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physics
conceptual physical science
Conceptual Physical Science 6th Edition Paul G. Hewitt, John A. Suchocki, Leslie A. Hewitt - Solutions
How might you distinguish a sodium-vapor streetlight from a mercury-vapor streetlight?
What is the relationship between the light emitted by an atom and the energies of the electrons in the atom?
Would you use a physical model or a conceptual model to describe the following: a gold coin, a dollar bill, a car engine, air pollution, a virus, the spread of sexually transmitted disease?
What do the components of a conceptual model have in common?
Why is it not possible for a scanning probe microscope to make images of the inside of an atom?
With scanning probe microscopy technology, we see not actual atoms, but rather images of them. Explain.
As depicted in Figure 12.19, are gallium atoms really red and arsenic atoms green?Figure 12.19 (a) (c) (b)
With the periodic table as your guide, describe the element selenium, Se (atomic number 34), using as many of this chapter’s key terms as you can.
Helium, He, is a nonmetallic gas and the second element in the periodic table. Rather than being placed adjacent to hydrogen, H, however, helium is placed on the far right of the table. Why?
A beam of protons and a beam of neutrons of the same energy are both harmful to living tissue. The beam of neutrons, however, is less harmful. Suggest why.
Which of the following diagrams best represents the size of the atomic nucleus relative to the size of the atom? Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus)
As a tree respires, it takes in carbon dioxide, CO2, and water vapor, H2O, from the air, while also releasing oxygen, O2. Does the tree lose or gain weight as it respires? Explain.
When we breathe we inhale oxygen, O2, and exhale carbon dioxide, CO2, plus water vapor, H2O. Which probably has more mass: the air that we inhale or the same volume of air that we exhale? Does breathing cause you to lose or gain weight?
Which is heavier: a water molecule, H2O, or a carbon dioxide molecule, CO2?
What is the approximate mass of an oxygen atom in atomic mass units? What is the approximate mass of two oxygen atoms? How about an oxygen molecule?
Which has more atoms: a 1-gram sample of carbon-12 or a 1-gram sample of carbon-13? Explain.
Why are the atomic masses listed in the periodic table not whole numbers?
Evidence for the existence of neutrons did not come until many years after the discoveries of the electron and the proton. Give a possible explanation.
The nucleus of an electrically neutral iron atom contains 26 protons. How many electrons does this iron atom have?
If an atom has 43 electrons, 56 neutrons, and 43 protons, what is its approximate atomic mass? What is the name of this element?
Are elements made of atoms or are atoms made of elements?
The air we breathe is not considered by chemists to be an element. Why not?
Is the head of a politician really 99.99999999% empty space?
Where did the carbon atoms in Leslie’s hair originate? (Shown below is a photo of coauthor Leslie at 16.)
Of the following three atoms, one tends to lose three electrons, another tends to lose two electrons, and another tends to lose one electron. Rank these atoms in order of the number of electrons they tend to lose, from fewest to most: sodium, Na; magnesium, Mg; and aluminum, Al.
Consider these atoms: helium, He; aluminum, Al; and argon, Ar. Rank them, from smallest to largest, in terms of (a) size, (b) number of protons in the nucleus, and (c) number of electrons.
Consider three 1-gram samples of matter: A, carbon-12; B, carbon-13; and C, uranium-238. Rank them in terms of how many atoms they have, from most to least.
Consider these atoms: helium, He; chlorine, Cl; and argon, Ar. Rank them in terms of their atomic number, from smallest to largest.
The element bromine, Br (atomic number 35), has two major isotopes of similar abundance, both around 50%. The atomic mass of bromine is reported in the periodic table as 79.904 atomic mass units. Choose the most likely set of mass numbers for these two bromine isotopes:(a) Br-79, Br-81(b) Br-79
A class of 20 students takes an exam, and every student scores 80%. What is the class average? Would the class average be slightly less, the same, or slightly more if one of the students instead scored 100%? How is this similar to the way we derived the atomic masses of elements?
Stretch a rubber band between your two thumbs, and pluck it with your index finger. Better yet, stretch the rubber band in front of a windy fan to get it vibrating. Note that the area of greatest oscillation is always at the midpoint. This is a self-reinforcing wave that occurs as overlapping waves
Fluorescent lights contain spectral lines from the light emission of mercury atoms. Special coatings on the inner surface of the bulb help to accentuate visible frequencies, which can be seen through the diffraction grating reflection of a compact disc (CD). Cut a narrow slit through some thick
What is the relationship between the maximum number of electrons each shell can hold and the number of elements in each period of the periodic table?
Which electrons are most responsible for the properties of an atom?
Does the periodic table explain the shell model, or does the shell model explain the periodic table?
How does the speed of an electron change its fundamental nature?
About how fast does an electron travel around the atomic nucleus?
Who first proposed that electrons exhibit the properties of a wave?
Did Bohr think of his planetary model as an accurate representation of what an atom looks like?
Which has more potential energy: an electron close to an atomic nucleus or one far from an atomic nucleus?
What was Planck’s quantum hypothesis?
Why do we say atomic spectra are like fingerprints of the elements?
What causes an atom to emit light?
What does a spectroscope do to the light coming from an atom?
What is the difference between a physical model and a conceptual model?
When we use a scanning probe microscope, do we see atoms directly or do we see them only indirectly?
What happens to the properties of elements across any period of the periodic table?
How many periods are there in the periodic table? How many groups?
Are most elements metallic or nonmetallic?
What role does atomic number play in the periodic table?
What is the atomic symbol for the element cobalt?
Distinguish between an atom and an element.
What is at the center of every atom?
Is it possible to see an atom using visible light?
Which is the oldest element?
Sunlight passing through a pinhole in a piece of paper casts an image of the Sun, as shown. The image size depends on the distance from the pinhole to the floor. If the paper with the pinhole is held about 100 cm above the floor, the diameter of the solar image is about 1 cm. A 1-cm-diameter coin
Below is a photo of science author Suzanne Lyons with her son Tristan wearing red and her daughter Simone wearing green. Below that is the negative of the photo, which shows these colors differently. What is your explanation?
How many mirrors produce these multiple reflections of physics teacher Karen Jo Matsler?
How are military people able to see enemy combatants in complete darkness?
A friend says that the secondary bow of a rainbow, such as that shown on the cover of this text and in Figure 11.52, is dimmer than the primary bow because of an extra reflection in the drops of the secondary bow. Do you agree or disagree?Figure 11.52
When you stand with your back to the Sun, you see a rainbow as a circular arc. Could you move off to one side and then see the rainbow as the segment of an ellipse rather than as the segment of a circle (such as Figure 11.50 suggests)? Defend your answer.Figure 11.50 Water-drop I region Sun 42°40°
Why does the Moon appear yellowish when it is low in the sky?
Distant dark mountains look bluish because you’re seeing the “low-altitude” blue sky between the mountains and you. But the bright mountains in this photo by Fe Davis appear yellowish. What is your explanation?
Three lamps illuminate Patty O’Plasma at the Exploratorium: a red one, a green one, and a blue one. How many colors constitute her shadow? What lamps illuminate each color?
The first of the following statements is accurate. Provide the word that is missing from the second statement. (All equally bright colors are combined by the addition of light.) Red + blue green. white magenta Green + blue white cyan
What single color of light illuminating a ripe banana will make it appear black?
The radiation curve of the Sun (Figure 11.33) shows yellow-green as the brightest light from the Sun. Why, then, do we see the Sun as whitish instead of yellow-green?Figure 11.33 Visible light Frequency - Brightness.
When you view the Sun near the horizon, does refraction make it appear higher or lower in the sky?
When you look downward at a fish in water, does refraction make the fish appear closer to the surface or deeper?
What do radio waves and light have in common? What is different about them?
Do radio waves travel at the speed of sound, at the speed of light, or at some speed in between?
What is it, exactly, that waves in a light wave?
A spider hangs by a strand of silk at eye level 30 cm in front of a plane mirror. You are 65 cm behind the spider. Show that the distance between your eye and the image of the spider in the mirror is 1.25 m.
Blue-green light has a frequency of about 6 × 1014 Hz. Using the relationship c = fλ, show that its wavelength in
Consider a pulse of laser light that is aimed at the Moon and bounces back to Earth. The distance between Earth and the Moon is 3.84 × 108 m. Show that the round-trip time for this pulse of light is 2.56 s.
Electrons on a radio broadcasting tower are forced to oscillate up and down an antenna 535,000 times each second. Show that the wavelength of the radio waves that are produced is 561 m.
Make a pinhole camera, as illustrated below. Cut out one end of a small cardboard box, and cover the end with tissue or wax paper. Make a clean-cut pinhole at the other end. (If the cardboard is thick, make your pinhole through a piece of aluminum foil placed over an opening in the cardboard.) Aim
Simulate your own sunset: Add a few drops of milk to a glass of water, and look at a light bulb through the glass. The bulb appears to be red or pale orange, while light scattered to the side appears blue.
How much unpolarized light does an ideal Polaroid filter transmit?
Will light pass through a pair of Polaroid filters when their axes are aligned? When their axes are at right angles to each other?
Is polarization a property of transverse waves, longitudinal waves, or both?
What is absorbed by water to give it a cyan color?
Is the whiteness of clouds due mainly to reflection or to scattering?
What do we call two colors that add to produce white?
What are the three additive primary colors? What are the three subtractive primary colors?
What is a mirage?
What physics principle is used in radar guns to find the speeds of tennis balls and baseballs at sporting events?
Physics instructor Peter Hopkinson delights in bringing physics into social situations. When dining out with friends, he produces resonance in an empty wine glass by rubbing his wetted fingers on its rim. While all listen to the resonating sound, he asks how the sound frequency will be affected
Why is an echo weaker than the original sound? Discuss the role of distance.
What characteristic of sound distinguishes a piano from a guitar?
A swimming duck produces a bow wave attached to the duck.(a) Is the duck swimming faster than water wave speed?(b) Does the angle of the bow wave open wider, narrow down, or remain constant as the duck increases its speed?
Two bunnies hop at slightly different rates but remain side by side. The first takes 50 hops per minute and the other takes 48 hops per minute. If they begin hopping together, when will they again be “in step”?
What physics principle does Manuel use when he pumps in rhythm with the natural frequency of the swing?
A friend says that refraction of any kind of wave is due to a change in wave speed. Do you agree or disagree?
A friend says that sound travels faster in warm air than in cooler air. Do you agree or disagree?
A pair of sound waves of different wavelengths reach the listener’s ear as shown. Which has the higher pitch: the short-wavelength sound or the long-wavelength sound?
The sounds emitted by bats are extremely intense. Why cannot humans hear them?
A student that you’re tutoring says that the terms wave speed and wave frequency refer to the same thing. What is your response?
Say you were foolish enough to play your keyboard instrument under water, where the speed of sound is 1500 m/s.(a) Show that the wavelength of the middle-C tone would be 5.86 m.(b) Explain why middle C (or any other tone) has a longer wavelength in water than in air.
On a piano keyboard, you strike middle C, of frequency 262 Hz.(a) Show that the period of one vibration of this tone is 0.004 s.(b) Show that as the sound leaves the instrument at a speed of 340 m/s, its wavelength in air is 1.33 m.
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