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engineering
the science and engineering of materials

The Science And Engineering Of Materials 7th Edition Donald R. Askeland, Wendelin J. Wright - Solutions

What is an elastomer? Give an example.
Define and explain the differences between the following terms.a. Law and theoryb. Theory and experimentc. Qualitative and quantitatived. Hypothesis and theory
To determine the volume of a cube, a student measured one of the dimensions of the cube several times. If the true dimension of the cube is 10.62 cm, give an example of four sets of measurements that would illustrate the following.a. Imprecise and inaccurate datab. Precise but inaccurate
Use exponential notation to express the number 385,500 to a. One significant figure.b. Two significant figures.c. Three significant figures.d. Five significant figures.
Apothecaries (druggists) use the following set of measures in the English system: a. Is an apothecary grain the same as a troy grain? (See Exercise 49.)b. 1 oz ap = ________ oz troy.c. An aspirin tablet contains 5.00 × 102 mg of active ingredient. What mass in grains ap of active ingredient
The world record for the hundred meter dash is 9.58 s. What is the corresponding average speed in units of m/s, km/h, ft/s, and mi/h? At this speed, how long would it take to run 1.00 × 102 yards?
Which of the following are chemical changes? Which are physical changes?a. The cutting of foodb. Interaction of food with saliva and digestive enzymesc. Proteins being broken down into amino acidsd. Complex sugars being broken down into simple sugarse. Making maple syrup by heating maple sap
You are driving 65 mi/h and take your eyes off the road for “just a second.” What distance (in feet) do you travel in this time?
Use Dalton’s atomic theory to account for each of the following.a. The law of conservation of massb. The law of definite proportionc. The law of multiple proportions
You may have noticed that when water boils, you can see bubbles that rise to the surface of the water. Which of the following is inside these bubbles? Explain. a. Airb. Hydrogen and oxygen gasc. Oxygen gas d. water vapore. Carbon dioxide gas
Which (if any) of the following can be determined by knowing the number of protons in a neutral element? Explain your answer.a. The number of neutrons in the neutral elementb. The number of electrons in the neutral elementc. The name of the element
In the periodic table, how many elements are found in each of the following?a. The halogen familyb. The alkali familyc. The lanthanide seriesd. Transition metals
In the periodic table, how many elements are found in each of the following?a. Group 2Ab. The oxygen familyc. The nickel groupd. Group 8A
Which of the following explain how an ion is formed? Explain your answer.a. Adding or subtracting protons to/from an atomb. Adding or subtracting neutrons to/from an atomc. Adding or subtracting electrons to/from an atom
What number of atoms of nitrogen are present in 5.00 g of each of the following? a. glycine, C2H5O2Nb. Magnesium nitridec. Calcium nitrated. Dinitrogen tetroxide
Match each name below with the following microscopic pictures of that compound in aqueous solution.a. Barium nitrateb. Sodium chloridec. Potassium carbonated. Magnesium sulfateWhich picture best represents HNO3(aq)? Why aren’t any of the pictures a good representation of HC2H3O2(aq)?
Arrange the following substances in order of increasing mass percent of carbon.a. Caffeine, C8H10N4O2b. Sucrose, C12H22O11c. Ethanol, C2H5OH
Consider separate aqueous solutions of HCl and H2SO4 with the same molar concentrations. You wish to neutralize an aqueous solution of NaOH. For which acid solution would you need to add more volume (in milliliters) to neutralize the base?a. The HCl solutionb. The H2SO4 solutionc. You need to know
You have two solutions of chemical A. To determine which has the highest concentration of A (molarity), which of the following must you know (there may be more than one answer)?a. The mass in grams of A in each solutionb. The molar mass of Ac. The volume of water added to each solutiond. The
For the reactions in Exercise 52, write the balanced formula equation, complete ionic equation, and net ionic equation. If no precipitate forms, write “No reaction.”DATA IN Exercise 52,When the following solutions are mixed together, what precipitate (if any) will
Write net ionic equations for the reaction, if any, that occurs when aqueous solutions of the following are mixed.a. Chromium(III) chloride and sodium hydroxideb. Silver nitrate and ammonium carbonatec. Copper(II) sulfate and mercury(I) nitrated. Strontium nitrate and potassium iodide
Write net ionic equations for the reaction, if any, that occurs when aqueous solutions of the following are mixed.a. Ammonium sulfate and barium nitrateb. Lead(II) nitrate and sodium chloridec. Sodium phosphate and potassium nitrated. Sodium bromide and rubidium chloridee. Copper(II) chloride
Write the balanced formula equation for the acid–base reactions that occur when the following are mixed.a. Potassium hydroxide (aqueous) and nitric acidb. Barium hydroxide (aqueous) and hydrochloric acidc. Perchloric acid [HClO4(aq)] and solid iron(III) hydroxided. Solid silver hydroxide and
Explain how a barometer and a manometer work to measure the pressure of the atmosphere or the pressure of a gas in a container.
Show how Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Avogadro’s law are special cases of the ideal gas law. Using the ideal gas law, determine the relationship between P and n (at constant V and T) and between P and T (at constant V and n).
What are Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Avogadro’s law? What plots do you make to show a linear relationship for each law?
The barometer below shows the level of mercury at a given atmospheric pressure. Fill all the other barometers with mercury for that same atmospheric pressure. Explain your answer. M 1 Hg(1)
A diagram in a chemistry book shows a magnified view of a flask of air as follows:What do you suppose is between the dots (the dots represent air molecules)?a. Airb. Dustc. Pollutantsd. Oxygene. Nothing
Rationalize the following observations.a. Aerosol cans will explode if heated.b. You can drink through a soda straw.c. A thin-walled can will collapse when the air inside is removed by a vacuum pump.d. Manufacturers produce different types of tennis balls for high and low elevations.
A chemistry student relates the following story: I noticed my tires were a bit low and went to the gas station. As I was filling the tires, I thought about the kinetic molecular theory (KMT). I noticed the tires because the volume was low, and I realized that I was increasing both the pressure and
Briefly describe two methods one might use to find the molar mass of a newly synthesized gas for which a molecular formula was not known.
If you release a helium balloon, it soars upward and eventually pops. Explain this behavior.
You have helium gas in a two-bulbed container connected by a valve as shown below. Initially the valve is closed. When the valve is opened, will the total pressure in the apparatus be less than 5.00 atm, equal to 5.00 atm, or greater than 5.00 atm? Explain your answer. 2.00 atm 3.00 atm
If you have any two gases in different containers that are the same size at the same pressure and same temperature, what is true about the moles of each gas? Why is this true?
How does Dalton’s law of partial pressures help us with our model of ideal gases? That is, what postulates of the kinetic mo lecular theory does it support?
At the same conditions of pressure and temperature, ammonia gas is less dense than air. Why is this true?
For each of the quantities listed below, explain which of the following properties (mass of the molecule, density of the gas sample, temperature of the gas sample, size of the molecule, and number of moles of gas) must be known to calculate the quantity.a. Average kinetic energyb. Average number of
You have two containers each with 1 mole of xenon gas at 15οC. Container A has a volume of 3.0 L, and container B has a volume of 1.0 L. Explain how the following quantities compare between the two containers.a. The average kinetic energy of the Xe atomsb. The force with which the Xe atoms collide
Draw molecular-level views that show the differences among solids, liquids, and gases.
A bag of potato chips is packed and sealed in Los Angeles, California, and then shipped to Lake Tahoe, Nevada, during ski season. It is noticed that the volume of the bag of potato chips has increased upon its arrival in Lake Tahoe. What external conditions would most likely cause the volume
As weather balloons rise from the earth’s surface, the pressure of the atmosphere becomes less, tending to cause the volume of the balloons to expand. However, the temperature is much lower in the upper atmosphere than at sea level. Would this temperature effect tend to make such a balloon expand
Which noble gas has the smallest density at STP? Explain.
You are holding two balloons of equal volume; one contains argon and the other contains neon. What is the approximate mass ratio between Ar and Ne in the two balloons?
Complete the following table for an ideal gas. a. b. P V 7.74 x 10³ Pa 12.2 mL 43.0 mL C. 455 torr d. 745 mm Hg 11.2 L T 25°C 0.421 mol 223 K 4.4 x 10-2 mol 331°C 0.401 mol n
Ideal gas particles are assumed to be volumeless and to neither attract nor repel each other. Why are these assumptions crucial to the validity of Dalton’s law of partial pressures?
Without looking at a table of values, which of the following gases would you expect to have the largest value of the van der Waals constant b: H2, N2, CH4, C2H6, or C3H8?
Consider a sample of ideal gas molecules for the following question.a. How is the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules related to temperature?b. How is the average velocity of the gas molecules related to temperature?c. How is the average velocity of the gas molecules related to the molar
An aerosol can contains 400. mL of compressed gas at 5.20 atm. When all of the gas is sprayed into a large plastic bag, the bag inflates to a volume of 2.14 L. What is the pressure of gas in the plastic bag? Assume a constant temperature.
The average lung capacity of a human is 6.0 L. How many moles of air are in your lungs when you are in the following situations? a. At sea level (T = 298 K, P = 1.00 atm).b. 10. m below water (T = 298 K, P = 1.97 atm).c. At the top of Mount Everest (T = 200. K, P = 0.296 atm).
A 5.0-L flask contains 0.60 g O2 at a temperature of 22οC. What is the pressure (in atm) inside the flask?
Consider two separate gas containers at the following conditions: How is the pressure in container B related to the pressure in container A? Container A Contents: SO₂(g) Pressure = PA Container B Contents: unknown gas Pressure = PB of gas Moles of gas Volume = 2.0 L Temperature =
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions are explosively decomposed by traces of transition metal ions (such as Mn or Fe): What volume of pure O2(g), collected at 27οC and 746 torr, would be generated by decomposition of 125 g of a 50.0% by mass hydrogen peroxide solution? Ignore any water
A 2.50-L container is filled with 175 g argon.a. If the pressure is 10.0 atm, what is the temperature?b. If the temperature is 225 K, what is the pressure?
Sulfur trioxide, SO3, is produced in enormous quantities each year for use in the synthesis of sulfuric acid.What volume of O2(g) at 350.οC and a pressure of 5.25 atm is needed to completely convert 5.00 g sulfur to sulfur trioxide? S(s) + 0₂ (8) + O₂(g) 2SO₂(g) SO₂(g) 2SO3(g)
A typical adult inhales 450 mL of air in any one breath. How many air particles are in a typical breath at 745 torr and 22°C?
N2O is a gas commonly used to help sedate patients in medicine and dentistry due to its mild anesthetic and analgesic properties; it is also nonflammable. If a cylinder of N2O is at 10.5 atm and has a volume of 5.00 L at 298 K, how many moles of N2O gas are present? The gas from the cylinder is
Ethene is converted to ethane by the reaction C2H4 flows into a catalytic reactor at 25.0 atm and 300.οC with a flow rate of 1000. L/min. Hydrogen at 25.0 atm and 300.οC flows into the reactor at a flow rate of 1500. L/min. If 15.0 kg C2H6 is collected per minute, what is the percent yield
A student adds 4.00 g of dry ice (solid CO2) to an empty balloon. What will be the volume of the balloon at STP after all the dry ice sublimes (converts to gaseous CO2)?
A 15.0-L rigid container was charged with 0.500 atm of krypton gas and 1.50 atm of chlorine gas at 350.οC. The krypton and chlorine react to form krypton tetrachloride. What mass of krypton tetrachloride can be produced assuming 100% yield?
Consider the reaction between 50.0 mL liquid methanol, CH3OH (density = 0.850 g/mL), and 22.8 L O2 at 27οC and a pressure of 2.00 atm. The products of the reaction are CO2(g) and H2O(g). Calculate the number of moles of H2O formed if the reaction goes to completion.
Uranium hexafluoride is a solid at room temperature, but it boils at 56οC. Determine the density of uranium hexafluoride at 60.οC and 745 torr.
For scuba dives below 150 ft, helium is often used to replace nitrogen in the scuba tank. If 15.2 g of He(g) and 30.6 g of O2(g) are added to a previously evacuated 5.00 L tank at 22° C, calculate the partial pressure of each gas present as well as the total pressure in the tank.
A mixture of 1.00 g H2 and 1.00 g He is placed in a 1.00-L container at 27οC. Calculate the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure.
A mixture of cyclopropane and oxygen is sometimes used as a general anesthetic. Consider a balloon with an anesthetic mixture of cyclopropane and oxygen at 170. torr and 570. torr, respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of cyclopropane in the mixture.
The partial pressure of CH4(g) is 0.175 atm and that of O2(g) is 0.250 atm in a mixture of the two gases.a. What is the mole fraction of each gas in the mixture?b. If the mixture occupies a volume of 10.5 L at 65οC, calculate the total number of moles of gas in the mixture.c. Calculate the number
A tank contains a mixture of 52.5 g oxygen gas and 65.1 g carbon dioxide gas at 27°C. The total pressure in the tank is 9.21 atm. Calculate the partial pressures of each gas in the container.
The effusion rate of an unknown gas is measured and found to be 31.50 mL/min. Under identical experimental conditions, the effusion rate of O2(g) is found to be 30.50 mL/min. If the choices for the unknown gas are CH4, CO, NO, CO2, and NO2, what is the identity of the gas?
Write an equation to show how sulfuric acid is produced in the atmosphere.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat patients with carbon monoxide poisoning as well as to treat divers with the bends. In hyperbaric oxygen therapy, a patient is placed inside a 7.0-ft cylinder with a 3.0-ft diameter, which is then filled with oxygen gas to a total pressure of 2.50 atm.
A steel cylinder contains 150.0 moles of argon gas at a temperature of 25οC and a pressure of 8.93 MPa. After some argon has been used, the pressure is 2.00 MPa at a temperature of 19οC. What mass of argon remains in the cylinder?
Consider the unbalanced chemical equation below:Suppose a 32.9-g sample of CaSiO3 is reacted with 31.8 L of HF at 27.0οC and 1.00 atm. Assuming the reaction goes to completion, calculate the mass of the SiF4 and H2O produced in the reaction. CaSiO3(s) + HF(g) CaF₂(aq) + SiF4(g) + H₂O(1)
A certain flexible weather balloon contains helium gas at a volume of 855 L. Initially, the balloon is at sea level where the temperature is 25οC and the barometric pressure is 730 torr. The balloon then rises to an altitude of 6000 ft, where the pressure is 605 torr and the temperature is 15οC.
A large flask with a volume of 936 mL is evacuated and found to have a mass of 134.66 g. It is then filled to a pressure of 0.967 atm at 31οC with a gas of unknown molar mass and then reweighed to give a new mass of 135.87 g. What is the molar mass of this gas?
In the presence of nitric acid, UO2+ undergoes a redox process. It is converted to UO22+ and nitric oxide (NO) gas is produced according to the following unbalanced equation:If 2.55 × 102 mL NO(g) is isolated at 29οC and 1.5 atm, what amount (moles) of UO2+ was used in the reaction? H+ (aq) +
We state that the ideal gas law tends to hold best at low pressures and high temperatures. Show how the van der Waals equation simplifies to the ideal gas law under these conditions.
Consider a classroom containing ten evenly spaced rows of students. If a student in row 1 releases laughing gas (N2O) and a student in row 10 simultaneously releases a lachrymator (a gas that causes tears) with molar mass of 176 g/mol, in which row do the students first laugh and cry at the same
Solid thorium(IV) fluoride has a boiling point of 1680οC. What is the density of a sample of gaseous thorium(IV) fluoride at its boiling point under a pressure of 2.5 atm in a 1.7-L container? Which gas will effuse faster at 1680οC, thorium(IV) fluoride or uranium(III) fluoride? How much faster?
Compare the diffusion coefficients of carbon in BCC and FCC iron at the allotropic transformation temperature of 912°C and explain the reason for the difference in their values.
Determine the maximum allowable temperature that will produce a flux of less than 2000 H atoms / cm2 • s through a BCC iron foil when the concentration gradient is –5 x 1016 atoms / cm3 • cm.
Compute the number of kilograms of hydrogen that pass per hour through a 5-mm-thick sheet of palladium having an area of 0.20 m2 at 500°C. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 1.0 x 10-8 m2/s and that the concentrations at the high and low pressure sides of the plate are 2.4 and 0.6 kg of
Determine the ASTM grain size number for the materials in Figure 4-14 and Figure 4-20. Figure 4-14 Figure 4-20 F7
Certain ceramics with special dielectric properties are used in wireless communication systems. Barium magnesium tantalate (BMT) and barium zinc tantalate (BZT) are examples of such materials. Determine the ASTM grain size number for the barium magnesium tantalate ceramic microstructure shown in
Determine the carburizing time necessary to achieve a carbon concentration of 0.45 wt% at a position 2-mm into a steel alloy that initially contains 0.20 wt% carbon. The surface concentration is to be maintained at 1.30 wt% at 1000°C. Use Table 5-4 for error function values as needed. Table 5-4
Nitrogen from a gaseous phase is to be diffused into pure iron (BCC) at 700°C. If the surface concentration is maintained at 0.10 wt% N, what will the concentration 1 mm from the surface be after 10 hrs? Use Table 5-4 for error function values as needed. Table 5-4 Error function (erf) values erf
One method of fabricating complex aerospace components is diffusion bonding. We wish to join a nickel sheet, intended to rapidly transfer lightning strike data away from critical locations, to an FCC iron (stainless steel) plate. We find that we can accomplish a good bond in 8 hours when the two
The surface of 0.10 wt% carbon steel is to be strengthened by carburizing. The steel is placed in an atmosphere that provides a maximum of 1.2 wt% carbon at the surface of the steel at a high temperature. Carbon then diffuses 0.2 cm into the surface of the steel giving a carbon concentration of
Transistors are made by doping single crystal silicon with different types of impurities to generate n- and p-type regions. Phosphorus and boron are typical n- and p-type dopant species, respectively. Assuming that a thermal treatment at 1100°C for 1 h is used to cause diffusion of the dopants,
Consider doping of silicon with gallium. Assume that the diffusion coefficient of gallium in Si at 1100°C is 7 x 10-13 cm2/s. Calculate the concentration of Ga at a depth of 2.0 micrometer if the surface concentration of Ga is 1023 atoms/cm3. The diffusion times are 1, 2, and 3 hours.
Compare the rate at which oxygen ions diffuse in alumina (Al2O3) with the rate at which aluminum ions diffuse in Al2O3 at1500°C. Explain the difference.
To control junction depth in transistors, precise quantities of impurities are introduced at relatively shallow depths by ion implantation and diffused into the silicon substrate in a subsequent thermal treatment. This can be approximated as a finite source diffusion problem. Applying the
During freezing of a Cu-Zn alloy, we find that the composition is nonuniform. By heating the alloy to 600°C for 3 h, diffusion of zinc helps to make the composition more uniform. What temperature would be required if we wished to perform this homogenization treatment in 30 minutes?
Arrange the following materials in increasing order of self-diffusion coefficient: Ar gas, water, single crystal aluminum, and liquid aluminum at 700°C.
Most metals and alloys can be processed using the melting and casting route, but we typically do not choose to apply this method for the processing of specific metals (e.g., W) and most ceramics. Explain.
What is sintering? What is the driving force for sintering?
Why does grain growth occur? What is meant by the terms normal and abnormal grain growth?
Why is the strength of many metallic materials expected to decrease with increasing grain size?
A Cu-Zn alloy has an initial grain diameter of 0.01 mm. The alloy is then heated to various temperatures, permitting grain growth to occur. The times required for the grains to grow to a diameter of 0.30 mm are shown below.Determine the activation energy for grain growth. Does this correlate with
A ceramic part made from MgO is sintered successfully at 1700°C in 90 minutes. To minimize thermal stresses during the process, we plan to reduce the temperature to 1500°C. Which of the following will limit the rate at which sintering can be performed: diffusion of magnesium ions or diffusion of
What are the advantages of using hot pressing and hot isostatic pressing compared to using normal sintering?
A sheet of gold is diffusion-bonded to a sheet of silver in 1 h at 700°C. At 500°C, 440 h are required to obtain the same degree of bonding, and at 300°C, bonding requires 1530 years. What is the activation energy for the diffusion bonding process? Does it appear that diffusion of gold or

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