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research methods business
Social Research Methods 4th Edition Alan Bryman - Solutions
Why might it be useful to use questions devised by others?
Why is it important to pilot questions?Using existing questions
In what circumstances are vignette questions appropriate?
What is wrong with each of the following questions?What is your annual salary?Below £10,000 ____£10,000–15,000 ____£15,000–20,000 ____£20,000–25,000 ____£25,000–30,000 ____£30,000–35,000 ____£35,000 and over ____ Do you ever feel alienated from your work?All the time ____ Often
What are the main types of question that are likely to be used in a structured interview or self-administered questionnaire?Rules for designing questions
How can closed questions be improved?Types of question
What are the limitations of closed questions?
Why are closed questions frequently preferred to open questions in survey research?
What diffi culties do open questions present in survey research?
Have you ensured that your response choices do not overlap?
Have you ensured that your response choices are exhaustive?
Have you made sure that the items really do relate to the same underlying cluster of attitudes so that they can be aggregated?
Have you included some items that can be reverse scored in order to minimize response sets?
Have you ensured that there is a category of ‘other’ (or similar category such as ‘unsure’ or ‘neither agree nor disagree’) so that respondents are not forced to answer in a way that is not indicative of what they think or do?If you are using a Likert-scale approach:
Do any of your questions rely too much on your respondents’ memory?
Have you made sure that your response choices are properly balanced?
Is there an appropriate match between your questions and your response choices?
Have you made sure that your respondents will have the requisite knowledge to answer your questions?
Have you taken steps to ensure that there are no:Ambiguous terms in questions or response choices?Long questions?Double-barrelled questions?Very general questions?Leading questions?Questions that are asking about two or more things?Questions that include negatives?Questions using technical terms?
Have you taken steps to ensure that the questions you are asking really do supply you with the information you need?
Are questions relating to the research topic at or very close to the beginning?
Have socio-demographic questions been left until the end of the questionnaire?
Have you ensured that questions and their answers do not span more than one page?
Have you allowed respondents to indicate levels of intensity in their replies, so that they are not forced into ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers where intensity of feeling may be more appropriate?
Have you included as few open questions as possible?
Are instructions about how to record responses clear (for example, whether to tick or circle or delete;whether more than one response is allowable)?
If it is a self-completion questionnaire, have you made sure that the instructions to respondents are clear (for example, with fi lter questions, is it clear which questions should be missed out)?
If it is a structured interview schedule, have you made sure that the instructions to yourself and to anyone else involved in interviewing are clear (for example, with fi lter questions, is it clear which questions should be missed out)?
Have you piloted the questionnaire with some appropriate respondents?
Have you tried to put yourself in the position of answering as many of the questions as possible?
Could any questions that are not strictly relevant to your research questions be dropped?
Do the questions allow you to answer all your research questions?
Have you considered whether there are any existing questions used by other researchers to investigate this topic that could meet your needs?
Have you devised a clear and comprehensive way of introducing the research to interviewees or questionnaire respondents?
Are there any circumstances when the diary approach might be preferable to the use of a self-completion questionnaire?
What are the main kinds of diary used in the collection of social science data?
Why might a vertical format for presenting closed questions be preferable to a horizontal format?Diaries as a form of self-completion questionnaire
Why are self-completion questionnaires usually made up mainly of closed questions?
What steps can be taken to boost postal questionnaire response rates?
‘The low response rates frequently achieved in research with postal questionnaires mean that the structured interview is invariably a more suitable choice.’ Discuss.
Are the self-completion questionnaire and the postal questionnaire the same thing?Evaluating the self-completion questionnaire in relation to the structured interview
What are the main issues that lie behind the critique of structured interviewing by feminist researchers?
What are response sets and why are they potentially important?
What is the difference between probing and prompting? How important are they and what dangers are lurking with their use?Problems with structured interviewing
How strong is the evidence that interviewers’ characteristics can signifi cantly affect answers?
How strong is the evidence that question order can signifi cantly affect answers?
To what extent is rapport an important ingredient of structured interviewing?
Prepare an opening statement for a study of manual workers in a fi rm, to which access has already been achieved.
‘Given the lower cost of telephone interviewing compared to face-to-face interviews, the former is generally preferable.’ Discuss.Conducting interviews
Are there any circumstances in which it might be preferable to conduct structured interviews with more than one interviewer present?
Why do structured interview schedules typically include mainly closed questions?Interview contexts
Why might a survey researcher prefer to use a structured rather than an unstructured interview approach for gathering data?
How successful is the structured interview in reducing interviewer variability?
Why is it important in interviewing for survey research to keep interviewer variability to a minimum?
(To be asked if interviewee replied No to question 1)Have you ever consumed alcoholic drinks?Yes ____ No ____
How frequently do you consume alcoholic drinks?(Ask interviewee to choose the category that comes closest to his or her current practice.)Daily ____ Most days ____ Once or twice a week ____ Once or twice a month ____ A few times a year ____ Once or twice a year ____
(To be asked if interviewee replied Yes to question 1)Which of the following alcoholic drinks do you consume most frequently?(Ask respondent to choose the category that he or she drinks most frequently and tick one category only.)Beer ____ Spirits ____ Wine ____ Liquors ____ Other ____ specify
Have you consumed any alcoholic drinks in the last twelve months?Yes ____ No ____(if No proceed to question 4)
‘Non-sampling error, as its name implies, is concerned with sources of error that are not part of the sampling process.’ Discuss.
‘The problem of generalization to a population is not just to do with the matter of getting a representative sample.’ Discuss.Error in survey research
‘Quota samples are not true random samples, but in terms of generating a representative sample there is little difference between them, and this accounts for their widespread use in market research and opinion polling.’ Discuss.Limits to generalization
In what circumstances might you employ snowball sampling?
Are non-probability samples useless?
What is non-response and why is it important to the question of whether you will end up with a representative sample?Types of non-probability sample
What factors would you take into account in deciding how large your sample should be when devising a probability sample?
The mean job satisfaction score is 34.3. The standard error of the mean is 8.58. What is the 95 per cent confi dence interval?Sample size
A researcher is interested in levels of job satisfaction among manual workers in a fi rm that is undergoing change. The fi rm has 1,200 manual workers. The researcher selects a simple random sample of 10 per cent of the population. He measures job satisfaction on a Likert scale comprising ten
A researcher positions herself on a street corner and asks 1 person in 5 who walks by to be interviewed. She continues doing this until she has a sample of 250.How likely is she to achieve a representative sample?The qualities of a probability sample
If you were conducting an interview survey of around 500 people in Manchester, what type of probability sample would you choose and why?
How far does a stratifi ed random sample offer greater precision than a simple random or systematic sample?
What are the main types of probability sample?
What is probability sampling and why is it important?
What is the signifi cance of sampling error for achieving a representative sample?Types of probability sample
What are the main areas of potential bias in sampling?
What are the goals of sampling?
What do each of the following terms mean: population; probability sampling; non-probability sampling; sampling frame; representative sample; and sampling and non-sampling error?
Why do social researchers sometimes not test the validity and/or reliability of measures that they employ?
How central is the adoption by quantitative researchers of a natural science model of conducting research to the critique by qualitative researchers of quantitative research?Is it always like this?
‘The crucial problem with quantitative research is the failure of its practitioners to address adequately the issue of meaning.’ Discuss.
Why might replication be an important preoccupation among quantitative researchers, in spite of the tendency for replications in social research to be fairly rare?The critique of quantitative research
Outline the main preoccupations of quantitative researchers. What reasons can you give for their prominence?
What are the main criteria for evaluating measurement validity?The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers
‘Whereas validity presupposes reliability, reliability does not presuppose validity.’ Discuss.
What are the main ways of thinking about the reliability of the measurement process? Is one form of reliability the most important?
Why might multiple-indicator approaches to the measurement of concepts be preferable to those that rely on a single indicator?Reliability and validity
What is the difference between a measure and an indicator?
Why is measurement important for the quantitative researcher?
Do the steps suggest a deductive or inductive approach to the relationship between theory and research?Concepts and their measurement
To what extent do the main steps follow a strict sequence?
What are the main steps in quantitative research?
In what ways does politics manifest itself in social research?
What is meant by suggesting that politics plays a role in social research?
Read one of the ethical guidelines referred to in this chapter. How effective is it in guarding against ethical transgressions?Politics in social research
How easy is it to conduct ethical research?
To what extent do new media throw up new areas of ethical concern?
Is it possible to maintain a distinction between ethics and research quality?
Why do issues to do with ethics sometimes become diffi cult to distinguish from issues to do with the quality of research?
How helpful are notorious studies like Milgram’s electric shock experiments and Humphreys’s study in terms of understanding the operation of ethical principles in social research?Ethics and the issue of quality
Why does deception matter?
Why is the privacy principle important?
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