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research methods business
Social Research Methods 4th Edition Alan Bryman - Solutions
‘Covert ethnography obviates the need to gain access to inaccessible settings and therefore has much to recommend it.’ Discuss.
To what extent do participant observation and ethnography rely solely on observation?Access
How does participant observation differ from structured observation?
Is it possible to distinguish ethnography and participant observation?
How might it be useful to select people purposively following a survey?
Why might it be important to remember in purposive sampling that it is not just people who are candidates for consideration in sampling issues?Using more than one sampling approach
To what extent does theoretical sampling assist the qualitative researcher in making decisions about sample size?Not just people
Why do writers seem to disagree so much on what is a minimum acceptable sample size in qualitative research?
What are the main reasons for considering the use of snowball sampling?Sample size
Why is theoretical saturation such an important ingredient of theoretical sampling?
How does theoretical sampling differ from the generic purposive sampling approach?
Why is theoretical sampling such an important facet of grounded theory?
Why might it be signifi cant to distinguish between the different levels at which sampling can take place in a qualitative research project?Purposive sampling
How does purposive sampling differ from probability sampling and why do many qualitative researchers prefer to use the former?
In what circumstances might you want to create a new variable?
In what circumstances might you want to recode a variable?
Outline the differences between: variable names, variable labels, and value labels.
What does it mean to say that a correlation of 0.42 is statistically signifi cant at p < 0.05?
What does the chi-square test achieve?
What is a signifi cance level?
What does statistical signifi cance mean and how does it differ from substantive signifi cance?
What does it mean to say that a relationship is moderated?Statistical signifi cance
What is an intervening variable?
What is a spurious relationship?
In what circumstances would you use each of the following: Pearson’s r; Spearman’s rho; phi;Cramér’s V; eta?Multivariate analysis
Why are percentages crucial when presenting contingency tables?
Can you infer causality from bivariate analysis?
In conjunction with which measure of central tendency would you expect to report the standard deviation: the mean; the median; or the mode?Bivariate analysis
What is an outlier and why might one have an adverse effect on the mean and the range?
Imagine the kinds of answers you would receive if you administered the following four questions in an interview survey. What kind of variable would each question generate: dichotomous; nominal;ordinal; or interval/ratio?. Do you enjoy going shopping?Yes ___ No ___. How many times have you shopped
Why is it important to be able to distinguish between the four types of variable?
What are the differences between the four types of variable outlined in this chapter: interval/ratio;ordinal; nominal; and dichotomous?
What are missing data and why do they arise?Types of variable
At what stage should you begin to think about the kinds of data analysis you need to conduct?
If you have used a Likert scale with reversed items, have you remembered to reverse the coding of them?
Have you gone beyond univariate analysis and conducted at least some bivariate analyses?
Have you commented on all the analyses you present?
Have you remembered to code any missing data?
If your data are based on a cross-sectional design, have you resisted making unsustainable inferences about causality?
If your sample has not been randomly selected, have you made sure that you have not made inferences about a population (or at least, if you have done so, have you outlined the limitations of making such an inference?)?
Have you used the most appropriate and powerful techniques for answering your research questions?
Have you made sure that you have taken into account the nature of the variable(s) being analysed when using a particular technique (that is, whether nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio, or dichotomous)?
Have you made sure that you have presented only analyses that are relevant to your research questions?
Have you answered your research questions?
What are unobtrusive methods or measures? What is the chief advantage of such methods?
What reliability and validity issues do offi cial statistics pose?
How justifi ed is their scepticism?
Why have many social researchers been sceptical about the use of offi cial statistics for research purposes?
Does the possibility of conducting a secondary analysis apply only to quantitative data produced by other researchers?Offi cial statistics
Examine recent issues of one of the British sociology journals, like Sociology. Locate an article that uses secondary analysis. How well do the advantages and limitations you outlined fi t this article?
Outline the main advantages and limitations of secondary analysis of other researchers’ data.
What is secondary analysis?Other researchers’ data
How far are content analysis studies atheoretical?
To what extent does the need for coders to interpret meaning undermine content analysis?
‘One of the most signifi cant virtues of content analysis is its immense fl exibility in that it can be applied to a wide variety of documents.’ Discuss.Disadvantages of content analysis
What potential pitfalls need to be guarded against when devising coding schedules and manuals?Advantages of content analysis
What is the difference between a coding schedule and a coding manual?
Why is coding so crucial in content analysis?
To what extent do you need to infer latent content when you go beyond counting words?Coding
What kinds of things might be counted in the course of doing a content analysis?
What special sampling issues does content analysis pose?What is to be counted?
With what general kinds of research questions is content analysis concerned?Selecting a sample
Why are precise research questions especially crucial in content analysis?
What is the difference between manifest and latent content? What are the implications of the distinction for content analysis?What are the research questions?
To what kinds of documents and media can content analysis be applied?
Are you clear about the unit of analysis?
If your research is based on the mass media, can you justify the time span of your coverage?
Are the coding instructions clear?
Have you piloted your coding schedule?
Do all the dimensions allow you to answer your research questions?
Are the categories you use for each dimension exhaustive?
Have you made sure that the categories used for each of your dimensions do not overlap?
Have you made sure that your dimensions do not overlap?
Can you justify your sampling approach?
Is the population of documents to be content analysed relevant to your research questions?
Have you clearly defi ned your research questions?
How far do you agree with the view that structured observation works best when used in conjunction with other research methods?
‘The chief problem with structured observation is that it does not allow us access to the intentions that lie behind behaviour.’ Discuss.
What are fi eld stimulations and what ethical concerns are posed by them?Criticisms of structured observation
What is the reactive effect and why might it be important in relation to structured observation research?Field stimulations as a form of structured observation
How far do considerations of reliability and validity in structured observation mirror those encountered in relation to the asking of questions in structured interviews and self-completion questionnaires?
Identify some of the main sampling strategies in structured observation.Issues of reliability and validity
What are the main ways in which behaviour can be recorded in structured observation?Sampling
Devise an observation schedule of your own for observing an area of social interaction in which you are regularly involved. Ask people with whom you normally interact in those situations how well they think it fi ts what goes on. Have you missed anything out?Strategies for observing behaviour
‘An observation schedule is much like a self-completion questionnaire or structured interview except that it does not entail asking questions.’ Discuss.
What is an observation schedule?
To what extent does it provide a superior approach to the study of behaviour than questionnaires or structured interviews?The observation schedule
What are the chief characteristics of structured observation?
What are the chief limitations of survey research with regard to the study of behaviour?So why not observe behaviour?
Is it easy to log the behaviour as it is happening?
Are the categories of behaviour inclusive?
Are the coding instructions clear?
Have you piloted your observation schedule?
Do all the different categories of behaviour allow you to answer your research questions?
Have you made sure that the categories of behaviour do not overlap?
Have your observation categories been designed so that there is no need for the observer to interpret what is going on?
Does your observation schedule indicate precisely which kinds of behaviour are to be observed?
Can you justify your sampling approach?
Is the sample to be observed relevant to your research questions?
Have you clearly defi ned your research questions?
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