Research In Communication Sciences And Disorders Methods For Systematic Inquiry 3rd Edition Lauren K. Nelson - Solutions

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5. List three search engines that you can use to search the professional literature for free.
4. If your study is focused on children and/or educational topics, which search engine is the best choice for your search?
3. What is the most efficient way to search the professional literature?
2. List three reasons why audiologists and speech-language pathologists conduct searches of professional literature.
1. What term refers to the skills associated with finding, evaluating, summarizing, and using information?
2. Read the manual for one or more of the following speech and language tests or other tests of your choosing.Look for information about how the authors established the reliability and validity of their tests.Dabul, B. L. (2000). Apraxia battery for adults: Examiner’s manual (2nd ed.).Pro-Ed.
1. Read the introductory section of one or more of the following research articles.These articles illustrate different ways of defining the focus of a study such as using hypotheses, research questions, or a statement of purpose.
14. Which statement is true?a. We test our subjects at two different times to establish splithalf reliability.b. We test our subjects at two different times to establish testretest reliability.
13. Describe each of the following forms of reliability:a. Interobserver reliabilityb. Test-retest reliabilityc. Parallel-forms reliabilityd. Split-half reliability
12. Identify the most accurate statement:a. A speech, language, or hearing test with high reliability might have low validity.b. A speech, language, or hearing test with high validity might have low reliability.
11. If a test yields consistent results, it is a __________ test.
10. A validity coefficient is based on what statistic? Given the nature of this statistic, a validity coefficient would range from __________ to __________.
9. Try to identify an area in communication sciences and disorders for which you would want to make predictions.How could you establish the predictive validity of a measure for this purpose?
8. What type of reliability is important for measuring the outcomes of a treatment study? How do you establish this type of reliability?
7. Think of an area of communication sciences and disorders that interests you. What are some of the measurement instruments used in this area?What do you know about their reliability and validity?
6. Consider the dependent variable(s)in H0 or H1. How might you operationalize the dependent variable(s) to make them more measurable?
5. How might an author of a research paper include the information in these examples in a statement of purpose?Write an example.
4. Another approach to defining the focus of a study is to write a research question. Rewrite H1 above as a research question.
3. Is H1 in the example directional or nondirectional? If it is directional, rewrite it to be nondirectional. If it is nondirectional, rewrite it to be directional.
2. In either H0 or H1 above, what is the independent variable? The dependent variable?
1. The statement labeled H0 above is called a __________, and the statement labeled H1 is called a __________.
4. How could researchers such as PT and Dr. Star avoid this type of conflict in the future?H0: Children who participate in the dynamic intervention approach will have intelligibility scores and accuracy of sound production in conversational speech after 12 weeks of treatment that are not different
3. Would your answer to question 2 change if Dr. Star used the data from PT’s study and simply collected data from more participants for the published work?
2. In your opinion, how should Dr. Star have acknowledged PT’s work on the experimental training protocol? Was the brief mention about preliminary work sufficient? Be prepared to explain your answer.
1. What are the issues in this case that relate to research ethics?
4. Read the case study “Responsible Conduct of Research Scenario”provided in Appendix 2–1. Consider how you would answer each of the discussion questions and compare your answers with those of your peers.
3. Visit one or more of the following internet sites and participate in the training activities provided.a. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) at the following Web address: https://about.citi program.org/en/homepage/The CITI site provides training on many topics, including
2. Alternatively, conduct a web search on a topic such as “protection of human participants” or “ethical conduct of research” and explore some of the information you retrieve.
14. Do researchers have to follow the HIPAA “Privacy Rule” when managing data for a research project? Explain your answer.Visit one of these websites and explore some of the educational materials provided.a. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association: Ethics Resources at https://www.asha
13. What kind of information is covered under the HIPAA “Privacy Rule”?
12. What is plagiarism?
11. Is it ever appropriate to use another author’s words in your writing?Explain your answer.
10. Match the following terms with their examples._____ credit for intellectual effort _____ attribution of ideas _____ conflict of interesta. Citing a sourceb. More than one rolec. Credit for authorship
9. What do the letters IRB mean?
8. What are two reasons why present day researchers feel that the Tudor(1939) study at the University of Iowa violated principles of human participant protection?
7. Provide an example of a violation of the principle of beneficence in the conduct of a research study.
6. Provide an example of coercive or undue influence in recruiting participants for a research study.
5. Identify two groups of research participants who receive special protections under federal law.
4. Which of the principles of protection of human participants means researchers need to make equitable decisions regarding who is invited to participate in research?
3. Given concerns about protecting the well-being of persons who participate in research, why do governmental agencies, professional organizations, and universities, among others, encourage research endeavors?
2. Which of the three basic principles of protection of human participants means persons make their own, informed decisions about participating in research?
1. What are the three basic principles of protection of human research participants identified in the Belmont Report?
8. What kind of research includes case studies, surveys, studies of correlations between measures, or studies of pre-existing differences?
7. Match the following terms.independent variable dependent variable true experimenta. Outcome measureb. Random assignmentc. Experimental manipulation
6. What are the two characteristics of a true experiment?
5. In _________ research, data often include verbal information such as a detailed description of behavior or a direct quote.
4. Which of the following statements is true?a. Empirical research involves the collection of new information through observation and measurement.b. Empirical research involves a systematic review of existing information identified through a literature search.
3. Define cost-effectiveness research.
2. What phrase refers to the use of scientific evidence to guide clinical decisions?a. Systematic inquiryb. Hypothesis testingc. Evidence-based practiced. Single subject research
1. What is the first step in the scientific method?
Use the information in Table 10–1 to complete a critical appraisal of a research report on a treatment topic.If you read a treatment-related report for activity 1, you could use the same report. Otherwise, you could identify another report that covers a treatment approach that you find interesting
Identify a research report on a topic of interest. Read this article and prepare a brief summary like the ones you have read in the professional literature. You might find the following websites helpful in preparing your summary.
Select an article that includes quantitative data analysis in the results section. You might select one of the articles below or something on a topic of interest. Make a point to read the results section carefully.What statistical information did the authors report? Descriptive
The analysis in Table 9–12 is from a hypothetical study comparing performance of children with communication disorders, their chronological age-matched peers, and their communication age-matched peers. The study had two independent variables: a group variable that was nonexperimental and a method
If you have access to a spreadsheet program, enter the sets of scores below into two columns. After entering the numbers, select the cell immediately below the first column, find the menu item for functions, and select the statistical function for average or mean. This should enable you to
You have videorecorded a conversation between an adult with expressive aphasia and her spouse.Think of two examples of quantitative measures you could obtain from the speech sample and two qualitative descriptors you could use for the conversation. For your qualitative descriptors, try to use a
Read a published report on some form of group research. What was the intended population for the research and what was the accessible population? How did the researchers generate their sample?
Use random assignment to divide your classmates into small discussion groups. You might use a spreadsheet application for this task. Start by listing all students in one column, and then assign each student a random number in a second column using the random number function. Finally, sort the
Read the research scenario,“Participation in a Clinical Trial,”provided in Appendix 6–1. Consider how you would answer each of the discussion questions and compare your answers with those of your peers.
Think of an independent variable you would like to investigate. Perhaps focus on an intervention from the field of audiology or speechlanguage pathology. Think about whether you would investigate this variable with a treatment and control group or with two or more levels of treatment. Which of the
Read one or more of the following published reports on research that employ a true experimental design.Identify the experimental manipulation and describe how participants were randomly assigned to groups
Select one of the following hypothetical research scenarios.Decide what research approach you would use. Provide some examples of the issues you need to consider in planning such a study.a. A graduate student wants to investigate the effects of communication disorders on the daily activities and
To learn more about one of nonexperimental research approaches covered in this chapter, read studies that exemplify that approach.
Each of the following entries in a reference list has an error in format.Identify the error. A style reference such as the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition (APA, 2010b) or Concise Rules of APA Style, 6th Edition (APA, 2010a) would be helpful for this task.
Visit one of the on-line writing centers such as one of the two listed below. Read the information about paraphrasing and citing information from another author’s work.a. UW-Madison Writing Center at http://www.writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/index.htmlb. Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)at
Think of a topic for a literature search.Choose two or more of the following databases and conduct a search on that topic. Modify your search by adding an additional term to narrow your search, then broaden your search by choosing one or more synonyms for your search terms.a. Education Resources
Read the manual for one or more of the following speech and language tests or other tests of your choosing.Look for information about how the authors established the reliability and validity of their tests.
Read the introductory section of one or more of the following research articles. These articles illustrate different ways of defining the focus of a study such as using hypotheses, research questions, or a statement of purpose.
Read the case study “Responsible Conduct of Research Scenario”provided in Appendix 2–1. Consider how you would answer each of the discussion questions and compare your answers with those of your peers.
Visit one or more of the following internet sites and participate in the training activities provided.a. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) at the following Web address: https://www.citi program.org/The CITI site provides training on many topics, including modules on protection
Alternatively, conduct a Web search on a topic such as “protection of human participants” or “ethical conduct of research” and explore some of the information you retrieve.
The following websites have information on ethical conduct in research and protection of human participants. Visit one of these Web sites and explore some of the educational materials provided.a. American Speech-LanguageHearing Association: Ethics Resources at http://www.asha.org/practice/ethics/b.
Many journals in the field of communication sciences and disorders use the same writing and style guidelines. What is the source of these guidelines?
For each of the sentence pairs below, identify the one that best meets the writing guideline.Presents information in a parallel form:a. The participants most often reported writing for program information, the websites for each program, contacts with previous graduates, and receiving information
Where will you find the formal statement of purpose and/or research questions in most research reports?
What is a structured abstract?
List seven sections that are included in most research reports.
Explain why a body of evidence from different researchers and different clinical settings is stronger than a single randomized clinical trial.
How does a critical appraisal of a diagnostic study differ from a critical appraisal of a treatment study?
Identify two reasons why statistically significant differences might not be practically important in a clinical setting.
Explain why blinding is a desirable feature in treatment studies.
Explain why articles published in peer-reviewed journals have higher status than self-published reports.
What phase in evidence-based practice research involves reading existing research reports and using your knowledge of research design, measurement, and so on, to evaluate those reports?
What step comes first in evidencebased practice research?a. Completing a thorough literature searchb. Deciding how to use your findingsc. Formulating a focused clinical questiond. Reading and evaluating research reports
Explain what it means when you have a significant interaction in an ANOVA analysis.
Interpret the parts of the following one-way ANOVA statistic: F(2,43) =6.45, p < 0.05.
You had a sample with six matched pairs of participants. One participant from each pair was randomly assigned to treatment A and the other to treatment B. The participants’ scores are listed below. Show how you would compute the sign test for these data.Score for Subject Receiving Treatment A 56
What are two reasons that you might select a nonparametric alternative to a t-test, such as the Wilcoxon signedranks test or the Mann-Whitney U test?
If you read the following, t(18) = 1.38, p > 0.05, what conclusion would you make?
If you have two random samples with 12 subjects in each, how many degrees of freedom do you have for the t-test?
What nonparametric statistic can be used to test the difference between two groups when you have independent samples?
If you are conducting a t-test on two scores from the same subjects or scores from a matched sample, what kind of t-test will you use?
Identify three factors that affect whether or not the results of a t-test will be significant.
What difference is tested for significance using a t-test?
What is the difference between a simple regression and a multiple regression?
Would you say that the following is statistically significant or not statistically significant?(r = 0.40, df = 18, p = 0.26)
Which is the stronger level of significance, 0.01 or 0.001?
If you make an error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true, what type of error have you made?
If you read that the value of a Pearson r is 0.45, p > 0.05, should you have confidence that this correlation represents the actual situation in the population? Why or why not?
For a Pearson r of 0.50, what is the value of the coefficient of determination? What does this coefficient mean?

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