Exploring Psychology 10th Edition David G. Myers, C Nathan Dewall - Solutions

What are some practical examples of the forms of nondeclarative knowledge in Squire’s model? (For ideas on conditioning, see Chapter 1; for ideas on habituation or on priming, see Chapter 4.)
How would you design an experiment to test whether a particular cognitive task was better explained in terms of modular components, or in terms of some fundamental underlying domain general processes?
What are some advantages and disadvantages of hierarchical models of knowledge representation?
In your opinion, why have many of the models for knowledge representation come from people with a strong interest in AI?
Describe some of the attributes of schemas, and compare and contrast two of the schema models mentioned in this chapter.
What is a script that you use in your daily life? How might you make it work better for you?
Define declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge, and give examples of each.
What is domain specificity?
How does a connectionist network represent knowledge?
What is parallel processing?
How is procedural knowledge represented in the ACT-R model?
What is the ACT-R model?
What are two types of priming?
What are the different kinds of nondeclarative knowledge?
What is procedural knowledge?
Why do we need scripts?
What is a schema?
What are the components of a semantic network?
What is the theory based view of meaning?
What is the difference between prototypes and exemplars?
What is a category?
What is a concept?
How does declarative knowledge interact with procedural knowledge?
How do we represent other forms of knowledge in the mind?
How are representations of words and symbols organized in the mind?
Based on the heuristics described in this chapter, what are some of the distortions that may be influencing your cognitive maps for places with which you are familiar (e.g., a college campus or your hometown)?
What are some practical applications of having two codes for knowledge representation?Give an example applied to your own experiences, such as applications to studying for examinations.
Some people report never experiencing mental imagery, yet they are able to solve mental rotation problems. How might they solve such problems?
In what ways do propositional forms of knowledge representation influence performance on tasks involving mental imagery?
In what ways is mental imagery analogous (or functionally equivalent)perception?
What factors might lead a person’s mental model to be inaccurate with respect to how radio transmissions lead people to be able to hear music on a radio?
Describe some of the characteristics of pictures versus words as external forms of knowledge representation.
What is a text map?
Name some heuristics that people use when manipulating cognitive maps.
What is a cognitive map?
What is the difference between visual and spatial imagery?
What kind of mental model did Johnson-Laird propose?
Why are demand characteristics important when researchers design and interpret experiments?
What is representational neglect?
How do we mentally scan images?
What is image scaling?
What is some of the neuropsychological evidence for mental rotation?
What is mental rotation?
What is a proposition?
What kinds of codes does dual-code theory comprise?
In what forms can knowledge be represented in our mind?
What are three things you learned about memory that can help you to learn new information and effectively recall the information over the long term?
Make a list of 10 or more unrelated items you need to memorize. Choose one of the mnemonic devices mentioned in this chapter, and describe how you would apply the device to memorizing the list of items. Be specific.
Use the chapter-opening example from Bransford and Johnson as an illustration to make up a description of a common procedure without labeling the procedure (e.g., baking chocolate chip cookies or changing a tire). Try having someone read your description and then recall the procedure.
Suppose that you are an attorney defending a client who is being prosecuted solely on the basis of eyewitness testimony. How could you demonstrate to members of the jury the frailty of eyewitness testimony?
Compare and contrast some of the views regarding flashbulb memory.
What is the main difference between two of the proposed mechanisms by which we forget information?
What is the evidence for encoding specificity? Cite at least three sources of supporting evidence.
In what forms do we encode information for brief memory storage versus longterm memory storage?
How does the context influence encoding and retrieval of information?
What are repressed memories?
Do you think eyewitness accounts should be allowed in court?
In what specific ways do memory distortions occur?
What is autobiographical memory?
What is the difference between interference and decay?
What is the recency effect?
Name and define two types of interference.
Why do we need to make a difference between the availability and the accessibility of information?
How do we retrieve data from short-term memory?
Name and explain three mnemonic devices.
What is rehearsal?
How does encoding differ in the short-term storage and the long-term storage?
How does what we know or what we learn affect what we remember?
What affects our ability to retrieve information from memory?
What have cognitive psychologists discovered regarding how we encode information for storing it in memory?
How would your life be different if you could greatly enhance your own mnemonic skills in some way?
Imagine what it would be like to recover from one of the forms of amnesia.Describe your impressions of and reactions to your newly recovered memory abilities.
How would you design an experiment to study some aspect of implicit memory?
Critique one of the experiments described in this chapter (e.g., Sperling’s 1960 experiment on the iconic store, or Craik and Tulving’s 1975 experiment on the levels-of-processing model). What problem do you see regarding the interpretation given? How could subsequent research be designed to
Compare and contrast the three-store model of memory with one of the alternative models of memory.
What are double dissociations, and why are they valuable to understanding the relationship between cognitive function and the brain?
Describe two characteristics each of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
Define amnesia and name three forms of amnesia.
Describe a connectionist model of memory.
Why do we need both semantic and episodic memories?
What are the components of the working-memory model?
What are levels of processing?
What is the difference between the sensory store and the short-term store?
Why does it make sense to consider culture when doing research on memory in different countries?
What is implicit memory?
What is explicit memory?
What is the difference between a recall task and a recognition task?
What have psychologists learned about the structure of memory by studying exceptional memory and the physiology of the brain?
Can we actively process information even if we are not aware of doing so? If so, what do we process and how?
What is the difference between monochromacy and dichromacy?1. Briefly describe each of the monocular and binocular depth cues listed in this chapter.
What is the what–where hypothesis?
What are some of the symptoms of head injuries?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of in vivo techniques compared with postmortem studies?
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the case-study method?
9. Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to focus ona. how individuals differ from one another.b. ancestral hunting and gathering behaviors.c. natural selection of the fi ttest adaptations.d. twin and adoption studies.
8. Behavior geneticists are most interested in exploring(commonalities/differences) in our behaviors.Evolutionary psychologists are most interested in exploring (commonalities/differences).
7. Epigenetics is the study of the molecular mechanisms by which trigger or block genetic expression.
2-16 How do evolutionary psychologists use natural selection to explain behavior tendencies?
2-15 How do heredity and environment work together?

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Exploring Psychology 10th Edition David G. Myers, C Nathan Dewall - Solutions

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