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Social Research Methods 4th Edition Alan Bryman - Solutions
What kinds of documents might be considered offi cial documents deriving from private sources?
How do such documents fare in terms of Scott’s criteria?Offi cial documents deriving from private sources
What do the studies by Abraham (1994) and Turner (1994) suggest in terms of the potential for social researchers of offi cial documents deriving from the state?
What uses can family photographs have in social research?Offi cial documents deriving from the state
What might be the role of personal documents in relation to the life history or biographical method?
How do they fare in terms of Scott’s criteria?
Outline the different kinds of personal documents.
What are Scott’s four criteria for assessing documents?Personal documents
What is meant by a document?
Why is the notion of intertextuality important to CDA practitioners?
What key questions might a CDA practitioner ask in seeking to reveal the meaning of globalization discourses?
What is distinctive about critical DA?
What are the chief points of difference between CA and DA?
What techniques are available to the discourse analyst when trying to understand the ways in which facts are presented through discourse?
What is an interpretative repertoire?
What is the signifi cance of saying that DA is anti-realist and constructionist?
Evaluate Schegloff’s (1997) argument that CA obviates the need to make potentially unwarranted assumptions about participants’ motives.Discourse analysis
How do the terms in the previous question relate to the production of social order?
What is meant by each of the following: turn-taking; adjacency pair; preference organization;account; repair mechanism?
In what ways is CA fundamentally about the production of social order in interaction? Why are audio-recording and transcription crucial in CA?
In what ways does the role of language in conversation and discourse analysis differ from that which is typical in most other research methods?Conversation analysis
To what extent are focus groups a naturalistic approach to data collection?
How far do the greater problems of transcription and diffi culty of analysis undermine the potential of focus groups?
Does the potential for the loss of control over proceedings and for group effects damage the potential utility of the focus group as a method?
Why might it be important to treat group interaction as an important issue when analysing focus group data?Limitations of focus groups
What might be the advantages and disadvantages of using an interview guide in focus group sessions?Group interaction in focus group sessions
Are there any circumstances in which it might be a good idea to select participants who know each other?
Why is it necessary to record and transcribe focus group sessions?
How involved should the moderator be?
Evaluate the argument that the focus group can be viewed as a feminist method.Conducting focus groups
What advantages might the focus group method offer in contrast to an individual qualitative interview?
Why might it be useful to distinguish between a focus group and a group interview?Uses of focus groups
Have you tested out any aids that you are going to present to focus group participants (for example, visual aids, segments of fi lm, case studies)?
Do you have a strategy for dealing with the focus group if the discussion goes off in a tangent?
Do you have a strategy for how far you are going to intervene in the focus group discussion?
Have you devised a strategy for dealing with participants who speak too much and hog the discussion?
Have you devised a strategy for dealing with participants who are reluctant to speak?
Have you devised a strategy for dealing with silences?
Have you thought about how you will present yourself in the session, such as how you will be dressed?
Are you thoroughly familiar with and have you tested your recording or audio-visual equipment?
Are you familiar with the setting(s) in which the session will take place?
Do your questions offer a real prospect of seeing the world from your interviewees’ point of view rather than imposing your own frame of reference on them?
Have your questions been designed to encourage group interaction and discussion?
Have your questions been designed to elicit refl ective discussions so that participants are not tempted to answer in ‘yes’ or ‘no’ terms?
Are your questions relevant to the people who are participating in the focus groups?
Is your language in the questions clear and comprehensible?
Have you ensured that sessions will allow novel or unexpected themes and issues to arise?
Have you thought about what you will do if some participants do not turn up for the session?
Have you devised a strategy for encouraging respondents to turn up for the focus group meeting?
Have you piloted the guide with some appropriate respondents?
Do the questions or topics you have devised allow you to answer all your research questions?
Have you devised a clear and comprehensive way of introducing the research to participants?
Does one method seem more in tune with the preoccupations of qualitative researchers than the other?
Outline the relative advantages and disadvantages of qualitative interviewing and participant observation.
What dilemmas might be posed for feminist researchers using qualitative interviewing?Qualitative interviewing versus participant observation
Why has the qualitative interview become such a prominent research method for feminist researchers?
Why might the life history interview be signifi cant for a researcher employing a narrative analysis approach?
What are the main kinds of life history interview and what are their respective uses?
What role might vignette questions play in qualitative interviewing?Life and oral history interviewing
Why is it important to record and transcribe qualitative interviews?
What kinds of skills does the interviewer need to develop in qualitative interviewing?
What kinds of question might be asked in an interview guide?
What kinds of consideration need to be borne in mind when preparing an interview guide?
What are the differences between life history and oral history interviews?
Could semi-structured interviewing stand in the way of fl exibility in qualitative research?
What are the differences between unstructured and semi-structured interviewing?
How does qualitative interviewing differ from structured interviewing?Asking questions in the qualitative interview
Outline the main types of interview employed by qualitative researchers.Differences between the structured interview and the qualitative interview
Have you thought about how you will go about putting into operation the criteria of a good interviewer?
Have you thought about how you will present yourself in the interview, such as how you will be dressed?
Are you thoroughly familiar with and have you tested your recording equipment?
Are you familiar with the setting(s) in which the interviews will take place?
Do your questions offer a real prospect of seeing the world from your interviewees’ point of view rather than imposing your own frame of reference on them?
Have your questions been designed to elicit refl ective discussions so that interviewees are not tempted to answer in ‘yes’ or ‘no’ terms?
Does your interview guide include requests for information about the interviewee, such as his or her age, work experience, position in the fi rm?
Are your questions relevant to the people you are proposing to interview?
Is your language in the questions clear, comprehensible, and free of unnecessary jargon?
Have you ensured that interviews will allow novel or unexpected themes and issues to arise?
Does the guide contain a good mixture of different kinds of questions, such as probing, specifying, and direct questions?
Have you thought about what you will do if your interviewee does not turn up for the interview?
Have you piloted the guide with some appropriate respondents?
Does your interview guide clearly relate to your research questions?
Have you devised a clear and comprehensive/informative way of introducing the research to interviewees?
What factors lie behind some of the changing meanings of ‘ethnography’?
What forms of ethnographic writing other than realist tales can be found?The changing nature of ethnography
How far is it true to say that ethnographic writing is typically imbued with realism?
Do photographs provide unproblematic images of reality?Writing ethnography
What kinds of roles can visual materials play in ethnography?
Assess Stacey’s argument about whether feminist ethnography is possible in the light of Skeggs’s research or any other ethnographic study that describes itself, or can be seen, as feminist.The rise of visual ethnography
What are the main ingredients of feminist ethnography?
How do you decide when to complete the data-collection phase in ethnographic research?Can there be a feminist ethnography?
Why is it useful to distinguish between different types of fi eld notes?Bringing ethnographic research to an end
Why are fi eld notes important for ethnographers?
Should ethnographers be active or passive in the settings in which they conduct research?
What is meant by going native?
Why might it be useful to classify participant observer roles?
What might be the role of key informants in ethnographic research? Is there anything to be concerned about when using them?Roles for ethnographers
Does the problem of access fi nish once access to a chosen setting has been achieved?
Is access to closed settings necessarily more diffi cult to achieve than to open settings?
Examine some articles in British sociology journals in which ethnography and participant observation fi gure strongly. Was the researcher in an overt or covert role? Was access needed to closed or open settings? How was access achieved?
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