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engineering
the science and engineering of materials

Chemistry 10th Edition Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste - Solutions

The contributions of J. J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford led the way to today’s understanding of the structure of the atom. What were their contributions?
If the volume of a proton were similar to the volume of an electron, how will the densities of these two particles compare to each other?
List some characteristic properties that distinguish the metallic elements from the nonmetallic elements.
Label the type of bonding for each of the following. a. b.
Before an electrocardiogram (ECG) is recorded for a cardiac patient, the ECG leads are usually coated with a moist paste containing sodium chloride. Why is sodium chloride applied to the leads?
In Section 1.1 of the text, the concept of a chemical reaction was introduced with the example of the decomposition of water, represented as follows: Use ideas from Dalton’s atomic theory to explain how the above representation illustrates the law of conservation of mass. two
The vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid, C6H5NO2) can be isolated from a variety of natural sources such as liver, yeast, milk, and whole grain. It also can be synthesized from commercially available materials. From a nutritional point of view, which source of nicotinic acid is best for use in a
A sample of H2SO4 contains 2.02 g of hydrogen, 32.07 g of sulfur, and 64.00 g of oxygen. How many grams of sulfur and grams of oxygen are present in a second sample of H2SO4 containing 7.27 g of hydrogen?
What number of protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus of each of the following atoms? Assuming each atom is uncharged, what number of electrons are present? a. 235U 92 27 b. 13 Al c. Fe d. 208Pb e. 37Rb f. Ca
In a combustion reaction, 46.0 g of ethanol reacts with 96.0 g of oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. If 54.0 g of water is produced, what mass of carbon dioxide is produced?
Complete the following table: Number of Protons Symbol in Nucleus 238 92 89 39 20 23 35 15 Number of Neutrons in Nucleus 20 28 44 16 Number of Electrons 20 36 Net Charge 2+ 3- T
Name each of the following compounds. Assume the acids are dissolved in water. a. HC₂H₂O₂ b. NH4NO₂ c. Co₂S3 d. ICI e. Pb3(PO4)2 f. KClO3 g. H₂SO4 h. Sr3N₂ i. j. SnO₂ k. Na₂CRO4 I. HCIO Al2(SO3)3
If you wanted to make an accurate scale model of the hydrogen atom and decided that the nucleus would have a diameter of 1 mm, what would be the diameter of the entire model?
Complete the following table: Symbol 538Fe²+ Number of Protons in Nucleus 26 85 13 Number of Neutrons in Nucleus 33 125 14 76 Number of Electrons 86 10 54 Net Charge 3+ 2-
For carbon-14 and carbon-12, how many protons and neutrons are in each nucleus? Assuming neutral atoms, how many electrons are present in an atom of carbon-14 and in an atom of carbon-12?
Name the compounds in parts a–d and write the formulas for the compounds in parts e–h. a. NaBr b. Rb₂0 c. Cas d. All3 e. strontium fluoride f. aluminum selenide g. potassium nitride h. magnesium phosphide
Complete the following table. Atom/lon 50 Sn 25Mg²+ 2+ 56 Fe²+ 120S 79 32 Se 34- 35C1 53 Cu Protons Neutrons Electrons
Carbohydrates, a class of compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, were originally thought to contain one water (H2O) molecule for each carbon atom present. The carbohydrate glucose contains six carbon atoms. Write a general formula showing the relative numbers of each type
Complete the following table. Symbol He 10 20 Ne Ti 48 22 19005 76 59Co Number of Protons Number of Neutrons
Radiotracers are radioactive substances that can be introduced into organisms by way of ingestion or injection and whose pathway can be traced by monitoring their radioactivity. How many protons and neutrons do the following radiotracers contain?a. Iodine-131, used in the diagnosis and treatment
What are the symbols for the following nonmetal elements that are most often present in compounds studied in organic chemistry: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur? Predict a stable isotope for each of these elements.
What are the names of the compounds that correspond to the formulas given in the following table? Formula Co(NO₂)2 AsF5 LICN K₂SO3 Li3N PbCrO4 Compound Name
Which of the following statements is(are) true? For the false statements, correct them.a. All particles in the nucleus of an atom are charged.b. The atom is best described as a uniform sphere of matter in which electrons are embedded.c. The mass of the nucleus is only a very small fraction of
An element’s most stable ion forms an ionic compound with bromine, having the formula XBr2. If the ion of element X has a mass number of 230 and has 86 electrons, what is the identity of the element, and how many neutrons does it have?
What are the formulas of the compounds that correspond to the names given in the following table? Compound Name Carbon tetrabromide Cobalt(II) phosphate Magnesium chloride Nickel(II) acetate Calcium nitrate Formula
By analogy with phosphorus compounds, name the following: Na3AsO4, H3AsO4, Mg3(SbO4)2.
Give the systematic name for the following compounds that are found in everyday life:a. H2S (rotten egg smell)b. SO2 (smell of burnt matches)c. SF6 (aerosol can propellant)d. Na2SO3 (dried fruit preservative)
Complete the following table to predict whether the given atom will gain or lose electrons in forming the ion most likely to form when in ionic compounds. Atom K Cs Br S Se Gain (G) or Lose (L) Electrons Ion Formed
Which of the following is(are) correct?a. 40Ca2+ contains 20 protons and 18 electrons.b. Rutherford created the cathode-ray tube and was the founder of the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron.c. An electron is heavier than a proton.d. The nucleus contains protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Explain the concept of “counting by weighing” using marbles as your example.
The following are actual student responses to the question: Why is it necessary to balance chemical equations?a. The chemicals will not react until you have added the correct mole ratios.b. The correct products will not be formed unless the right amount of reactants have been added.c. A certain
Atomic masses are relative masses. What does this mean?
What information do we get from a chemical formula? From a chemical equation?
True or false? The atom with the largest subscript in a formula is the atom with the largest percent by mass in the compound. If true, explain why with an example. If false, explain why with an example. In either case, provide mathematical support.
Consider the hypothetical reaction between A2 and AB pictured below.What is the balanced equation? If 2.50 moles of A2 are reacted with excess AB, what amount (moles) of product will form? If the mass of AB is 30.0 u and the mass of A2 are 40.0 u, what is the mass of the product? If 15.0 g of AB is
What three conversion factors and in what order would you use them to convert the mass of a compound into atoms of a particular element in that compound—for example, from 1.00 g aspirin (C9H8O4) to number of hydrogen atoms in the 1.00-g sample?
You have a 20.0-g sample of silver metal. You are given 10.0 g of another metal and told that this sample contains twice the number of atoms as the sample of silver metal. Is this possible?
You are making cookies and are missing a key ingredient— eggs. You have most of the other ingredients needed to make the cookies, except you have only 1.33 cups of butter and no eggs. You note that the recipe calls for two cups of butter and three eggs (plus the other ingredients) to make six
Consider an iron bar on a balance as shown. As the iron bar rusts, which of the following is true? Explain your answer.a. The balance will read less than 75.0 g.b. The balance will read 75.0 g.c. The balance will read greater than 75.0 g.d. The balance will read greater than 75.0 g, but
Consider the following mixture of SO2(g) and O2(g).If SO2(g) and O2(g) react to form SO3(g), draw a representation of the product mixture assuming the reaction goes to completion. What is the limiting reactant in the reaction? If 96.0 g of SO2 react with 32.0 g O2, what mass of product will form?
What is a limiting reactant problem? Explain the method you are going to use to solve limiting reactant problems.
You know that chemical A reacts with chemical B. You react 10.0 g A with 10.0 g B. What information do you need to determine the amount of product that will be produced? Explain.
A new grill has a mass of 30.0 kg. You put 3.0 kg of charcoal in the grill. You burn all the charcoal and the grill has a mass of 30.0 kg. What is the mass of the gases given off? Explain.
Why is the actual yield of a reaction often less than the theoretical yield?
You may have noticed that water sometimes drips from the exhaust of a car as it is running. Is this evidence that there is at least a small amount of water originally present in the gasoline? Explain.
What is true about the chemical properties of the product? a. The properties are more like chemical A.b. The properties are more like chemical B.c. The properties are an average of those of chemical A and chemical B.d. The properties are not necessarily like either chemical A or chemical
Is there a difference between a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 mole ratio and a sample of water vapor? Explain.
Chlorine exists mainly as two isotopes, 37Cl and 35Cl. Which is more abundant? How do you know?
The average mass of a carbon atom is 12.011. Assuming you could pick up one carbon atom, estimate the chance that you would randomly get one with a mass of 12.011. Support your answer.
Which of the following pairs of compounds have the same empirical formula?a. Acetylene, C2H2, and benzene, C6H6b. Ethane, C2H6, and butane, C4H10c. Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, and dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4d. Diphenyl ether, C12H10O, and phenol, C6H5OH
In chemistry, what is meant by the term “mole”? What is the importance of the mole concept?
Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas react to form water, and this reaction can be depicted as follows: Explain why this equation is not balanced, and draw a picture of the balanced equation. +
Which (if any) of the following is(are) true regarding the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction?a. The limiting reactant has the lowest coefficient in a balanced equation.b. The limiting reactant is the reactant for which you have the fewest number of moles.c. The limiting reactant has the
The atomic masses in the periodic table are relative masses and average masses. Explain.
Avogadro’s number, molar mass, and the chemical formula of a compound are three useful conversion factors. What unit conversions can be accomplished using these conversion factors?
Describe 1 mole of CO2 in as many ways as you can.
Consider the following generic reaction: What steps and information are necessary to perform the following determinations assuming that 1.00 × 104 molecules of A2B2 are reacted with excess C?a. Mass of CB producedb. Atoms of A producedc. Moles of C reactedd. Percent yield of CB
How is the mass percent of elements in a compound different for a 1.0-g sample versus a 100.-g sample versus a 1-mole sample of the compound?
A balanced chemical equation contains a large amount of information. What information is given in a balanced equation?
What is the theoretical yield for a reaction, and how does this quantity depend on the limiting reactant?
What does it mean to say a reactant is present “in excess” in a process? Can the limiting reactant be present in excess? Does the presence of an excess of a reactant affect the mass of products expected for a reaction?
Assume silicon has three major isotopes in nature as shown in the table below. Fill in the missing information. Isotope 28Si 29 Si 30Si Mass (u) 27.98 29.97 Abundance 4.70% 3.09%
a. How many kilograms are in 1 teragram?b. How many nanometers are in 6.50 × 102 terameters?c. How many kilograms are in 25 femtograms?d. How many liters are in 8.0 cubic decimeters?e. How many microliters are in 1 milliliter?f. How many picograms are in 1 microgram?
a. There are 365 days per year, 24 hours per day, 12 months per year, and 60 minutes per hour. Use these data to determine how many minutes are in a month.b. Now use the following data to calculate the number of minutes in a month: 24 hours per day, 60 minutes per hour, 7 days per week, and 4
You go to a convenience store to buy candy and find the owner to be rather odd. He allows you to buy pieces in multiples of four, and to buy four, you need $0.23. He only allows you to do this by using 3 pennies and 2 dimes. You have a bunch of pennies and dimes, and instead of counting them, you
Is the scientific method suitable for solving problems only in the sciences? Explain.
For each of the following pieces of glassware, provide a sample measurement and discuss the number of significant figures and uncertainty. 5 4 نیا 2 1 a 11 10 b с
Which of the following statements could be tested by quantitative measurement?a. Ty Cobb was a better hitter than Pete Rose.b. Ivory soap is 99.44% pure.c. Rolaids consumes 47 times its weight in excess stomach acid.
When a marble is dropped into a beaker of water, it sinks to the bottom. Which of the following is the best explanation? a. The surface area of the marble is not large enough to be held up by the surface tension of the water.b. The mass of the marble is greater than that of the water.c. The
You have two beakers, one filled to the 100-mL mark with sugar (the sugar has a mass of 180.0 g) and the other filled to the 100-mL mark with water (the water has a mass of 100.0 g). You pour all the sugar and all the water together in a bigger beaker and stir until the sugar is completely
A student performed an analysis of a sample for its calcium content and got the following results:14.92% 14.91% 14.88% 14.91%The actual amount of calcium in the sample is 15.70%. What conclusions can you draw about the accuracy and precision of these results?
You may have noticed that when water boils, you can see bubbles that rise to the surface of the water.a. What is inside these bubbles?i. Airii. Hydrogen and oxygen gasiii. Oxygen gas iv. water vaporv. Carbon dioxide gasb. Is the boiling of water a chemical or physical change? Explain.
If you place a glass rod over a burning candle, the glass appears to turn black. What is happening to each of the following (physical change, chemical change, both, or neither) as the candle burns?Explain each answer.a. The waxb. The wickc. The glass rod
Explain how density can be used as a conversion factor to convert the volume of an object to the mass of the object, and vice versa.
Compare and contrast the multiplication/division significant figure rule to the significant figure rule applied for addition/subtraction in mathematical operations.
Which characteristics of a solid, a liquid, and a gas are exhibited by each of the following substances? How would you classify each substance?a. A bowl of puddingb. A bucketful of sand
Sketch a magnified view (showing atoms/molecules) of each of the following and explain:a. A heterogeneous mixture of two different compoundsb. A homogeneous mixture of an element and a compound
Distinguish between physical changes and chemical changes.
Paracelsus, a sixteenth-century alchemist and healer, adopted as his slogan: “The patients are your textbook, the sickbed is your study.” Is this view consistent with using the scientific method?
Why is the separation of mixtures into pure or relatively pure substances so important when performing a chemical analysis?
What is wrong with the following statement? “The results of the experiment do not agree with the theory. Something must be wrong with the experiment.”
Why is it incorrect to say that the results of a measurement were accurate but not precise?
What data would you need to estimate the money you would spend on gasoline to drive your car from New York to Chicago? Provide estimates of values and a sample calculation.
Sketch two pieces of glassware: one that can measure volume to the thousandths place and one that can measure volume only to the ones place.
You have a 1.0-cm3 sample of lead and a 1.0-cm3 sample of glass. You drop each in separate beakers of water. How do the volumes of water displaced by each sample compare? Explain.
Consider the addition of 15.4 to 28. What would a mathematician say the answer is? What would a scientist say? Justify the scientist’s answer, not merely citing the rule, but explaining it.
Consider multiplying 26.2 by 16.43. What would a mathematician say the answer is? What would a scientist say? Justify the scientist’s answer, not merely citing the rule, but explaining it.
True or false? For mathematical operation performed on two measurements, the number of significant figures in the answer is the same as the least number of significant figures in either of the measurements. Explain your answer.
What are significant figures? Show how to indicate the number one thousand to 1 significant figure, 2 significant figures, 3 significant figures, and 4 significant figures. Why is the answer, to the correct number of significant figures, not 1.0 for the following calculation? 1.5 1.0 0.50
Is there a difference between a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a 2;1 ratio and a sample of water vapor? Explain.
The difference between a law and a theory is the difference between what and why. Explain.
A measurement is a quantitative observation involving both a number and a unit. What is a qualitative observation? What are the SI units for mass, length, and volume? What is the assumed uncertainty in a number (unless stated otherwise)? The uncertainty of a measurement depends on the precision of
The scientific method is a dynamic process. What does this mean?
When the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (TF) is plotted vs. the temperature in degrees Celsius (TC), a straight-line plot results. A straight-line plot also results when TC is plotted vs. TK (the temperature in kelvins). Reference Appendix A1.3 and determine the slope and y-intercept of each of
A cold front moves through and the temperature drops by 20 degrees. In which temperature scale would this 20 degree change represent the largest change in temperature?
In a multiple-step calculation, is it better to round off the numbers to the correct number of significant figures in each step of the calculation or to round off only the final answer?
Which of the following are exact numbers?a. There are 100 cm in 1 m.b. One meter equals 1.094 yards.c. We can use the equationto convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit temperature. Are the numbers 9/5 and 32 exact or inexact?d. π = 3.1415927. °F = °C + 32 с
You have liquid in each graduated cylinder shown: You then add both samples to a beaker. How would you write the number describing the total volume? What limits the precision of this number? mL 5 4 3 2 1 www mL 1 0.5
Is the density of a gaseous substance larger or smaller than the density of a liquid or a solid at the same temperature? Why?
Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following:a. This book contains more than 1000 pages.b. A mile is about 5300 ft.c. A liter is equivalent to 1.059 qt.d. The population of the United States is approaching 3.1 Х 102 million.e. A kilogram is 1000 g.f. The Boeing 747 cruises

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