Cognitive Psychology 7th Edition Robert J. Sternberg, Karin Sternberg - Solutions

Briefly summarize the key strands of AI research and name an example of a program in each strand.
How does intelligence develop in adults?
Can intelligence be improved, and if so, how?
How have researchers attempted to simulate intelligence using machines such as computers?
What are some alternative views of intelligence?
What are some information-processing approaches to intelligence?
What are the key issues in measuring intelligence? How do different researchers and theorists approach the issues?
Design a question, such as the ones used by Kahneman and Tversky, which requires people to estimate subjective probabilities of two different events. Indicate the fallacies that you may expect to influence people’s estimates, or explain why you think people would give realistic estimates of
Using the information in this chapter, design a way to help high school students more effectively apply deductive reasoning to the problems they face.
Which parts of the brain play prominent roles in decision making?
What are the symptoms of groupthink?
Name and describe three fallacies.
What is the difference between overconfidence and hindsight bias?
Why do we use heuristics?
Why can the model of the economic man and woman not explain human decision making satisfactorily?
Are there any alternative views of reasoning?
How do people use inductive reasoning to make causal inferences and to reach other types of conclusions?
What are some of the forms of deductive reasoning that people may use, and what factors facilitate or impede deductive reasoning?
What are some of the strategies that guide human decision making?
Given some of the ideas regarding creativity presented in this chapter, what can you do to enhance your own creativity?
Given what we know about some of the hindrances to problem solving, how could you minimize those hindrances in your handling of the problems you face?
Design a context for problem solving that would enhance the ease of reaching a solution.
Design a problem that would require insight for its solution.
Compare and contrast the various approaches to creativity.
What are some of the insights into problem solving gained through studying computer simulations of problem solving? How might a computer-based approach limit the potential for understanding problem solving in humans?
What are some of the key characteristics of expert problem solvers?
Describe the steps of the problem-solving cycle and give an example of each step.
Which brain regions contribute to creative processes?
What makes a contribution creative?
Name some of the ways to identify a creative individual.
How does talent contribute to expertise?
Why does automatization help experts solve problems efficiently?
How do the schemas of experts and novices differ?
What is the role of incubation in problem solving?
Are analogies always useful for problem solving?
What is negative transfer?
How can mental sets impair our problem-solving ability?
Are insights always sudden?
According to Neo-Gestaltism, how can insightful problem solving and noninsightful problem solving be distinguished?
What is insight?
When are two problems isomorphic?
What is the difference between well-structured and ill-structured problems?
What are the different steps of the problem-solving cycle?
Why is the process of solving problems described as a cycle?
What is creativity, and how can it be fostered?
How does expertise affect problem solving?
What are some of the obstacles and aids to problem solving?
What are the differences between problems that have a clear path to a solution versus problems that do not?
What are some key steps involved in solving problems?
Give an example of a humorous violation of one of Grice’s four maxims of successful conversation.
Suppose that you are an instructor of English as a second language. What kinds of things will you want to know about your students to determine how much to emphasize phonology, vocabulary, syntax, or pragmatics in your instruction?
Draft an example of a brief dialogue between a male and a female in which each may misunderstand the other, based on their differing beliefs regarding the goals of communication.
Write an example of a pidgin conversation between two people and a creole conversation, focusing on the differences between pidgins and creoles.
Compare and contrast the kinds of understandings that can be gained by studying speech errors made by healthy people with those that can be gained by studying the language produced by people who have particular brain lesions.
How should cognitive psychologists interpret evidence of linguistic universals when considering the linguistic-relativity hypothesis?
Why are researchers interested in the number of color words used by different cultures?
What is the difference between Wernicke’s aphasia and Broca’s aphasia?
What are some difficulties when drawing conclusions from lesion studies?
What does “plasticity” refer to with respect to the brain?
Which parts of the brain are involved in semantic processing?
Do animals have the same potential for language as humans? Explain.
Why do psychologists conduct research with animals?
How does gender have an impact on language?
What are some maxims of successful conversations?
What are some forms of nonverbal communication?
Name some kinds of slips of the tongue people make when they speak.
What are the single-system and dual-system hypotheses?
Does age influence our ability to learn languages?
What is additive bilingualism?
What impact can language have on the perception of color?
What is linguistic relativity?
How can we find out about language by studying the human brain, and what do such studies reveal?
How does our social context influence our use of language?
How does language affect the way we think?
On the basis of the discussion of reading in this chapter, what practical suggestion could you recommend that might make reading easier for someone who is having difficulty reading?
In this chapter, we saw that passive-voice sentences can be transformed into active-voice sentences using transformation rules. What are some other kinds of sentence structures that are related to one another? In your own words, state the transformation rules that would govern the changes from one
Write a noun phrase and a verb phrase. How are they different?
How do phrase-structure diagrams reveal the alternative meanings of ambiguous sentences?
Compare and contrast the speech-is-ordinary and speech-is-special views, particularly in reference to categorical perception and phonemic restoration.
In your opinion, why do some view speech perception to be special, whereas others consider speech perception to be ordinary?
Describe the six key properties of language.
Is there a limit to the number or complexity of mental models one can have about a given text?
Does readers’ point of view influence their text comprehension?
What technique can you apply when you come across a word you don’t know in a text?
What is discourse?
Give an example for the word-superiority effect.
What is lexical access?
Which processes can be impaired in dyslexia?
What is the difference between phrase-structure grammar and transformational grammar?
What is syntactical priming?
What is categorical perception?
What does the view of speech perception as ordinary suggest?
What is coarticulation, and why is it important?
What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes?
What are some important properties of language?
How does discourse help us understand individual words?
How do perceptual processes interact with the cognitive processes of reading?
What are some of the processes involved in language?
What properties characterize language?
How might you use semantic priming to enhance the likelihood that a person will think of something you would like the person to think of (e.g., your birthday, a restaurant to visit, or a movie to view)?

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Cognitive Psychology 7th Edition Robert J. Sternberg, Karin Sternberg - Solutions

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