Research Methods And Statistics In Psychology 6th Edition Hugh Coolican - Solutions

Discover the ultimate resource for mastering psychology with the "Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology 6th Edition" by Hugh Coolican. This comprehensive guide offers online access to an answers key and a complete solution manual, perfect for students seeking step-by-step answers and solved problems. With solutions available in a convenient PDF format, you can explore chapter solutions and a full test bank designed to enhance your understanding. The instructor manual provides valuable insights, while the textbook's questions and answers facilitate effective learning. Enjoy free download options to access the material anytime, anywhere.

Why do researchers need to sample? Why is it important for them to outline the principles that underpin their sampling choices?
Why are researchers encouraged to specify their research questions? What kinds of research questions are there?
What role do concepts and theories play in the process of doing social research?
Why is a literature review important when conducting research?
What are the main factors that impinge on social research and the implementation of social research methods identifi ed in the chapter? Can you think of any that have not been touched on?
If you were about to embark on a research project now or in the near future, what would be the focus of it and why?The context of social research methods
What is distinctive about academic social research?Why do social research?
Consider the following scenario: Two studies were carried out to establish if there is a link between smoking and certain types of cancer. One study was conducted in the 1950s and compared mortality rates for ex-servicemen with the general population. The second study was carried out in the early
The file Contract.sav (obtain the data from www.napier.ac.uk/depts/rmbook/contract.sav) contains data on the degree to which an outsourcing arrangement was successful and how the company scored on a rating questionnaire prior to establishing the relationship. Use factor analysis to construct some
In 1996 John Bongaarts and Susan C. Watkins advocated that the fertility of a nation is related to its‘Human Development Index’ (HDI), which is a composite measure of the log of GDP per capita, female literacy and female life expectancy. From the data in World95.Sav construct the HDI using
We do not need a variable for quarter 4 because if D1, D2 and D3 are all 0 then this implies quarter 4.
The following is a table of quarterly sales for a company for the last four years. Use a regression model to predict the sales in 1998.To do this make use of dummy variables to represent the quarter, that is create a variable D1 that will have the value 1 if it refers to quarter 1 and zero
The file Telser.xls contains data on the demand for cigarettes—use this data to obtain a model of cigarette demand. This data was extracted from Telser (1962).Locate file from www.napier.ac.uk/depts/rmbook/Telser.xls
The variables pe-ratio, profit, growth and employ are the price earnings ratio for 19 companies (firm)are their associated profit margins, percentage growth rates and number of employees in thousands.Obtain and interpret a multiple regression model with pe-ratio as the dependent
Determine how demand for electricity (load) in California depends on temperature (temp).Correlation coefficient =R2=Model =Standard errors of coefficients
Is there as relationship between heart attacks and wine consumption—use the variables, wine and heart.Correlation coefficient =R2=Model =Standard errors of coefficients =
A company reckons that sales are exponentially related to advertising expenditure. Use the data advertex and sales to test this hypothesis by fitting the model:sales = 1 0advertex eβ βNote that in EXCEL the exponential function is written as = exp(cell ref )This can be re-expressed as ln(sales) =
Determine a model of how sales volume (svol) depends on the number of contacts a salesperson has.Try a model of the form Y = a + b X and one of the form Y = a + b X + cX2.For Y = a + b X
Determine a model of the cost of stay in hospital (cost) which is dependent on the duration of stay in days (day).Obtain the scatter plot—are any adjustments required?
The percentage market penetration of a product in eight regions before and after advertising are tabulated in Table 11.33.
Using the data in the file employ.xls how does the salary of male and female clerical workers compare.
Using the data in the file employ.xls compare the educational levels of whether or not someone is in a minority.
Using the data in the file employ.xls analyse the following: is there evidence that the mean number of months in employment is not 80?
The data in Table 11.32 is the number of franchisors in a region by age and size of an enterprise. Apply median polishing and draw conclusions.
Use the data Table 11.31 to investigate if there is any association between social class and diagnostic category of happiness of psychiatric patients.
In the following table (Table 11.30) the incidence of crime in a country is displayed.
Use pivot tables to compute the mean years of education for job category by ethnic minority.
In EXCEL use the formulas = average (range), = median (range) and = st. dev (range) to find the median, average and standard deviation for salary and years of education. To find the average of salary go to a cell on the worksheet and enter = average (f2:f475).
Compare salaries for those in an ethnic minority with those who are not. Repeat this for each job category.
Obtain a clustered bar chart of percentage in job category by minority status.
Obtain a scatter graph of how salary depends on previous experience.
Design a short questionnaire to determine the factors that influence the frequency of people shopping at a particular supermarket, allowing analysis by gender, age and socio-economic grouping.
Read the notes ‘WWW search skills’ and carry out the exercises included in the text?
Identify a recent journal article written by an academic or researcher. Note all the references used in this particular article and use a catalogue or search engine to locate them. What proportion of them can you obtain from your own library? What proportion can you obtain by downloading from an
Compile a list of the format of secondary data that physically exist at your nearest library. Comment on the usefulness of each format in terms of your own area of research.
Design a data collection form to allow observation of workers’ behaviour in an open plan office. Design a data collection form to allow observation of sales staff interactions with customers. Design a data collection form to allow observation of employees in a restaurant.
The following data relates to the unit cost per journey to the workplace for eight people. From the information provided, determine which of age, gender and travel mode affect the cost of travel, and to what extent.
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using surveys, case studies, and observation to gather primary information.
Give an example of a longitudinal study that you would wish to carry out. What particular problems might you encounter?
Provide an example of a cross-sectional study that you are familiar with. How do you think the researchers attempt to make the study representative?
Critically review the two versions of the journal article by Adams and Raeside (2001) on pages 67–70.
Discuss the merits of the following passage.In a study of alienation, Hang (1994) found that 500 males in his sample felt very alienated. Jones and Jeffery(1996) found alienation most severe amongst elderly people. The 1950 study by Clark supported the work of Jones and Jeffery. Zo and Qi (1998)
Is a comprehensive reference list given?
Does the author spell out the limits of the research?
Do the conclusions make sense in terms of the purpose of the research?
Are pointers to further research given?
Are the results explained in terms of the original research questions or hypotheses?
Is the analysis of the data nearly descriptive or analytical?
Is it consistent with the type of data (if any) being presented?
Is the data analysis method clearly explained?
Are the research questions or hypotheses clearly spelled out?
Is the research method(s) clearly described and explained?
Has the author presented and explained a theoretical framework?
Is this review comprehensive or too brief?
Is a review of relevant literature included in the article?
Has the author clearly explained the purpose of the research?
Has the author of the article clearly defined the research problem?
What are the key weaknesses in terms of theory, methods and data?
What does it not tell us?
What does the previous research tell us about this topic?
What problems might you encounter in:(a) Providing a definition for the above variables.(b) Gathering appropriate data on the above variables.
The model formulated to describe the relationship between monthly sales of product X and prices, incomes and advertising expenditure seems perfectly reasonable.Give reasons why you would not expect this model to be a particularly good predictor of monthly sales of product X.
Measuring the motivation and happiness of employees Give reasons for your answers and discuss any practical problems you may encounter with your chosen research approach.
Designing and evaluating training programmes
Identifying the best method of recruitment
Measuring the suitability of partners for outsourcing
Identifying factors affecting the development of small businesses
Measuring the success of stock market forecasts
Which of the research approaches outlined in this chapter would be suitable for the following research topics?
Review a suitable journal article (related to your own area of expertise) in terms of the ethical issues addressed by the researcher. What other ethical issues might the researcher consider?
Read over the ethical codes of conduct links included in this chapter and discuss the similarities and any differences between them.Which issues are likely to be particularly relevant to your own future research, with respect to both completing your programme of studies and in your future career?
Discuss how you might conduct field research if researching the play patterns of children at home and in school. What particular problems would you encounter in gathering suitable data? What ethical issues will need to be addressed?
Which of the research approaches outlined in this chapter would be suitable for the following research topics: 1.Measuring the success of stock market forecasts 2.Identifying factors affecting the development of small businesses 3.Measuring the suitability of partners to outsource 4.Identifying the
A group of people attempting to give up smoking have been assessed for their progress on two occasions separated by six months. Raw scores have been discarded and we only know for each client whether they have improved, worsened or stayed the same. What test would show any significant change over
A group of management personnel undergo an intensive course on race issues. Essays written before and after the course are content-analysed and rated for attitudes to race. What test would be appropriate for demonstrating a significant change of attitude as expressed in the essays?
The time is recorded for the same group of participants to read out loud a list of rhyming words and a list of non-rhyming words. What test is appropriate for showing whether time differences are significant and that rhyming words take less time to read?
Two groups of people are selected. Scores have been used to place people in one of two groups:high ‘initiative-taking’ and low ‘initiative-taking’. They are asked to select just one of three possible activities they would prefer to do. The choices are rock-climbing, dancing or reading a
A psychologist claims to have a very well-standardised measurement scale. What statistical test would be used to check its test–retest reliability? What test would be used to check its validity on a criterion group that should score higher than a control group?
Students observe whether males or females do or don’t walk under a ladder. They want to see whether one sex is more ‘superstitious’ than the other. What test do they need to use?
Twenty people each perform a sensori-motor task in two conditions, one in a quiet room, alone, the other in a brightly lit room with a dozen people watching. An electronic timer takes an accurate record of the number of errors made in each condition.(a) What test would be appropriate for
On two similar junctions, one in New York and one in Tokyo, imagine that the data above were recorded. Do pedestrians jaywalk significantly less in Tokyo? What test will tell us?Jaywalkers Non-jaywalkers Tokyo 46 598 New York 103 524
World snooker placings of:Drinking and smoking players Abstemious players Mark Dott 2 Judd Junhui 8 Mark Carter 6 Stephen Higgins 1 John Murphy 10 Alister Williams 5 Ding Robertson 9 Shaun Trump 3 Neil Maguire 4 Graeme Selby 7 In this case, we want to know whether abstemious players get higher
Final height (in cm) of girls who, for breakfast, always ate:All Bran Bread and dripping 172 162 181 172 190 154 165 143 167 167 The researcher was interested in whether one of the diets tended to produce taller girls. What test should be carried out on the data? Choose the most powerful test
An alternative choice in the situation described in exercise 4 would be to use (a) Friedman’s test,(b) a Kruskal–Wallis test. Which?
Mauchly’s test shows a probability of .046.(a) Should the ‘sphericity assumed’ line be followed, or(b) should the df be lowered using epsilon?
Table 22.5 gives an incomplete fictitious results table for a 2 x 3 ANOVA analysis.Source of variation SS df MS F Probability of F Between subjects 13 Groups 14.88 1 14.88 4.55 .054 Error between 39.24 12 3.27 Within subjects Conditions 16.33 2 8.17 1.32 .286 Groups × conditions 48.90 2 24.45 3.94
Produce a full outline results table, ready for entry of the results (MS, F, etc.) (looking like the table in Q3 below) for a mixed design where there is one repeated measures factor with three levels and one unrelated factor with four levels, eight people in each. Put values into the ‘degrees of
As in Chapter 20, use random number tables to generate three sets of eight scores. This time, assume that the three sets are from the same eight people and conduct a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Again, query the validity of significance testing with your tutor if the results are significant!
Suppose we measure people on a variable called ‘sociability’ (‘S’ for short). We then investigate their performance on a wiggly-wire task where touching the wire with a metal loop on a stick causes a buzzer to sound and records an error. Suppose it is true that high S people perform well in
Suppose the following data were obtained from a study of the sociability of boys (bold) and girls with no siblings who have or haven’t attended pre-school of some kind before starting school. Calculate the two-way ANOVA and comment on the effects.Sociability scores Children who attended
Imagine that two groups of students, one vegetarian, the other meat-eating, are asked to memorise animal words, vegetable words and flower words. Factor 1 then is ‘dietary groups’ with two levels and factor 2 is words with three conditions. There’s no research I know of which would predict
The analysis of the students’ caffeine experiment results shown in this chapter could be described as a 2 x 3 between groups ANOVA with factor sleep having levels 5hrs and no sleep and factor caffeine having levels coffee, decaff and none. Describe in similar terms analyses for the following
In the same example, you wish to use a linear contrast to test for a difference between conditions one and two together against condition three. What would be the simplest set of coefficients to use?
Suppose, in the last example, you had predicted from theory that only the first and third conditions would differ. What test might it be legitimate to conduct?
If H0 in a one-way ANOVA with five conditions has already been rejected and you now decide to test all the paired comparisons, what test would be appropriate? Tukeya or set alpha at .01 and do t tests?
Produce three samples of eight values by using the random numbers in Table 1 in the Appendix (start anywhere, for each sample, and select the next eight numbers in any direction). Calculate a one-way ANOVA (unrelated) and check the F ratio for significance. If it is significant, tell your tutor
Our coffee-testing group of students finally gets things sorted and produces results with eight participants in each condition. The data the students gathered are given below. Conduct a one-way ANOVA (by hand or with SPSS) and include a priori tests (use the Bonferroni t test described on p. 584).
Researchers were interested in being able to predict the length of time for which smokers will stop smoking following a programme designed to help them quit. The criterion variable is cessation – the number of days after the programme before participants report smoking at least one whole
A researcher suggests that graduate extroverts/introverts should not show the divisions previously shown by non-graduates about feeling comfortable or not on a nudist beach. The (fictitious) data below were gathered. Analyse the data using hierarchical log-linear analysis and check whether the
What is the power involved when an unrelated t is significant with p .05 (two-tailed), Na = 15, Nb = 19, x –a = 23.4, x –b = 27.4, sa = 4.8, sb = 4.1?

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Research Methods And Statistics In Psychology 6th Edition Hugh Coolican - Solutions

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