A behavior is responsible for many premature deaths.d. social support has a benefi cial effect
1.3. When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such fi ndings indicate that people do better when they experience an ______________(internal/external) locus of control.
1.2. Seligman’s research showed that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has hada. the opportunity to escape.b. no control over the shocks.c. pain or discomfort.d. no food or water prior to the shocks.
1.1. When faced with a situation over which you feel you have no sense of control, it is most effective to use _________________(emotion/problem)-focused coping.
1.11-15 What are some predictors of happiness, and how can we be happier?
1.11-14 How do time, wealth, adaptation, and comparison affect our happiness levels?
1.11-13 What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon, and what is the focus of positive psychology research?
1.11-12 What is the faith factor, and what are some possible explanations for the link between faith and health?
1.11-11 In what ways might relaxation and meditation infl uence stress and health?
1.11-10 How effective is aerobic exercise as a way to manage stress and improve well-being?
1.11-9 How does social support promote good health?
1.11-8 How does an optimistic outlook affect health and longevity?
1.11-7 How can our self-control be depleted, and why is it important to build this strength?
1.11-6 How does a perceived lack of control affect health?
1.11-5 In what two ways do people try to alleviate stress?
1.• Which of the following factors do NOT predict self-reported happiness? Which factors are better predictors?a. Aged. Genderb. Personality traitse. Sleep and exercisec. Close relationshipsf. Active religious faith
1.• What are some of the tactics we can use to manage successfully the stress we cannot avoid?
1.• To cope with stress when we feel in control of our world, we tend to use_________________-focused (emotion/problem) strategies. To cope with stress when we believe we cannot change a situation, we tend to use____________ -focused (emotion/problem) strategies.
1.7. A Chinese proverb warns, “The fi re you kindle for your enemy often burns you more than him.” How is this true of Type A individuals?
1.6. Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing depression, helplessness, or bereavement. In describing this link, researchers are quick to point out thata. accumulated stress causes cancer.b. anger is the negative emotion most closely linked to
1.5. Stress can suppress the immune system by prompting a decrease in the release of ____________ , the immune cells that ordinarily attack bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other foreign substances.
1.4. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of stressors?a. Catastrophesb. Signifi cant life changesc. Daily hasslesd. Distant threats that we hear about
1.3. The number of short-term illnesses and stress-related psychological disorders was higher than usual in the months following an earthquake. Such fi ndings suggest thata. daily hassles have adverse health consequences.b. experiencing a very stressful event increases a person’s vulnerability to
1.2. When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to experience the ______________-and_____________ response.
1.1. Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) consists of an alarm reaction followed by ____________ , then ____________.
1.11-4 How do strategies for handling anger compare in their effectiveness?

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Exploring Psychology 10th Edition David G. Myers, C Nathan Dewall - Solutions

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