Exploring Psychology 10th Edition David G. Myers, C Nathan Dewall - Solutions

1.5. Most researchers agree that apes cana. communicate through symbols.b. reproduce most human speech sounds.c. master language in adulthood.d. surpass a human 3-year-old in language skills.
1.4. According to Chomsky, all languages share a(n)____________ ______________.
1.3. When young children speak in short phrases using mostly verbs and nouns, this is referred to as ___________ ___________.
1.2. The three basic building blocks of language are ______________,_____________ , and _____________.
1.1. Children reach the one-word stage of speech development at abouta. 4 months.b. 6 months.c. 1 year.d. 2 years.
1.9-12 What is the relationship between thinking and language, and what is the value of thinking in images?
1.9-11 What do we know about other animals’ capacity for language?
1.9-10 What brain areas are involved in language processing and speech?
1.9-9 What are the milestones in language development, and how do we acquire language?
1.9-8 What are the structural components of a language?
1.• What is mental practice, and how can it help you to prepare for an upcoming event?
1.• Benjamin Lee Whorf’s controversial hypothesis, called ____________ ___________, suggested that we cannot think about things unless we have words for those concepts or ideas.
1.• If your dog barks at a stranger at the front door, does this qualify as language? What if the dog yips in a telltale way to let you know she needs to go out?
1.• _____________ ____________is the part of the brain that, if damaged, might impair your ability to speak words. Damage to ____________ ____________ might impair your ability to understand language.
1.• Why is it so difficult to learn a new language in adulthood?
1.• What was the premise of researcher Noam Chomsky’s work in language development?
1.• What is the difference between receptive and productive language, and when do children normally hit these milestones in language development?
1.7. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative person?a. Expertiseb. Extrinsic motivationc. A venturesome personalityd. Imaginative thinking skills
1.6. When consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as “75 percent lean” than to the same product labeled “25 percent fat,” they have been infl uenced by ________________.
1.5. Widely reported terrorist attacks, such as on 9/11 in the United States, led some observers to initially assume in 2014 that the missing Malaysian Airlines Flight 370 was probably also the work of terrorists. This assumption illustrates the ______________heuristic.
1.4. A major obstacle to problem solving is fi xation, which is a(n)a. tendency to base our judgments on vivid memories.b. tendency to wait for insight to occur.c. inability to view a problem from a new perspective.d. rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of an event based on its mental
1.3. Oscar describes his political beliefs as “strongly liberal,”but he has decided to explore opposing viewpoints. How might he be affected by confi rmation bias and belief perseverance in this effort?
1.2. The most systematic procedure for solving a problem is a(n) ____________.
1.1. A mental grouping of similar things is called a ___________.
1.9-7 What do we know about thinking in other animals?
1.9-6 What is creativity, and what fosters it?
1.9-5 How do smart thinkers use intuition?
1.9-4 What factors contribute to our fear of unlikely events?
1.9-3 What is intuition, and how can the availability heuristic, overconfi dence, belief perseverance, and framing infl uence our decisions and judgments?
1.9-2 What cognitive strategies assist our problem solving, and what obstacles hinder it?
1.9-1 What is cognition, and what are the functions of concepts?
1.• Match the process or strategy listed below (1–10) with the description (a–j).1. Algorithm 5. Fixation 8. Creativity 2. Intuition 6. Confirmation bias 9. Framing 3. Insight 7. Overconfidence 10. Belief perseverance 4. Heuristicsa. Inability to view problems from a new angle; focuses
1.• Why can news be described as “something that hardly ever happens”? How does knowing this help us assess our fears?
1.10. Psychologists involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to disagree with each other about which of the following statements?a. Memories of events that happened before age 3 are not reliable.b. We tend to repress extremely upsetting memories.c. Memories can be emotionally upsetting.d.
1.9. Children can be accurate eyewitnesses ifa. interviewers give the children hints about what really happened.b. a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event.c. the children have a chance to talk with involved adults before the interview.d. interviewers use precise technical
1.8. When a situation triggers the feeling that “I’ve been here before,” you are experiencing _________________ _______________.
1.7. We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of _______________ ______________.
1.6. Eliza’s family loves to tell the story of how she “stole the show” as a 2-year-old, dancing at her aunt’s wedding reception. Even though she was so young, Eliza says she can recall the event clearly. How is this possible?
1.5. One reason false memories form is our tendency to fi ll in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency is an example ofa. proactive interference.b. the misinformation effect.c. retroactive interferenced. the forgetting curve.
1.3. The hour before sleep is a good time to memorize information, because going to sleep after learning new material minimizes _____________ interference.
1.1. When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred froma. the environment into sensory memory.b. sensory memory into long-term memory.c. long-term memory into short-term memory.d. short-term memory into long-term memory.
1.8-16 How do misinformation, imagination, and source amnesia infl uence our memory construction? How do we decide whether a memory is real or false?
1.8-15 Why do we forget?
1.• Which memory strategies can help you study smarter and retain more information?
1.6. When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the fi rst and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recalla. the fi rst items on the list.b. the fi rst and last items on the list.c. a few items at
1.4. Specifi c odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of _____________ ______________ .
1.2. Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an ______________ (explicit/implicit) memory.
1.1. The hippocampus seems to function as aa. temporary processing site for explicit memories.b. temporary processing site for implicit memories.c. permanent storage area for emotion-based memories.d. permanent storage area for iconic and echoic memories.
1.8-14 How do external cues, internal emotions, and order of appearance infl uence memory retrieval?
1.8-12 How do emotions affect our memory processing?
1.8-10 What are the roles of the frontal lobes and hippocampus in memory processing?
1.8-9 What is the capacity of long-term memory? Are our longterm memories processed and stored in specifi c locations?
1.• When we are tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known as the ______________ _______________effect.
1.• What is priming?
1.• The neural basis for learning and memory, found at the synapses in the brain’s memorycircuit connections, results from brief, rapid stimulation. It is called ________________ - ______________ ___________________.
1.• Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?
1.• Your friend has experienced brain damage in an accident. He can remember how to tie his shoes but has a hard time remembering anything you tell him during a conversation. What’s going on here?
1.• Which parts of the brain are important for implicit memory processing, and which parts play a key role in explicit memory processing?
1.6. Memory aids that use visual imagery (such as peg words)or other organizational devices (such as acronyms) are called ________________.
1.5. Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about ______________ items.
1.4. Sensory memory may be visual (__________________ memory)or auditory (_________________ memory).
1.3. The concept of working memorya. clarifi es the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.b. splits short-term memory into two substages—sensory memory and working memory.c. splits short-term memory into two areas—working(retrievable) memory
1.2. The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ________________, ________________, and ________________.
1.1. A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your _____________.
1.8-2 How do psychologists describe the human memory system?
1.• If you try to make the material you are learning personally meaningful, are you processing at a shallow or a deep level? Which level leads to greater retention?
1.• Which strategies are better for long-term retention: cramming and rereading material, or spreading out learning over time and repeatedly testing yourself?
1.At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?
1.• What is the difference between automatic and effortful processing, and what are some examples of each?
1.• What are two basic functions of working memory?
1.• How does the working memory concept update the classic Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model?
1.• If you want to be sure to remember what you’re learning for an upcoming test, would it be better to use recall or recognition to check your memory? Why?
1.• Multiple-choice questions test our ___________. Fill-in-the-blank questions test our _____________.
1.9. Most experts agree that repeated viewing of media violencea. makes all viewers signifi cantly more aggressive.b. has little effect on viewers.c. dulls viewers’ sensitivity to violence.d. makes viewers angry and frustrated.
1.8. Some scientists believe that the brain has _____________ neurons that enable empathy and imitation.
1.7. Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them ifa. their words and actions are consistent.b. they have outgoing personalities.c. one parent works and the other stays home to care for the children.d. they carefully explain why a behavior is acceptable in adults but not in
1.6. According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience ____________reinforcement or _____________punishment.
1.5. Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called _________________ ________________.
1.4. Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated _____________ _____________.
1.3. Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats running a maze develop _________________ _______________.
1.2. Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. What evolutionary psychology fi nding does this support?
1.1. Garcia and Koelling’s ____________-___________ studies showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS).
1.7-17 What is the impact of prosocial modeling and of antisocial modeling?
1.7-16 How does observational learning differ from associative learning? How may observational learning be enabled by neural mirroring?
1.7-15 How do cognitive processes affect classical and operant conditioning?
1.7-14 How do biological constraints affect classical and operant conditioning?
1.• Match the examples (1–5) to the appropriate underlying learning principle (a–e):a. Classical conditioningc. Latent learninge. Biological predispositionsb. Operant conditioningd. Observational learning 1. Knowing the way from your bed to the bathroom in the dark 2. Your little brother
1.• Instinctive drift and latent learning are examples of what important idea?
1.• How did Garcia and Koelling’s taste-aversion studies help disprove Gregory Kimble’s early claim that “just about any activity of which the organism is capable can be conditioned . . .to any stimulus that the organism can perceive”?
1.8. A medieval proverb notes that “a burnt child dreads the fi re.” In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of aa. primary reinforcer.b. negative reinforcer.c. punisher.d. positive reinforcer.
1.7. The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a ______________- ______________schedule.
1.6. A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, your fi fth meal will be free. This is an example of a ____________ schedule of reinforcement.a. fi xed-ratiob. variable-ratioc. fi xed-intervald. variable-interval
1.5. Reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called ____________ reinforcement.
1.4. How could your psychology instructor use negative reinforcement to encourage your attentive behavior during class?
1.3. Your dog is barking so loudly that it’s making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, “I’ll have to do that when he barks again.” The end of the barking was for you aa. positive reinforcer.b. negative reinforcer.c.
1.2. One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as the organism gets closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called ___________ .
1.1. Thorndike’s law of effect was the basis for _________ work on operant conditioning and behavior control.
1.7-13 How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
1.7-12 Why did Skinner’s ideas provoke controversy, and how might his operant conditioning principles be applied at school, in sports, at work, and at home?
1.7-11 How does punishment differ from negative reinforcement, and how does punishment affect behavior?

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Exploring Psychology 10th Edition David G. Myers, C Nathan Dewall - Solutions

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