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physics
physics scientists and engineers

Questions and Answers of Physics Scientists and Engineers

Two radio antennas are separated by 2.0 m. Both broadcast identical 750 MHz waves. If you walk around the antennas in a circle of radius 10 m, how many maxima will you detect?
A 280 Hz sound wave is directed into one end of the trombone slide seen in FIGURE CP17.77. A microphone is placed at the other end to record the intensity of sound waves that are transmitted through
As the captain of the scientific team sent to Planet Physics, one of your tasks is to measure g. You have a long, thin wire labeled 1.00 g/m and a 1.25 kg weight. You have your accurate space cadet
When mass M is tied to the bottom of a long, thin wire suspended from the ceiling, the wire’s second-harmonic frequency is 200 Hz. Adding an additional 1.0 kg to the hanging mass increases the
Ultrasound has many medical applications, one of which is to monitor fetal heartbeats by reflecting ultrasound off a fetus in the womb.a. Consider an object moving at speed votoward an at-rest source
A water wave is called a deep-water wave if the water’s depth is more than one-quarter of the wavelength. Unlike the waves we’ve considered in this chapter, the speed of a deep-water wave depends
A long horizontal tube has a square cross section with sides of width L. A fluid moves through the tube with speed v0. The tube then changes to a circular cross section with diameter L. What is the
a. In FIGURE P14.38, how much force does the fluid exert on the end of the cylinder at A?b. How much force does the fluid exert on the end of the cylinder at B? - 10 kg floating piston 4.0 cm 100 cm
A hurricane wind blows across a 6.0 m × 15.0 m flat roof at a speed of 130 km/h.a. Is the air pressure above the roof higher or lower than the pressure inside the house? Explain.b. What is the
Air flows through the tube shown in FIGURE P14.66 at a rate of 1200 cm3/s. Assume that air is an ideal fluid. What is the height h of mercury in the right side of the U-tube? 4.0 mm 2.0 cm 1200 cm/s
Air flows through the tube shown in FIGURE P14.67. Assume that air is an ideal fluid.a. What are the air speeds v1and v2at points 1 and 2?b. What is the volume flow rate? 2.0 mm 2. 1.0 cm Air 10 cm
A water tank of height h has a small hole at height y. The water is replenished to keep h from changing. The water squirting from the hole has range x. The range approaches zero as y → 0 because
a. A cylindrical tank of radius R, filled to the top with a liquid, has a small hole in the side, of radius r, at distance d below the surface. Find an expression for the volume flow rate through the
There is a disk of cartilage between each pair of vertebrae in your spine. Young’s modulus for cartilage is 1.0 × 106 N/m2.Suppose a relaxed disk is 4.0 cm in diameter and 5.0 mm thick. If a disk
The bottom of a steel “boat” is a 5.0 m × 10 m × 2.0 cm piece of steel (ρsteel = 7900 kg/m3). The sides are made of 0.50-cm thick steel. What minimum height must the sides have for this boat
The tank shown in FIGURE CP14.72 is completely filled with a liquid of density Ï. The right face is not permanently attached to the tank but, instead, is held against a rubber seal by the
In FIGURE CP14.73, a cone of density Ïoand total height l floats in a liquid of density Ïf. The height of the cone above the liquid is h. What is the ratio h/l of the exposed
Disk brakes, such as those in your car, operate by using pressurized oil to push outward on a piston. The piston, in turn, presses brake pads against a spinning rotor or wheel, as seen in FIGURE
In addition to the buoyant force, an object moving in a liquid experiences a linear drag force Fdrag = (bv, direction opposite the motion), where b is a constant. For a sphere of radius R, the drag
A sphere completely submerged in water is tethered to the bottom with a string. The tension in the string is one-third the weight of the sphere. What is the density of the sphere?
Astronauts visiting a new planet find a lake filled with an unknown liquid. They have with them a plastic cube, 6.0 cm on each side, with a density of 840 kg/m3. First they weigh the cube with a
A 2.0 cm × 2.0 cm × 6.0 cm block floats in water with its long axis vertical. The length of the block above water is 2.0 cm. What is the block’s mass density?
A 6.00-cm-diameter sphere with a mass of 89.3 g is neutrally buoyant in a liquid. Identify the liquid.
How far must a 2.0-cm-diameter piston be pushed down into one cylinder of a hydraulic lift to raise an 8.0-cm-diameter piston by 20 cm?
What is the minimum hose diameter of an ideal vacuum cleaner that could lift a 10 kg (22 lb) dog off the floor?
What is the height of a water barometer at atmospheric pressure?
A wire is stretched right to the breaking point by a 5000 N force. A longer wire made of the same material has the same diameter.Is the force that will stretch it right to the breaking point larger
The container shown in FIGURE EX14.12 is filled with oil. It is open to the atmosphere on the left.a. What is the pressure at point A?b. What is the pressure difference between points A and B?
A 2000 N force stretches a wire by 1 mm. A second wire of the same material is twice as long and has twice the diameter. How much force is needed to stretch it by 1 mm? Explain.
A 20-cm-diameter circular cover is placed over a 10-cm diameter hole that leads into an evacuated chamber. The pressure in the chamber is 20 kPa. How much force is required to pull the cover off?
Wind blows over the house in FIGURE Q14.11. A window on the ground floor is open. Is there an airflow through the house?If so, does the air flow in the window and out the chimney, or in the chimney
A research submarine has a 20-cm-diameter window 8.0 cm thick. The manufacturer says the window can withstand forces up to 1.0 × 106 N. What is the submarine’s maximum safe depth? The pressure
Gas flows through the pipe of FIGURE Q14.10. You can€™t see into the pipe to know how the inner diameter changes. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the gas speeds va, vb, and
A 50-cm-thick layer of oil floats on a 120-cm-thick layer of water. What is the pressure at the bottom of the water layer?
The two identical beakers in FIGURE Q14.9 are filled to the same height with water. Beaker B has a plastic sphere floating in it.Which beaker, with all its contents, weighs more? Or are they equal?
a. What volume of water has the same mass as 8.0 m3 of ethyl alcohol?b. If this volume of water is in a cubic tank, what is the pressure at the bottom?
Blocks a, b, and c in FIGURE Q14.7 have the same density. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the sizes of the buoyant forces Fa, Fb, and Fcon a, b, and c. Explain. 50 g 40 g 50 g
A 3.0-cm-diameter tube is held upright and filled to the top with mercury. The mercury pressure at the bottom of the tube— the pressure in excess of atmospheric pressure—is 50 kPa. How tall is
Blocks a, b, and c in FIGURE Q14.7 have the same volume. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the sizes of the buoyant forces Fa, Fb, and Fcon a, b, and c. Explain. 50 g 40 g 50 g
The deepest point in the ocean is 11 km below sea level, deeper than Mt. Everest is tall. What is the pressure in atmospheres at this depth?
A 1.0-m-diameter vat of liquid is 2.0 m deep. The pressure at the bottom of the vat is 1.3 atm. What is the mass of the liquid in the vat?
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the densities of blocks a, b, and c in FIGURE Q14.6. Explain. FIGURE Q14.6
In FIGURE Q14.5, is pAlarger than, smaller than, or equal to pB? Explain. A B FIGURE Q14.5
A 6.0 m × 12.0 m swimming pool slopes linearly from a 1.0 m depth at one end to a 3.0 m depth at the other. What is the mass of water in the pool?
FIGURE Q14.4 shows two rectangular tanks, A and B, full of water. They have equal depths and equal thicknesses (the dimension into the page) but different widths.a. Compare the forces the water
a. 50 g of gasoline are mixed with 50 g of water. What is the average density of the mixture?b. 50 cm3 of gasoline are mixed with 50 cm3 of water. What is the average density of the mixture
Cylinders A and B have equal heights. Cylinder A is filled with helium gas at 1.0 atm pressure and 0°C. The diameter of cylinder B is half that of cylinder A, and cylinder B is filled with glycerin.
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the pressures at a, b, and c in FIGURE Q14.2. Explain. f b
What is the volume in mL of 55 g of a liquid with density 1100 kg/m3?
An object has density ρ.a. Suppose each of the object’s three dimensions is increased by a factor of 2 without changing the material of which the object is made. Will the density change? If so, by
A motorcycle daredevil plans to ride up a 2.0-m-high, 20° ramp, sail across a 10-m-wide pool filled with hungry crocodiles, and land at ground level on the other side. He has done this stunt many
In uniform circular motion, which of the following are constant: speed, velocity, angular velocity, centripetal acceleration, magnitude of the net force?
As a science fair project, you want to launch an 800 g model rocket straight up and hit a horizontally moving target as it passes 30 m above the launch point. The rocket engine provides a constant
A car runs out of gas while driving down a hill. It rolls through the valley and starts up the other side. At the very bottom of the valley, which of the free-body diagrams in FIGURE Q8.2 is
A 500 g model rocket is on a cart that is rolling to the right at a speed of 3.0 m/s. The rocket engine, when it is fired, exerts an 8.0 N vertical thrust on the rocket. Your goal is to have the
FIGURE Q8.3 is a bird€™s-eye view of particles on strings moving in horizontal circles on a tabletop. All are moving at the same speed. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the tensions
A 4.0 × 1010 kg asteroid is heading directly toward the center of the earth at a steady 20 km/s. To save the planet, astronauts strap a giant rocket to the asteroid perpendicular to its direction of
Tarzan swings through the jungle on a massless vine. At the lowest point of his swing, is the tension in the vine greater than, less than, or equal to the gravitational force on Tarzan? Explain.
A 55 kg astronaut who weighs 180 N on a distant planet is pondering whether she can leap over a 3.5-m-wide chasm without falling in. If she leaps at a 15° angle, what initial speed does she need to
FIGURE Q8.5 shows two balls of equal mass moving in vertical circles. Is the tension in string A greater than, less than, or equal to the tension in string B if the balls travel over the top of the
A 1500 kg car drives around a flat 200-m-diameter circular track at 25 m/s. What are the magnitude and direction of the net force on the car? What causes this force?
Ramon and Sally are observing a toy car speed up as it goes around a circular track. Ramon says, “The car’s speeding up, so there must be a net force parallel to the track.” “I don’t think
A 1500 kg car takes a 50-m-radius unbanked curve at 15 m/s. What is the size of the friction force on the car?
A jet plane is flying on a level course at constant speed. The engines are at full throttle.(a) What is the net force on the plane? Explain.(b) Draw a free-body diagram of the plane as seen from the
A 200 g block on a 50-cm-long string swings in a circle on a horizontal, frictionless table at 75 rpm.a. What is the speed of the block?b. What is the tension in the string?
A small projectile is launched parallel to the ground at height h = 1 m with sufficient speed to orbit a completely smooth, airless planet. A bug rides inside a small hole inside the projectile. Is
In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, an electron (mass m = 9.1 × 10-31 kg) orbits a proton at a distance of 5.3 × 10-11 m. The proton pulls on the electron with an electric force of 8.2 × 10-8
You can swing a ball on a string in a vertical circle if you swing it fast enough. But if you swing too slowly, the string goes slack as the ball nears the top. Explain why there’s a minimum speed
Suppose the moon were held in its orbit not by gravity but by a massless cable attached to the center of the earth. What would be the tension in the cable? Use the table of astronomical data inside
A golfer starts with the club over her head and swings it to reach maximum speed as it contacts the ball. Halfway through her swing, when the golf club is parallel to the ground, does the
A highway curve of radius 500 m is designed for traffic moving at a speed of 90 km/h. What is the correct banking angle of the road?
It is proposed that future space stations create an artificial gravity by rotating. Suppose a space station is constructed as a 1000-m-diameter cylinder that rotates about its axis. The inside
A 5000 kg interceptor rocket is launched at an angle of 44.7°. The thrust of the rocket motor is 140,700 N.(a) Find an equation y(x) that describes the rocket’s trajectory.(b) What is the shape of
A 5.0 g coin is placed 15 cm from the center of a turntable. The coin has static and kinetic coefficients of friction with the turntable surface of μs = 0.80 and μk = 0.50. The turntable very
Mass m1on the frictionless table of FIGURE EX8.13 is connected by a string through a hole in the table to a hanging mass m2. With what speed must m1rotate in a circle of radius r if m2is to remain
A satellite orbiting the moon very near the surface has a period of 110 min. What is free-fall acceleration on the surface of the moon?
What is free-fall acceleration toward the sun at the distance of the earth’s orbit? Astronomical data are inside the back cover of the book.
A 9.4 × 1021 kg moon orbits a distant planet in a circular orbit of radius 1.5 × 108 m. It experiences a 1.1 × 1019 N gravitational pull from the planet. What is the moon’s orbital period in
Communications satellites are placed in circular orbits where they stay directly over a fixed point on the equator as the earth rotates. These are called geosynchronous orbits. The altitude of a
A car drives over the top of a hill that has a radius of 50 m. What maximum speed can the car have at the top without flying off the road?
The weight of passengers on a roller coaster increases by 50% as the car goes through a dip with a 30 m radius of curvature. What is the car’s speed at the bottom of the dip?
A roller coaster car crosses the top of a circular loop-the-loop at twice the critical speed. What is the ratio of the normal force to the gravitational force?
The normal force equals the magnitude of the gravitational force as a roller coaster car crosses the top of a 40-m-diameter loop-the-loop. What is the car’s speed at the top?
A student has 65-cm-long arms. What is the minimum angular velocity (in rpm) for swinging a bucket of water in a vertical circle without spilling any? The distance from the handle to the bottom of
While at the county fair, you decide to ride the Ferris wheel. Having eaten too many candy apples and elephant ears, you find the motion somewhat unpleasant. To take your mind off your stomach, you
A 500 g ball swings in a vertical circle at the end of a 1.5-m-long string. When the ball is at the bottom of the circle, the tension in the string is 15 N. What is the speed of the ball at that
A 500 g ball moves in a vertical circle on a 102-cm-long string. If the speed at the top is 4.0 m/s, then the speed at the bottom will be 7.5 m/s.(a) What is the gravitational force acting on the
A heavy ball with a weight of 100 N (m = 10.2 kg) is hung from the ceiling of a lecture hall on a 4.5-m-long rope. The ball is pulled to one side and released to swing as a pendulum, reaching a speed
A toy train rolls around a horizontal 1.0-m-diameter track. The coefficient of rolling friction is 0.10. How long does it take the train to stop if it’s released with an angular speed of 30 rpm?
A new car is tested on a 200-m-diameter track. If the car speeds up at a steady 1.5 m/s2, how long after starting is the magnitude of its centripetal acceleration equal to the tangential acceleration?
An 85,000 kg stunt plane performs a loop-the-loop, flying in a 260-m-diameter vertical circle. At the point where the plane is flying straight down, its speed is 55 m/s and it is speeding up at a
Three cars are driving at 25 m/s along the road shown in FIGURE EX8.30. Car B is at the bottom of a hill and car C is at the top. Both hills have a 200 m radius of curvature. Suppose each car
Derive Equations 8.3 for the acceleration of a projectile subject to drag. vVv? + v; PCA ах 2m (8.3) pCA ‚Vv² + v,² Ay Vy 2m
A 100 g bead slides along a frictionless wire with the parabolic shape y = (2 m-1)x2.(a) Find an expression for ay, the vertical component of acceleration, in terms of x, vx, and ax.(b) Suppose the
Space scientists have a large test chamber from which all the air can be evacuated and in which they can create a horizontal uniform electric field. The electric field exerts a constant horizontal
The father of Example 8.2 stands at the summit of a conical hill as he spins his 20 kg child around on a 5.0 kg cart with a 2.0-m-long rope. The sides of the hill are inclined at 20°. He again keeps
A rocket-powered hockey puck has a thrust of 2.0 N and a total mass of 1.0 kg. It is released from rest on a frictionless table, 4.0 m from the edge of a 2.0 m drop. The front of the rocket is
A 500 g model rocket is resting horizontally at the top edge of a 40-m-high wall when it is accidentally bumped. The bump pushes it off the edge with a horizontal speed of 0.5 m/s and at the same
A 2.0 kg projectile with initial velocity v = 8.0 î m/s experiences the variable force F = -2.0t î + 4.0t2 ĵ N, where t is in s.(a) What is the projectile’s speed at t = 2.0 s?(b) At what
A 75 kg man weighs himself at the north pole and at the equator. Which scale reading is higher? By how much? Assume the earth is spherical.

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