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physics
conceptual physical science
Conceptual Physical Science 6th Edition Paul G. Hewitt, John A. Suchocki, Leslie A. Hewitt - Solutions
Why is the freezing of water considered to be a physical change?
What changes during a chemical reaction?
What is a chemical property?
What is a chemical property?
What doesn’t change during a physical change?
What is a physical property?
What happens to the chemical identity of a substance during a physical change?
Which occupies the greatest volume: 1 g of ice, 1 g of liquid water, or 1 g of water vapor?
How does the arrangement of particles in a gas differ from the arrangements of particles in liquids and solids?
How are the particles in a solid arranged differently from those in a liquid?
Are atoms made of molecules or are molecules made of atoms?
Is a biological cell macroscopic, microscopic, or submicroscopic?
It would take you 31,800 years to count to a trillion. About how many times would you have to do this to count all the atoms in a single grain of sand?
What pledge has been made by members of the American Chemistry Council through the Responsible Care rogram?
Why is chemistry often called the central science?
Red and green light of the same brightness combine to produce yellow light. If the red is brighter than the green, orange light is produced. When red, green, and blue lights of equal brightness are combined, white is produced. Which two colors, when decreased in brightness, produces
Peter Hopkinson stands astride a large mirror and boosts class interest with this zany demonstration. How does he accomplish his apparent levitation in mid-air?
What is the danger posed by people in the balcony of an auditorium stamping their feet in a steady rhythm?
Rank the beat frequencies, from highest to lowest, for the following pairs of sounds:(a) 132 Hz, 136 Hz;(b) 264 Hz, 258 Hz;(c) 528 Hz, 531 Hz;(d) 1056 Hz, 1058 Hz.
Rank, from greatest to least, the speed of sound through:(a) Air,(b) Steel,(c) Water.
What is wrong with the statement that a very efficient generator can produce more power output than the power input that it consumes?
How do the input and output parts of a generator and a motor compare?
When steel naval ships are built, the location of the shipyard and the orientation of the ship while it is in the shipyard are recorded on a brass plaque permanently fixed to the ship. What does this have to do with magnetism?
Bar magnets are moved into the wire coils in identical quick fashion. Voltage induced in each coil causes a current, as indicated on the galvanometer. Neglect the electrical resistance in the loops in the coil, and rank, from greatest to least, the readings on the galvanometer. 5 loops 3 loops 2
Earth scientists are considering a means of inducing clouds to be a brighter white. What effect would this have on Earth’s climate?
When boiling spaghetti, is your cooking time reduced if the water is vigorously boiling instead of gently boiling?
From a position near an incandescent lamp, turn it on and off quickly. While it is briefly on you feel its heat, but when you touch the bulb, you find that it is not hot. Explain why you felt heat from the lamp.
When you blow air onto your hand from your wide-open mouth, your hand is warmed. Why is your hand cooled if you pucker your lips when blowing?
How does buoyancy play a role in the rising of a parcel of warm air?
From greatest to lowest, rank these materials for conducting heat:(a) Copper wire.(b) Snow.(c) Glass rod.
Calculate the quantity of heat needed to melt a 200-g block of ice at 0°C. Heat of vaporization: Q = mLv.
Is the rate of cooling of a red-hot poker greater in a warm oven than in a cold room? (Or is the rate the same for each?)
Does a good insulator prevent heat from getting through it, or does it simply delay its passage?
In the previous question, there is a reason why all the gas molecules in our room don’t suddenly rush to one corner, leaving us in a vacuum gasping for breath. Does the fact that air naturally spreads out mean that entropy increases or that it decreases?
What becomes of heat that is added to a system but doesn’t increase the temperature of the system?
In a sporting goods store, you see what appear to be two identical life preservers of the same size. One is filled with Styrofoam and the other one with lead pellets. If you submerge these life preservers in the water, upon which is the buoyant force greater? Upon which is the buoyant force
Rank, from greatest to least, the amounts of lift on the following airplane wings.(a) Area 1000 m2 with atmospheric pressure difference of 2.0 N/m2.(b) Area 800 m2 with atmospheric pressure difference of 2.4 N/m2.(c) Area 600 m2 with atmospheric pressure difference of 3.8 N/m2.
Rank, from greatest to least, the buoyant forces supplied by the atmosphere for:(a) An elephant.(b) A heliumfilled party balloon.(c) A skydiver at terminal velocity.
Rank, from greatest to least, the volumes of air in the glass when it is held:(a) Near the surface, as shown in the figure.(b) 1 m beneath the surface.(c) 2 m beneath the surface.
Suppose that the barge in the preceding problem can be pushed only 15 cm deeper into the water before the water overflows to sink it. Show that it could carry three, but not four, 400-kg crates.
A new member of your discussion group says that, because Earth’s gravity is so much stronger than the Moon’s gravity, rocks on the Moon could be dropped to Earth. What is wrong with this assumption?
Consider a space pod somewhere between Earth and the Moon, at just the right distance so that gravitational attraction to Earth and gravitational attraction to the Moon are equal. Is this location nearer Earth or nearer the Moon?
Which produces more radioactivity in the atmosphere: coal-fired power plants or nuclear power plants?
Offer some arguments why nations should start embracing the development of thorium nuclear reactors. Follow this up with some arguments why thorium nuclear power reactors should not be built.
Your friend Paul says that the helium used to inflate balloons is a product of radioactive decay. Your mutual friend Steve says no way. Then there’s your friend Alison, who frets about living near a fission power plant. She wishes to get away from radiation by traveling to the high mountains and
The 1986 accident at Chernobyl, in which dozens of people died and thousands more were exposed to cancer-causing radiation, created fear and outrage worldwide and led some people to call for the closing of all nuclear plants. Yet many people choose to smoke cigarettes in spite of the fact that 2
Why might some people consider it a blessing in disguise that fossil fuels are such a limited resource? Centuries from now, what attitudes on the combustion of fossil fuels are our descendants likely to have?
If a pair of carbon nuclei were fused, and the product emitted a beta particle, what element would be produced?
What percentage of nuclear power plants in operation today are based on nuclear fusion?
Why does iron not yield energy if it undergoes fusion or fission?
Why is so little plutonium-239 formed within the thorium nuclear reactor?
The uranium ores of the Athabasca Basin deposits of Saskatchewan, Canada, are unusually pure containing up to 70% uranium oxides. Why doesn’t this uranium ore undergo an explosive chain reaction?
Why is carbon-14 dating not accurate for estimating the age of materials more than 50,000 years old?
Radium-226 is a common isotope on Earth, but it has a half-life of about 1620 years. Given that Earth is some 5 billions years old, why is there any radium at all?
What do the proportions of lead and uranium in rock tell us about the age of the rock?
Which should be more stable: the lithium-7 or the lithium-8 isotope?
Which should be more stable: the lithium-5 or the lithium-7 isotope?
Rank the following in order from the most energy released to the least energy released.(a) Uranium-235 splitting into 2 equal fragments(b) Uranium-235 splitting into 3 equal fragments(c) Uranium-235 splitting into 92 equal fragments
Rank the following isotopes from the most radioactive isotope to the least radioactive isotope.(a) Nickel-59, half-life 75,000 years(b) Uranium-238, half-life 4.5 billion years(c) Actinium-225, half-life 10 days
Consider the following atoms: A, carbon-12; B, carbon-14; and C, nitrogen-14. Rank them, from greatest to least, by the number of(a) Protons in the nucleus.(b) Neutrons in the nucleus.(c) Nucleons in the nucleus.
Uranium-238 absorbs a neutron and then emits a beta particle. Show that the resulting nucleus is neptunium-239.
A radioisotope is placed near a radiation detector, which registers 80 counts per second. Eight hours later, the detector registers 5 counts per second. What is the half-life of the radioactive isotope?
Consider a radioactive sample with a half-life of one week. How much of the original sample will be left at the end of the second week? At the end of the third week? At the end of the fourth week?
Radiation from a point source follows an inverse-square law where the amount of radiation received is proportional to 1/d2, where d is distance. If a Geiger counter that is 1 meter away from a small source reads 100 counts per minute, what will be its reading 2 meters from the source? 3 meters from
Stand one domino upright so that when it topples, it hits two other upright dominos, each of which also hits two other upright dominos, and so forth. Arrange as many upright dominos as you can in this fashion so that they fan out as shown in the accompanying photograph. Your challenge will be to
Repeat the above, but use 10 dimes and 25 pennies. Let the dimes represent a radioactive isotope, such as carbon-14, while the pennies represent a nonradioactive isotope, such as carbon-12. Remove only the dimes when they land heads-up. Collect all the pennies, and add them to the dimes that landed
Throw ten coins onto a flat surface. Move aside all the coins that landed tails-up. Collect the remaining coins. After tossing them once again, remove all coins that landed tails-up. Repeat this process until all the coins have been removed. Can you see how this is related to radioactive half-life?
What kind of nuclear power is responsible for sunshine?
What kind of container is used to contain plasmas at temperatures of millions of degrees?
How does the mass of a pair of atoms that have fused compare to the sum of their masses before fusion?
In which atomic nucleus do nucleons have the least mass?
What three fissionable isotopes work well in the production of energy within a nuclear power plant?
What happens to the uranium-235 nucleus when it is stretched out?
Which isotope of lead is commonly found within uranium ore deposits.
Why is there more carbon-14 in living bones than in once-living ancient bones of the same mass?
What happens to a nitrogen atom in the atmosphere that captures a neutron?
What is the half-life of uranium-238?
What is meant by the half-life of a radioactive sample?
In what form is most of the energy released by atomic transmutation?
Which have more neutrons than protons: large nuclei or small nuclei?
Is radioactivity on Earth something relatively new? Defend your answer.
What is the origin of most of the natural radiation we encounter?
Use the shell model to explain why a lithium atom, Li, is larger than a beryllium atom, Be.
Does a shell have to contain electrons in order to exist?
What is the function of an atomic model?
What is the approximate mass of a carbon atom in atomic mass units? How about a carbon dioxide molecule?
Rank the following three subatomic particles in order of increasing mass: (a) the neutron, (b) the proton, and (c) the electron.
The isotope lithium-7 has a mass of 7.0160 atomic mass units, and the isotope lithium-6 has a mass of 6.0151 atomic mass units. Given the information that 92.58% of all lithium atoms found in nature are lithium-7 and 7.42% are lithium-6, show that the atomic mass of lithium, Li (atomic number 3),
If a baseball were the size of Earth, about how large would its atoms be?
Where on Earth might be a good place to find concentrated amounts of lithium salts?
In 2011, China was the leading producer of rare-earth metals, such as neodymium. controlling about 95% of the market. When China then tried to take financial advantage of this near-monopoly, it didn’t work. Why not?
Astronomical measurements reveal that about 90% of the mass of the universe is invisible to us. This invisible matter, also known as dark matter, is likely to be “exotic” matter—very different from the elements that make up the periodic table (see Section 28.4). We know the dark matter is
If matter is made of atoms, and atoms are made of subatomic particles, what comes together to create subatomic particles? Where might you find such information?
Neon, Ne (atomic number 10), cannot attract any additional electrons. Why?
Use the shell model to explain why a potassium atom, K, is larger than a sodium atom, Na.
Place the proper number of electrons in each shell: Rubidium, Rb Sodium, Na Krypton, Kr Chlorine, CI
Some older cars vibrate loudly when driving at particular speeds. For example, at 65 mph the car may be most quiet, but at 60 mph the car may rattle uncomfortably. How is this analogous to the quantized energy levels of an electron in an atom?
What might the spectrum of an atom look like if the atom’s electrons were not restricted to particular energy levels?
In Bohr’s planetary model of the atom, what does the principal quantum number represent?
What particle within an atom vibrates to generate electromagnetic radiation? This particle is vibrating back and forth between what?
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