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engineering
the science and engineering of materials

Questions and Answers of The Science And Engineering Of Materials

Explain the significance of crystallographic directions using an example of an application.
Why are Fe-Si alloys used in magnetic applications “grain oriented”?
Sketch the following planes and directions within a hexagonal unit cell: (a) [01T0] (d) (0003) (b) [1120] (e) (T010) (c) [1011] (f) (011)
Sketch the following planes and directions within a hexagonal unit cell: (a) [2110] (d) (1210) (b) [1121] (e) (1122) (c) [1010] (f) (1230)
Indicate the planes a) (100), b) (134), and c) (101) within a unit cell.
Determine the number of directions of the form 〈110〉 in a tetragonal unit cell and compare to the number of directions of the form 〈110〉 in an orthorhombic unit cell.
Calculate and compare the planar densities for the {100}, {110}, and {111} planes in a BCC unit cell. Which plane is the most close-packed (dense)?
Calculate and compare the linear densities for the {100}, {110}, and {111} planes in an FCC unit cell. Which plane is the most densely packed?
What are the coordination numbers for octahedral and tetrahedral sites?
The atomic packing fraction for the FCC crystal structure is 0.74. This is the densest arrangement of atoms achievable in three dimensions when all atoms have the same radius R. If atoms in the hard
Using the ionic radii given in Appendix B, determine the coordination number expected for the following compounds:(a) Y2O3 (b) UO2 (c) BaO (d) Si3N4(e) GeO2 (f) MnO (g)
Figure 3-45 shows the results of an x-ray diffraction experiment in the form of the intensity of the diffracted peak versus the 2u diffraction angle. If x-rays with a wavelength of 0.15418 nm are
Figure 3-46 shows the results of an x-ray diffraction experiment in the form of the intensity of the diffracted peak versus the 2θ diffraction angle. If x-rays with a wavelength of 0.07107 nm are
Sketch the ion arrangement of the (110) plane of ZnS (with the zincblende structure) and compare this arrangement to that on the (110) plane of CaF2 (with the fluorite structure). Compare the planar
MgO, which has the sodium chloride structure, has a lattice parameter of 0.396 nm. Determine the planar density and the planar packing fraction for the (111) and (222) planes of MgO. What ions are
Draw the crystal structure of the perovskite polymorph of PZT [Pb(ZrxTi12x) O3, x: mole fraction of Zr4+]. Assume the two B-site cations occupy random B-site positions.
Table 3-1 contains formulas for the volume of different types of unit cells. Write a computer program to calculate the unit cell volume in the units of Å3 and nm3. Your program should prompt the
A diffracted x-ray beam is observed from the (220) planes of iron at a 2θ angle of 99.1° when x-rays of 0.15418 nm wavelength are used. Calculate the lattice parameter of the iron.
A diffracted x-ray beam is observed from the (311) planes of aluminum at a 2u angle of 78.3° when x-rays of 0.15418 nm wavelength are used. Calculate the lattice parameter of the aluminum.
You would like to sort iron specimens, some of which are FCC and others BCC. Design an x-ray diffraction method by which this can be accomplished.
You want to design a material for making kitchen utensils for cooking. The material should be transparent and withstand repeated heating and cooling. What kind of materials could be used to design
Write a computer program that will ask the user to input the atomic mass, atomic radius, and cubic crystal structure for an element. The program output should be the packing fraction and the
Calculate the mass of 500. atoms of iron (Fe).
What number of Fe atoms and what amount (moles) of Fe atoms are in 500.0 g of iron?
Diamond is a natural form of pure carbon. What number of atoms of carbon are in a 1.00-carat diamond (1.00 carat = 0.200 g)?
Chromium (Cr) is a metal that is added to steel to improve its resistance to corrosion. Calculate the number of moles in a sample of chromium containing 5.00 × 1020 atoms and the mass of the sample.
The Freons are a class of compounds containing carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. While they have many valuable uses, they have been shown to be responsible for depletion of the ozone in the upper
The dosage for an antibiotic is prescribed at 8.0 mg per kilogram of body weight, taken twice daily for two weeks. What total mass of antibiotic will be taken by a 180-lb person for the two-week
A thermometer gives a reading of 96.1οF ± 0.2οF. What is the temperature in οC? What is the uncertainty?
At what temperature is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit equal to twice the temperature in degrees Celsius?
What number of atoms of nitrogen are present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 53?Data from Exercise 53Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.
What number of atoms of phosphorus are present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 54?
Freon-12 (CCl2F2) is used as a refrigerant in air conditioners and as a propellant in aerosol cans. Calculate the number of molecules of Freon-12 in 5.56 mg of Freon-12. What is the mass of chlorine
Prevacid is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The chemical formula of Prevacid is C16H14F3N3O2S. a. What is the molar mass of Prevacid?b. What mass of fluorine is in 0.75 mol
Consider the following space-filling models for dry ice, ethanol, and caffeine: What amount (moles) is represented by each of the following samples?a. 1.50 g of dry iceb. 2.72 × 1021 molecules
What amount (moles) is represented by each of these samples?a. 150.0 g Fe2O3b. 10.0 mg NO2c. 1.5 × 1016 molecules of BF3
Complete the following table. Mass of Sample 4.24 g C₂H₂ Moles of Sample 0.224 mol H₂O Molecules in Sample 2.71 X 1022 molecules CO₂ Total Atoms in Sample 3.35 X 1022 total atoms in
The percent by mass of nitrogen for a compound is found to be 46.7%. Which of the following could be this species? N O
A compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 48.64% C and 8.16% H by mass. What is the empirical formula of this substance?
The most common form of nylon (nylon-6) is 63.68% carbon, 12.38% nitrogen, 9.80% hydrogen, and 14.14% oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula for nylon-6.
A compound containing only sulfur and nitrogen is 69.6% S by mass; the molar mass is 184 g/mol. What are the empirical and molecular formulas of the compound?
A compound contains 47.08% carbon, 6.59% hydrogen, and 46.33% chlorine by mass; the molar mass of the compound is 153 g/mol. What are the empirical and molecular formulas of the compound?
One of the components that make up common table sugar is fructose, a compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Complete combustion of 1.50 g of fructose produced 2.20 g of carbon
A compound contains only C, H, and N. Combustion of 35.0 mg of the compound produces 33.5 mg CO2 and 41.1 mg H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound?
Cumene is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen that is used in the production of acetone and phenol in the chemical industry. Combustion of 47.6 mg cumene produces some CO2 and 42.8 mg
A common demonstration in chemistry courses involves adding a tiny speck of manganese(IV) oxide to a concentrated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes quite spectacularly
Iron oxide ores, commonly a mixture of FeO and Fe2O3, are given the general formula Fe3O4. They yield elemental iron when heated to a very high temperature with either carbon monoxide or elemental
Balance each of the following chemical equations. a. KO₂ (s) + H₂O(1)→KOH(aq) + O₂(g) + H₂O₂(aq) b. Fe₂O3(s) + HNO3(aq) → Fe(NO3)3(aq) + H₂O(1) c. NH3(g) + O₂(g) → NO(g) +
Balance the following equations representing combustion reactions: a. b. (0) + (g) OH (g) + C 90 (g) (g) + (g) + c. C₁2H₂2O11(s) + O₂(g) →CO₂(g) + H₂O(g) d. Fe(s) + O₂(g) →
Glass is a mixture of several compounds, but a major constituent of most glass is calcium silicate, CaSiO3. Glass can be etched by treatment with hydrofluoric acid; HF attacks the calcium silicate of
The sugar sucrose, which is present in many fruits and vegetables, reacts in the presence of certain yeast enzymes to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide gas. Balance the following equation for this
One of relatively few reactions that takes place directly between two solids at room temperature is In this equation, the ? 8H2O in Ba(OH)2 ? 8H2O indicates the presence of eight water
Aluminum reacts with bromine, producing aluminum bromide:In a certain experiment, 20.0 mL of bromine (density = 3.10 g/mL) was reacted with excess aluminum to yield 50.3 g of aluminum bromide. What
Coke is an impure form of carbon that is often used in the industrial production of metals from their oxides. If a sample of coke is 95% carbon by mass, determine the mass of coke needed to react
a. Write the balanced equation for the combustion of isooctane (C8H18) to produce water vapor and carbon dioxide gas.b. Assuming gasoline is 100.% isooctane, with a density of 0.692 g/mL, what is the
Hexamethylenediamine (C6H16N2) is one of the starting materials for the production of nylon. It can be prepared from adipic acid (C6H10O4) by the following overall equation:What is the percent yield
A given sample of a xenon fluoride compound contains molecules of the type XeFn, where n is some whole number. Given that 9.03 × 1020 molecules of XeFn weigh 0.368 g, determine the value for n in
You find a compound composed only of element X and chlorine, and you know that the compound is 13.10% X by mass. Each molecule of the compound contains six times as many chlorine atoms as X atoms.
What mass of sodium hydroxide has the same number of oxygen atoms as 100.0 g of ammonium carbonate?
Some bismuth tablets, a medication used to treat upset stomachs, contain 262 mg of bismuth subsalicylate, C7H5BiO4, per tablet. Assuming two tablets are digested, calculate the mass of bismuth
Methane (CH4) is the main component of marsh gas. Heating methane in the presence of sulfur produces carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide as the only products.a. Write the balanced chemical equation
A potential fuel for rockets is a combination of B5H9 and O2. The two react according to the following balanced equation:If one tank in a rocket holds 126 g B5H9 and another tank holds 192 g O2, what
Consider samples of phosphine (PH3), water (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and hydrogen fluoride (HF), each with a mass of 119 g. Rank the compounds from the least to the greatest number of hydrogen
A compound with molar mass 180.1 g/mol has the following composition by mass: Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of the compound. U I O 40.0% 6.70% 53.3%
Para-cresol, a substance used as a disinfectant and in the manufacture of several herbicides, is a molecule that contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Complete combustion of a 0.345-g
Consider the following unbalanced chemical equation for the combustion of pentane (C5H12):If 20.4 g of pentane are burned in excess oxygen, what mass of water can be produced, assuming 100% yield?
With the advent of techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy, it is now possible to “write” with individual atoms by manipulating and arranging atoms on an atomic surface. a. If
The (aq) designation listed after a solute indicates the process of hydration. Using KBr(aq) and C2H5OH(aq) as your examples, explain the process of hydration for soluble ionic compounds and for
You have a solution of table salt in water. What happens to the salt concentration (increases, decreases, or stays the same) as the solution boils? Draw pictures to explain your answer.
Distinguish between the terms slightly soluble and weak electrolyte.
Molarity is a conversion factor relating moles of solute in solution to the volume of the solution. How does one use molarity as a conversion factor to convert from moles of solute to volume of
You add an aqueous solution of lead nitrate to an aqueous solution of potassium iodide. Draw highly magnified views of each solution individually, and the mixed solution, including any product that
What is a dilution? What stays constant in a dilution? Explain why the equation M1V1 = M2V2 works for dilution problems.
Order the following molecules from lowest to highest oxidation state of the nitrogen atom: HNO3, NH4Cl, N2O, NO2, NaNO2.
Why is it that when something gains electrons, it is said to be reduced? What is being reduced?
Differentiate between the formula equation, the complete ionic equation, and the net ionic equation. For each reaction in Question 6, write all three balanced equations.
Draw molecular-level pictures to differentiate between concentrated and dilute solutions.
Define the terms oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent. Given a chemical reaction, how can you tell if it is a redox reaction?
Draw molecular-level pictures to differentiate between two soluble compounds: one that is a strong electrolyte and one that is a nonelectrolyte.
What is a half-reaction? Why must the number of electrons lost in the oxidation half-reaction equal the number of electrons gained in the reduction half-reaction? Summarize briefly the steps in the
You need to make 150.0 mL of a 0.10-M NaCl solution. You have solid NaCl, and your lab partner has a 2.5-M NaCl solution. Explain how you each make the 0.10-M NaCl solution.
The exposed electrodes of a light bulb are placed in a solution of H2SO4 in an electrical circuit such that the light bulb is glowing. You add a dilute salt solution, and the bulb dims. Which of the
In balancing oxidation–reduction reactions, why is it permissible to add water to either side of the equation?
A typical solution used in general chemistry laboratories is 3.0 M HCl. Describe, in detail, the composition of 2.0 L of a 3.0-M HCl solution. How would 2.0 L of a 3.0-M HC2H3O2 solution differ from
When 1.0 mole of solid lead nitrate is added to 2.0 moles of aqueous potassium iodide, a yellow precipitate forms. After the precipitate settles to the bottom, does the solution above the precipitate
When balancing reactions in Chapter 3, we did not mention that reactions must be charge balanced as well as mass balanced. What do charge balance and mass balance mean? How are redox reactions charge
Ethylene glycol is the main component in automobile antifreeze. To monitor the temperature of an auto cooling system, you intend to use a meter that reads from 0 to 100. You devise a new temperature
This year, like many past years, you begin to feel very sleepy after eating a large helping of Thanksgiving turkey. Some people attribute this sleepiness to the presence of the amino acid tryptophan
For each of the following, decide which block is more dense: the orange block, the blue block, or it cannot be determined. Explain your answers. a -C b -d
A 25.00-g sample of a solid is placed in a graduated cylinder, and then the cylinder is filled to the 50.0-mL mark with benzene. The mass of benzene and solid together is 58.80 g. Assuming that the
Draw a picture showing the markings (graduations) on glassware that would allow you to make each of the following volume measurements of water, and explain your answers (the numbers given are as
As part of a science project, you study traffic patterns in your city at an intersection in the middle of downtown. You set up a device that counts the cars passing through this intersection for a
An experiment was performed in which an empty 100-mL graduated cylinder was weighed. It was weighed once again after it had been filled to the 10.0-mL mark with dry sand. A 10-mL pipet was used to
The U.S. trade deficit at the beginning of 2005 was $475,000,000. If the wealthiest 1.00% of the U.S. population (297,000,000) contributed an equal amount of money to bring the trade deficit to $0,
What is an acid and what is a base? An acid–base reaction is sometimes called a proton-transfer reaction. Explain.
Calcium chloride is a strong electrolyte and is used to “salt” streets in the winter to melt ice and snow. Write a reaction to show how this substance breaks apart when it dissolves in water.
Commercial cold packs and hot packs are available for treating athletic injuries. Both types contain a pouch of water and a dry chemical. When the pack is struck, the pouch of water breaks,
Calculate the molarity of each of these solutions.a. A 5.623-g sample of NaHCO3 is dissolved in enough water to make 250.0 mL of solution.b. A 184.6-mg sample of K2Cr2O7 is dissolved in enough water
A solution of ethanol (C2H5OH) in water is prepared by dissolving 75.0 mL of ethanol (density = 0.79 g/cm3 ) in enough water to make 250.0 mL of solution. What is the molarity of the ethanol in this
Calculate the concentration of all ions present in each of the following solutions of strong electrolytes.a. 0.100 mole of Ca(NO3)2 in 100.0 mL of solutionb. 2.5 moles of Na2SO4 in 1.25 L of

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