Exploring Psychology 10th Edition David G. Myers, C Nathan Dewall - Solutions

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List three important differences between positivist research and social constructionist research.
Imagine that you are trying to develop a theory to explain successful performance in telephone sales work. For each box in Fig. 2.1, suggest at least two possible factors.
Explain (in one sentence) the type of data and research question to which each of the following techniques can be applied:t-test Correlation Chi-square Content analysis
Explain the concepts of statistical significance, statistical power and effect size.
Briefly describe a psychological study of your own invention and specify a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis suitable for that study.
How can work psychology help to ensure that people of different genders and ethnic affiliations work effectively together?
In what ways has technology changed the way people work over the past 20 years or so? What lessons can be learned about how this technology should be introduced and deployed?
Examine whether the ethical codes of practice governing work psychologists adequately reflect all the ethical issues that can arise in work psychology research and practice.
Select any two traditions in personality. Imagine two managers. One believes one tradition is correct; the other supports the other tradition. Examine the probable impact of their beliefs on the way they deal with other people at work.
Compare and contrast any two approaches to personality.
Choose one way in which people at work differ from each other, and specify three insights from work psychology about this difference.
Suggest three ways in which work psychology should be able to help in the management of diversity.
Choose one of these, and comment on what work psychology can contribute to understanding its impact.
Specify five ways in which workplaces tend to be different now from 30 years ago.
How would you evaluate whether the research undertaken by a work psychologist was ethical?
If you were a manager considering buying the services of a work psychologist, what would you want to know about the psychologist’s qualifications and experiences?
Name and briefly describe eight areas of work undertaken by work psychologists.
What were the key lessons learned by work psychologists from the Hawthorne studies?
Why is the self an important concept in the social cognitive tradition?
In phenomenological psychology, what are (i) conditions of worth, (ii)unconditional positive regard and (iii) self-actualisation?
In behaviourism, what is reinforcement? Why do behaviourist psychologists think that personality can be changed?
What is a trait? Briefly describe two key features of the trait approach to personality.
In psychoanalytic psychology, what are (i) the id, (ii) the ego, (iii) the superego and (iv) defence mechanisms?
Draw a diagram to show the relationship between basic psychology and work psychology.
What are the areas of basic psychology, and what kind of issues does each area address?
What challenges and threats do you see for Nissan’s corporate culture for the future?
How does Nissan’s transformation fit with the models of change covered in this chapter?
What had created the old culture in place at Nissan?
What did Nissan corporate culture look like prior to 2000? How did it look afterwards?Use the concepts from the chapter in your description.
Out of the cultures discussed in this chapter, which ones do you feel are a good match for you? Why?
Imagine that you are a high-level employee in a company where there is a “culture of incivility.” People are rude to each other, there are instances of bullying, and the result is high levels of stress and turnover among employees. How could you try to change this culture? Develop a
Do you think you would like the kind of environment described in this case? Explain why or why not.
Why do you think Novak has been so successful?
Many supervisors are under pressure to keep production up, while at the same time to maintain a safe work environment. What are some ways that they can manage this balance between meeting goals and taking care of employees? What is the role of top management?
Think of a time when you have been highly stressed. What did you do to manage your stress? After reading this chapter, do you think you’d manage your own stress differently or in the same way? Why or why not?
In this chapter, we noted that pay is not a strong influence on employee satisfaction.However, Costco pays employees quite well, and it is one of the distinguishing factors compared to other retailers. Do you think this is contradictory information? What part of Costco’s employee happiness is due
If an organization that behaved differently in the past decides to truly put employees first, how do you think such a change can be brought about? What would be the steps that are necessary to go through? What would be the roadblocks?
Some analysts comparing other retailers and Costco claim that because Costco has half the number of employees as Walmart per square foot, its stores are only in richer neighborhoods, and people buy in bulk, its model is not possible to replicate in other retailers. Do you agree? Why or why not?
Why aren’t businesses such as Costco more common? What prevents some organizations from treating employees well and putting employees first?
Do you think that Google can stop this training at some point, or will it need to continue this training indefinitely? Explain the reasons for your answer.
Why do you think that more organizational leaders are becoming more interested in evaluating training programs? What types of outcomes should top-level managers look at for deciding whether a program is effective?
A friend of yours says that she thinks that lectures are just boring and that she doesn’t think that they are any good for learning. What would you tell her about the effectiveness of lectures in organizational training?
How do you think that test security issues might affect a test’s validity (i.e., the assumption that higher test scores are associated with higher job performance)?
Imagine that you’re in charge of the selection procedures in your company –a large retail company – which has used cognitive tests and integrity tests to hire its employees for many years. Your company has done research to show that the tests are excellent predictors of job performance, but
You’re working for an Internet sales company specializing in home electronics. It is based in the United States. The company is about to expand into the United Kingdom and Germany. Your boss has asked for your advice on what issues to consider in terms of staffing up the new locations as quickly
Let’s say that you’re employed by a mid-sized government agency tasked with enforcing environmental regulations. Most of the employees have master’s degrees in biology or chemistry. Your boss has done her homework about recruitment and hiring strategies – she’s hired some top-flight I/O
You’re tasked with developing an interview protocol for the job of customer service representative. What type of interview would you use? How would you develop the questions? Provide at least five interview questions.
What are your thoughts about the agency’s plans to design a new system that will be less subjective and give less power to managers? What would such a system look like?
How do you think the employees will react to the solution that all employees be given top scores retroactively? Do you feel that this is a satisfactory solution to the problem? What else could the agency have done? How do you think this decision will affect the agency culture and morale, as well as
Do you agree that CFPB needs a brand-new appraisal system? If you were consulting for this organization, what would you do in order to solve the problems associated with the current appraisal system?
After reviewing the internal audit findings, do you see sufficient evidence that CFPB is using a problematic performance appraisal system? What additional information would be helpful for you to make this judgment?
If you had not seen the results of the Deloitte report, what would have been your thoughts about the characteristics of the appraisal system?
If you visit your local book store or the library, the management section will likely contain some books about “ready-made performance appraisals”you can start implementing in your organization, and “performance appraisal phrases” that give you pre-packaged ways of expressing common
You’re supervising a group of computer programmers. Consuela is absolutely the best in your group – she writes the most code, she makes very few mistakes, and she helps her coworkers. In fact, her coworkers seem to value her contributions to the group. However, several times a month she’s
A friend of yours is working at a department store that has started to focus entirely on sales volume in dollars to assess employee performance. Do you think that this is fair? Is it a good way to measure the performance of its salespeople? Explain your answer.
What do you think about the idea of using “big data” to evaluate employee performance? What types of measures do you think that organizations should use? Which measures would it be fair or not fair for an organization to use? Explain your answers.
Consider the job of police officer in your town. How would you decide what the conceptual criterion is for this job? What types of actual criteria would you use to measure performance, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each of these actual criteria?
As we discussed in this chapter, some types of job analysis questionnaires(e.g., task questionnaires) can be quite long and require a good bit of time on the part of the SME to complete. They also require a good bit of dedication.What are some ways that job analysts might make these surveys, which
Given the usefulness of O*NET as a resource for conducting job analysis, check out the website (http://www.onetonline.org/). Try typing in a few job titles that might be of interest to you and take a look at the job requirements.Which of these seem to be the best fit for you based on the O*NET data?
How do you think that these changes would affect job analysis? Explain your answer.
As you know, the world of work is changing quickly. In fact, we described a number of these changes in Chapter
Your boss has tasked you with hiring a new team member for your group, which is charged with developing new video games. Specifically, this new person, who is replacing someone who has received a better job offer elsewhere, will take on coordinating the team’s activities and managing individual
A friend of yours has been asked to do a job analysis for the salespeople in his company. He tells you he plans to do the job analysis simply by downloading the “retail salespersons” listing from the O*NET website because he says “the data are from thousands of people, so it’s good enough
Describe the type of statistical analysis you would use for each of these research questions:a. What is the relationship between employee conscientiousness and work engagement?b. What is the effect of a workplace stress-reduction program? You want to compare the mean stress levels of employees in
What do you think is the value of a theory for (a) advancing science and(b) addressing problems in organizations? Consider both the relationship between research and theory, and also that between science and practice(Chapter 1).
A friend of yours has decided to pursue a graduate degree in I/O psychology.What advice would you give him or her in considering graduate training and for making a strong application?
1.8. To reduce users’ frustration and to avoid accidents, human factors psychologists help organizations avoid the curse of knowledge, which is the tendency fora. a little bit of knowledge to be dangerous for the user.b. users to override machines and resort to familiar habits.c. engineers and
1.7. Effective managers often exhibita. only task leadership.b. only social leadership.c. both task and social leadership, depending on the situation and the person.d. task leadership for building teams and social leadership for setting standards.
1.6. Research indicates that women are more likely than men to have a _______________ leadership style.
1.5. What type of goals will best help you stay focused and motivated to do your best work in this class?
1.4. In your job, you rate your own performance, your manager’s, and your peers’. Your manager, your peers, and your customers also rate your performance. Your organization is using a form of performance appraisal calleda. fl ow procedure.b. graphic feedback.c. structured interviews.d.
1.3. A personnel psychologist scripted a set of questions to ask all applicants for a job opening. She then trained the fi rm’s interviewers to ask only these questions, to take notes, and to rate applicants’ responses. This technique is known as a(n)a. structured interview.b. unstructured
1.2. _____________psychologists study the recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development of employees;__________________ ____________________ psychologists focus on how people and machines interact, and on optimizing devices and work environments.
1.1. People who view their work as a calling often experience ________________, a focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of themselves and of time.a. stressb. apathyc. fl owd. facilitation
1.B-5 How do human factors psychologists work to create userfriendly machines and work settings?
1.B-4 What are some effective leadership techniques?
1.B-3 What is the role of organizational psychologists?
1.B-2 How do personnel psychologists help with job seeking, employee selection, work placement, and performance appraisal?
1.B-1 What is fl ow, and what are the key subfi elds related to industrial-organizational psychology?
1.• Name two main divisions of industrial-organizational psychology, and a related field.
1.• What characteristics are important for transformational leaders?
1.• A human resources director explains to you that “I don’t bother with tests or references. It’s all about the interview.” Based on I/O research, what concerns does this raise?
1.• What is the value of finding flow in our work?
1.9. When sample averages are________________ and the difference between them is_________________ , we can say the difference has statistical signifi cance.a. reliable; largeb. reliable; smallc. due to chance; larged. due to chance; small
1.8. In _________________ - _______________studies, a characteristic is assessed across different age groups at the same time.
1.7. What is regression toward the mean, and how can it infl uence our interpretation of events?
1.6. A_______________ provides a visual representation of the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables.
1.5. If a study revealed that tall people were less intelligent than short people, this would suggest that the correlation between height and intelligence is ____________(positive/negative).
1.4. In a _____________ correlation, the scores rise and fall together; in a(n) correlation, one score falls and the other rises.a. positive; negativec. negative; inverseb. positive; illusoryd. strong; weak
1.3. Another name for a bell-shaped distribution, in which most scores fall near the middle and fewer scores fall at each extreme, is a __________________ _________________.
1.2. The standard deviation is the most useful measure of variation in a set of data because it tells usa. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in the set.b. the extent to which the sample being used deviates from the bigger population it represents.c. how much individual scores
1.1. Which of the three measures of central tendency is most easily distorted by a few very large or very small scores?a. The modeb. The meanc. The mediand. They are all equally vulnerable to distortion from atypical scores.
1.A-5 What are cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies, and why is it important to know which method was used?
1.A-4 How do we know whether an observed difference can be generalized to other populations?
1.A-3 What is regression toward the mean?
1.A-2 What does it mean when we say two things are correlated?
1.A-1 How do we describe data using three measures of central tendency, and what is the relative usefulness of the two measures of variation?
1.• _______________statistics summarize data, while _______________ statistics determine if data can be generalized to other populations.
1.• Can you solve this puzzle?The registrar’s office at the University of Michigan has found that usually about 100 students in Arts and Sciences have perfect marks at the end of their first term at the University. However, only about 10 to 15 students graduate with perfect marks. What do you
1.• You hear the school basketball coach telling her friend that she rescued her team’s winning streak by yelling at the players after they played an unusually bad first half. What is another explanation of why the team’s performance improved?

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Exploring Psychology 10th Edition David G. Myers, C Nathan Dewall - Solutions

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