Research Methods In Human Resource Management Investigating A Business Issue 4th Edition Valerie Anderson, Dr Rita Fontinha, Dr Fiona Robson - Solutions

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A researcher wishes to demonstrate that a course in cognitive behavioural therapy will result in a mean decrease of 3 points on a depression scale for which 20 patients currently have a mean of 35.The known standard deviation for this kind of client is 7.5 points. Does she have enough participants
A z score of 2.0 is significant (two-tailed), with p .05 because it is greater than the critical value of 1.96 for p .05. This is why the first line of the table below is marked ‘true’. Can you complete the rest of the table with true or false?z One- or two- p True or false tailed test(a)
A student sets out to show that attitude change will be greater if people are paid more to make a speech that contradicts their present attitude. Her tutor tells her that this runs directly counter to research findings on ‘cognitive dissonance’.(a) What would be the appropriate significance
State whether tests of the following hypotheses might permit one- or two-tailed tests.(a) Diabetics are more health-conscious than other people.(b) Extroverts and introverts differ in their ability to learn people’s names.(c) Job satisfaction correlates negatively with absenteeism.(d) Self-esteem
State whether the following values of z (on a normal distribution) are significant or not (p .05) for:(a) one-tailed tests:1.32 1.75 –1.9 –.78(b) two-tailed tests:–2.05 1.89 –1.6 1.98
What sort of skew is present in a distribution that has the following characteristics?Mean = 50 Median = 60 Mode = 70
Sketch two roughly normal distributions that have the same mean but quite different standard deviations.Also sketch two normal distributions with the same standard deviation but different means.
Look back to Exercise 1 on p. 386. Have a look at the histogram you drew (I hope!) of the distribution.(a) Decide what would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency.(b) Calculate this measure.(c) Calculate an appropriate measure of dispersion.
Suppose that the children in Table 13.10 are again observed for talking time but on this occasion they are told that some adults are observing them. Let’s say that the following data are obtained for the same children in the same order as in Table 14.2:Draw a clustered bar chart showing the mean
Consider the following set of times, measured in 1/100ths of a second:62 65 71 72 73 75 76 77 79 80 82 83 92 100 106 117 127 65 70 72 72 74 75 76 77 79 80 82 88 93 102 110 121 128 65 70 72 73 74 76 76 78 80 81 83 90 95 103 112 122 135 For this data set:(a) Produce a histogram.(b) Design a stem and
The following times were recorded (in seconds) to solve an anagram:12, 8, 23, 13, 17, 15, 18, 21, 18, 14, 18, 29, 55, 12.(a) Decide which would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency.(b) Calculate the mean median and mode for the data.(c) Can you suggest why the mean is a bit higher
You are told that a set of seven scores includes one score that is 0.8. The standard deviation for the set is 0. Can you give the mean of the set and say anything else about the six other scores in the set?
Find the mean, median and standard deviation of the girls’, boys’ and overall times in Table 13.10.
What major ethical issues are involved in the following fictitious proposed research projects?Participants in an experiment are asked to complete a task that involves the solving of logical puzzles.Half the group are then informed that they have done well, whereas the other half are informed that
What major ethical issues are involved in the following fictitious proposed research projects?A student believes that greater use of the internet is associated with greater depression. She asks students to complete a questionnaire on internet use and also Beck’s Depression Inventory.
What major ethical issues are involved in the following fictitious proposed research projects?For her third-year project a student proposes to conduct a longitudinal case study in which she covertly records the behaviour and speech of a class colleague whom she believes to be in the developmental
What major ethical issues are involved in the following fictitious proposed research projects?Researchers arrange for an actor to fall down in the street, appearing ill. They are interested in whether passersby will stop less often in this condition than in one where the actor has red liquid oozing
A researcher decides to investigate how people from a newly discovered rainforest tribe will compete against each other in an individual problem-solving contest. Is the researcher making emic or etic assumptions about the research topic? In what way? Can you suggest a better way to go about
Without looking back at the text (to start with anyway!) decide, for the following research projects, whether the design is longitudinal (panel, time lag or cross-sectional short-term longitudinal), crosssectional or cross-cultural:(a) Samples of children aged four, six and eight are given various
Suppose you decide to conduct a survey in your area on attitudes to wind farms. Outline the steps you would take in planning and conducting the survey, paying particular attention to:(a) the sample and means of obtaining it;(b) the exact approach to respondents you would use;(c) the types of
A researcher interviews participants and then goes through each interview transcript rating each respondent on scales of ‘warmth’ and ‘openness’. What flaw is there in this procedure?
Without looking back at the text, or at Table 7.2, try to think of several advantages and disadvantages the survey has compared with the informal or in-depth interview.
Outline strengths and weaknesses of the case study approach.
How could you use archival data to provide evidence that the weather has an effect on our moods?
Write out a list of advantages and disadvantages of participant and non-participant observation. Use Table 6.4 to check your answers.
A student decides to carry out participant observation on her own student group. She is interested in the different ways her classmates cope with study demands and social commitments. Discuss the ways she might go about this work, the problems she might face and the ways in which she might surmount
You are discussing with a colleague two methods of measuring ‘conformity’. One involves recording how often people will answer a simple question wrongly when several other people in the room have already answered wrongly (laboratory study). The other involves stopping people in the street who
Without looking at Table 5.2, try to think of two advantages and two disadvantages of laboratory experiments and the same for field experiments.
Each of the following statements from students discussing their practical work contains a reference to a form of validity threat. Pick ‘statistical conclusion’, ‘internal’, ‘construct’ or ‘external’ for each one and, where possible, name or describe the threat.(a) I mucked up the
Of the designs outlined below:(a) Which are not likely to be affected by demand characteristics?(b) Which could be subject to researcher bias?(c) In which could ‘blind’ data-gathering or ‘blind’ assessment be employed?(i) A ladder is placed against a street wall to see whether more males or
How is each pair of participants in a matched pairs design experiment allocated to the experimental conditions?
Again, your tutor conducts an experiment. Students are in pairs and all are right-handed. You time your partner while she learns a finger maze, first with the left hand, then with the right. She then times you while you learn, first with the right, then the left. The tutor is looking at whether
Your tutor conducts an experiment on your class. Each student is given a set of anagrams to solve and the time to solve each one is taken. You find that some of the anagrams were of concrete words and the others were of abstract words, in no particular order. The tutor was interested in whether
In one version of the ‘visual cliff’ experiment (Gibson and Walk, 1960), infants are observed while their mothers try to entice them to come to them across a glass sheet with a large drop beneath it.The babies are seated in the middle of the table and there is a ‘safe’-looking surface to
Caffeine is given to one group while plain water is given to another. Reaction times are measured.What kind of design is used, with what major weakness?
A psychology tutor carries out an experiment by allocating the front half of her class to an experimental condition. They are taught special techniques for problem solving. The rear half of the class serve as a control group (see p. 70). The experimental group do better. How might a fault in her
A researcher wishes to survey young people’s attitudes to law and order. Interviewers complete questionnaires with sixth formers who volunteer from the schools that agree to be included in the study. Families are also selected at random from the local telephone directory. Young people are also
A simple random sample of all students in the Humanities Faculty at Suffix University could be drawn by which one of these methods?(a) Selecting all the students within one randomly selected department of the faculty;(b) Grouping all psychology students in the faculty by surname initial (A, B, . .
A psychologist advertises in the university bulletin for students willing to participate in an experiment concerning the effects of alcohol consumption on appetite. For what reasons might the sample gathered not be a random selection of students?
The aim of a particular investigation is to compare the attitudes of low-, middle- and high-income mothers to discipline in child rearing. What factors should be taken into account in selecting two comparable samples (apart from social class)?
In what ways is fake news ‘fake’ and in what ways is it ‘real’?This activity provides an opportunity to consider which information and evidence is trustworthy.What criteria should be applied to judge the truth or the reliability of information and opinions, even if no absolute ‘proof’
How real is fake news?This activity provides an opportunity to consider which information and evidence is trustworthy.What criteria should be applied to judge the truth or the reliability of information and opinions, even if no absolute ‘proof’ is available? The activity requires that you
What is fake news?This activity provides an opportunity to consider which information and evidence is trustworthy.What criteria should be applied to judge the truth or the reliability of information and opinions, even if no absolute ‘proof’ is available? The activity requires that you tackle
How might Jagriti involve potential beneficiaries in her research project?
Residents of the care homes and their families were likely to benefit from the outcomes of Jagriti’s study but which other groups of people might benefit from Jagriti’s project? Identify at least two further groups of potential beneficiaries and then note down how each group might benefit from
What skills and qualities, relevant to being a practitioner-researcher, would you like to further develop in the future? How might you go about developing in these areas?
In what ways did your position (as an‘outsider’, ‘insider’, ‘colleague’, ‘manager’ and so on) affect trust between you and others? If you were to have the opportunity to ‘start over again’ with your research project, what might you do differently with regard to stakeholder
What features of your research benefited from your involvement with other stakeholders? What have you learned that you might not otherwise have been able to learn?
What skills will you need in order to share what you have learned more widely?
What opportunities might there be to engage potential stakeholders or beneficiaries with your project? What opportunities are there for you to disseminate the progress or interim findings from your project?
How often do you systematically and routinely gather high-quality data about the issues your organisation faces? To what extent do you critically assess the quality of these data?
To what extent do you routinely use your critical judgement to assess the reliability and validity of evidence, including that based on your previous experience?
Which individuals or groups may not wish to be identified through any dissemination process? What steps could you take to ensure that appropriate anonymity and confidentiality are maintained and that you work within the constraints of the informed consent arrangements that you made with those who
In what ways might your organisation or department benefit from wider dissemination of your research? Are there other companies within your wider organisation, or within the supply chain or network, that might benefit from hearing about what you have learned?Which internal gatekeepers would you
If you agreed that your research participants would receive a summary of your overall work, what will this look like? To what extent is it useful to share your specific recommendations?
What opportunities to disseminate your research findings might there be within your organisation? What constraints are there on dissemination? Are some details from your research particularly sensitive – how will you establish the limits to what you can communicate?
What writing conventions or styles are you most comfortable with? How compatible are they with the expectations for academic writing? Create a personal checklist of key things you know you will need to avoid when writing up your project.
Consider your strengths as a writer. What steps can you take to ensure that you tackle the ‘difficult’ sections in a timely and effective way?
What improvement areas have been highlighted in previous assignment feedback and how might you develop the skills that you need?
What arrangements will be necessary to ensure your work can be printed, copied and bound when the time comes?
Do you have any training needs relevant to the submission process? For example, if your work needs to be submitted through anti-plagiarism software, do you know how to do this?
Do you need to make your manager(and other stakeholders) aware of your forthcoming deadline? Do you need to request any specific support?
Where do you learn and work best? Where will you physically undertake your writing?What steps do you need to take to have the‘space’ to write without distractions?
In addition to getting feedback on your content, what arrangements will you make to have your work proofread? What are the time implications of this? Be sure to check if your centre has any regulations around the use of proofreaders?
How much time do you have before the submission date for your research report?Who can help you to evaluate your draft sections? How can you share learning with peers in your class? Does your centre have any formal requirements for peer feedback?
What written reports about your research are required by your study centre, employer, or other sponsor or client? How clear are you about the required length, format and content required by these different readers? Are any additional outputs required? For example, a presentation or podcast.
When data are presented in the findings it is important to:a Include information about sample and response sizes.b Conceal data that do not ‘fit’ what you hope to show.c Leave out information about the response scales.d Make use of quotations from only one or two responses to the ‘open
Which of the following would not usually be provided as appendices?a Sample interview transcripts.b Your interview or survey questions.c Your research objectives.d Ethics approval form.
The justification for your sampling strategy should be outlined in:a Introduction.b Literature review.c Methodology.d Conclusions.
Each chapter/section should include:a Introduction and summary.b A separate list of references.c An overview of the case study organisation(s).d Charts and graphs.
Which of the following do not usually feature in the findings chapter?a Recommendations for HR professionals.b Overview of research sample.c Limitations of findings.d Direct quotes from participants.
When are direct quotes most useful for your work?a To prove that you have read something.b To meet the requirement for the minimum number of references.c To demonstrate a key point.d To meet the overall word count.
Which chapter is most likely to provide an overview of the case study organisation(s)?a Introduction.b Literature review.c Methodology.d Findings.
Your abstract would not usually include:a Key findings.b List of references.c Methodology.d Conclusions.
What are the data security and ethical issues with storing your data in paper or electronic form? What password protection do you need to use to ensure that no unauthorised access occurs?
What help is available at your place of work with running statistical tests and making sense of the findings?
What steps can you take to build your confidence on the statistics software you have decided to use?
What are the strengths and limitations of the data you have collected? What are the implications of the sample size and response rate for your analysis? What seem to be the main features of the data you have collected?
What are your strengths and weaknesses with numerical reasoning? Where might you look for help with statistics (family member;work colleague; fellow student; colleague;tutor; friend)?
How realistic do your outputs look? Might some of them really be ‘too good to be true’meaning that you need to carefully check the appropriateness of the test and the way it has been undertaken?
How clear are you about your research questions and the implications of them for choosing appropriate quantitative data analysis tests?
What books or manuals might you obtain to help you through the data analysis process?
What quantitative data analysis software is available to you through work or your study centre? Do you have (or can you obtain) a personal copy?
Structural equation modelling (SEM) has advantages compared to multiple regression because:a. It allows you to test several relationships between variables at the same time.b. Variables can be both a predictor and an outcome at the same time.c. It allows us to partition the variance into
Factor analysis can be used to:a. Assess whether some variables can be grouped or clustered together to form a coherent composite variable.b. Work out the extent to which two variables are co-related.c. Identify the extent to which different variables can ‘predict’ the strength of an
A commonly used ‘test of difference’ for parametric data is known as:a. Mann-Whitney testb. Chronbach alphac. Factor analysis d t-test
A perfect positive correlation between two variables in a test of correlation would give a result of:a. –0.123b. +1c. 0d. –1
What information can a cross-tabulation provide?a. It shows the results for all of your questionnaire items.b. It lists different measures of significance.c. It summarises the frequencies of different variables so that they can be compared.d. It compares the different results from a regression
A reliability coefficient is a measure of:a. The difference between two variables.b. The strength of the relationship between two different variables.c. The extent to which the responses to a group of variables are internally consistent.d. Whether the data are measuring what you think they are
Tests of probability that a test result occurred by chance is known as:a. Multiple regression analysis.b. Chi-square test.c. Significance testing.d. Chronbach alpha.
The terms ‘parametric’ and ‘non-parametric’refer to:a. Two main groups of data types that are linked to different groups of statistical tests.b. Measures of statistical significance.c. Alternative forms of data display.d. Forms of questionnaire response scale.
What level of feedback from the data is required by the organisation? How will this impact the way you collect, organise and present the data?
What ‘permissions’ do you need to undertake a survey within the organisation? Who might be able to influence these decisions? What actions can you take to influence the response rate for your survey?
What organisational factors may influence decisions about sample size and selection? In what way might that affect the quality of the data that you obtain?
How might you go about developing a sampling frame of good quality from which to select a sample? Who may be able to offer support with this process?
Is there anyone in the organisation (often there is someone marketing or planning) who would be able to offer advice and guidance on the survey design, administration and analysis processes? How might you find out about them?
How confident are you about the level of your numerical/statistical competence?What development activities would help enhance this?
How well do you understand the implications of different question structures for subsequent analysis of the data? Who can help you with this decision-making process?
How well do you understand the advantages and limitations of different sampling techniques in relation to your project?What information or support might help you to develop your understanding and apply an appropriate sampling process for your enquiry?
What experience do you have of survey design? What personal development areas are you aware of and how might you meet them?

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Research Methods In Human Resource Management Investigating A Business Issue 4th Edition Valerie Anderson, Dr Rita Fontinha, Dr Fiona Robson - Solutions

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