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physics
physics scientists and engineers

Questions and Answers of Physics Scientists and Engineers

The gas cylinder in Figure Q19.11 is well insulated on all sides.The piston can slide without friction. Many small masses on top of the piston are removed one by one until the total mass is reduced
500 J of work are done on a system in a process that decreases the system’s thermal energy by 200 J. How much heat energy is transferred to or from the system?
The gas cylinder in Figure Q19.10 is well insulated except for the bottom surface, which is in contact with a block of ice. The piston can slide without friction. The initial gas temperature is 7
A gas is compressed from 600 cm3 to 200 cm3 at a constant pressure of 400 kPa. At the same time, 100 J of heat energy is transferred out of the gas. What is the change in thermal energy of the gas
The gas cylinder in Figure Q19.9 is a rigid container that is well insulated except for the bottom surface, which is in contact with a block of ice. The initial gas temperature is > 0°C.a.
Draw a first-law bar chart (see Figure 19.12) for the gas process in Figure EX19.9.Figure 19.12 -Isotherm FIGURE EX19.9 (a) Isothermal process: AEh = 0 (b) Isochoric process: W = 0 (c) Adiabatic
Figure Q19.8 shows two different processes taking an ideal gas from state i to state f.a. Is the temperature change Î”T during process A larger than, smaller than, or equal to the change
Draw a first-law bar chart (see Figure 19.12) for the gas process in Figure EX19.8.Figure 19.12 Adiabat Isotherms -V FIGURE EX19.8 (a) Isothermal process: AEh = 0 (b) Isochoric process: W = 0 (c)
Figure Q19.7 shows two different processes taking an ideal gas from state i to state f. Is the work done on the gas in process A greater than, less than, or equal to the work done in process B?
Figure Q19.6 shows an adiabatic process.a. Is the final temperature higher than, lower than, or equal to the initial temperature?b. Is any heat energy added to or removed from the system in this
Draw a first-law bar chart (see Figure 19.12) for the gas process in Figure EX19.6.Figure 19.12 FIGURE EX19.6 (a) Isothermal process: AEh = 0 (b) Isochoric process: W = 0 (c) Adiabatic process: Q =
Why is the molar specific heat of a gas at constant pressure larger than the molar specific heat at constant volume?
500 J of work must be done to compress a gas to half its initial volume at constant temperature. How much work must be done to compress the gas by a factor of 10, starting from its initial volume?
You need to raise the temperature of a gas by 10°C. To use the least amount of heat energy, should you heat the gas at constant pressure or at constant volume? Explain.
A 2000 cm3 container holds 0.10 mol of helium gas at 300°C. How much work must be done to compress the gas to 1000 cm3 at (a) Constant pressure(b) Constant temperature?
Two containers hold equal masses of nitrogen gas at equal temperatures. You supply 10 J of heat to container A while not allowing its volume to change, and you supply 10 J of heat to container B
80 J of work are done on the gas in the process shown in Figure EX19.3. What is V1in cm3? p (kPa) 300- 200- 100- VI 2V1 FIGURE EX19.3 3V1
Do (a) Temperature,(b) Heat,(c) Thermal energy describe a property of a system, an interaction of the system with its environment, or both? Explain.
How much work is done on the gas in the process shown in Figure EX19.2? p (kPa) 400- 200- (cm³) 0+ 100 200 300 FIGURE EX19.2
When a space capsule returns to earth, its surfaces get very hot as it passes through the atmosphere at high speed. Has the space capsule been heated? If so, what was the source of the heat? If not,
How much work is done on the gas in the process shown in Figure EX19.1? p (kPa) 400- 200- V (cm') 0+ 100 200 300 FIGURE EX19.1
14 g of nitrogen gas at STP are pressurized in an isochoric process to a pressure of 20 atm. What are (a) The final temperature,(b) The work done on the gas,(c) The heat transfer to the gas,(d)
14 g of nitrogen gas at STP are adiabatically compressed to a pressure of 20 atm. What are(a) The final temperature,(b) The work done on the gas,(c) The heat transfer to the gas,(d) The compression
Two containers of a diatomic gas have the same initial conditions. One container, heated at constant pressure, has a temperature increase of 20°C. The other container receives the same quantity of
Figure P19.62 shows a thermodynamic process followed by 120 mg of helium. a. Determine the pressure (in atm), temperature (in °C), and volume (in cm3) of the gas at points 1, 2, and 3. Put your
Two cylinders each contain 0.10 mol of a diatomic gas at 300 K and a pressure of 3.0 atm. Cylinder A expands isothermally and cylinder B expands adiabatically until the pressure of each is 1.0 atm.a.
5.0 g of nitrogen gas at 20°C and an initial pressure of 3.0 atm undergo an isobaric expansion until the volume has tripled.a. What are the gas volume and temperature after the expansion?b. How much
n moles of an ideal gas at temperature T1 and volume V1 expand isothermally until the volume has doubled. In terms of n, T1, and V1, what are(a) The final temperature,(b) The work done on the gas,(c)
Radiation from the head is a major source of heat loss from the human body. Model a head as a 20-cm-diameter, 20-cm-tall cylinder with a flat top. If the body’s surface temperature is 35°C, what
FIGURE EX17.4 is a snapshot graph at t = 0 s of two waves moving to the right at 1.0 m/s. The string is fixed at x = 8.0 m. Draw four snapshot graphs, stacked vertically, showing the string at t = 2,
If you pour liquid into a tall, narrow glass, you may hear sound with a steadily rising pitch. What is the source of the sound? And why does the pitch rise as the glass fills?
FIGURE EX17.5 shows a standing wave oscillating at 100 Hz on a string. What is the wave speed? 50 cm FIGURE EX17.5
A flute filled with helium will, until the helium escapes, play notes at a much higher pitch than normal. Why?
FIGURE EX17.6 shows a standing wave on a 2.0-m-long string that has been fixed at both ends and tightened until the wave speed is 40 m/s. What is the frequency? FIGURE EX17.6
FIGURE EX17.7 shows a standing wave on a string that is oscillating at 100 Hz.a. How many antinodes will there be if the frequency is increased to 200 Hz?b. If the tension is increased by a factor of
FIGURE Q17.8 is a snapshot graph of two plane waves passing through a region of space. Each wave has a 2.0 mm amplitude and the same wavelength. What is the net displacement of the medium at points
a. What are the three longest wavelengths for standing waves on a 240-cm-long string that is fixed at both ends?b. If the frequency of the second-longest wavelength is 50 Hz, what is the frequency of
FIGURE Q17.9 shows the circular waves emitted by two in phase sources. Are a, b, and c points of maximum constructive interference, maximum destructive interference, or in between? 2 9, FIGURE Q17.9
Standing waves on a 1.0-m-long string that is fixed at both ends are seen at successive frequencies of 36 Hz and 48 Hz.a. What are the fundamental frequency and the wave speed?b. Draw the
A trumpet player hears 5 beats per second when she plays a note and simultaneously sounds a 440 Hz tuning fork. After pulling her tuning valve out to slightly increase the length of her trumpet, she
The two highest-pitch strings on a violin are tuned to 440 Hz (the A string) and 659 Hz (the E string). What is the ratio of the mass of the A string to that of the E string? Violin strings are all
A heavy piece of hanging sculpture is suspended by a 90-cm long, 5.0 g steel wire. When the wind blows hard, the wire hums at its fundamental frequency of 80 Hz. What is the mass of the sculpture?
A carbon dioxide laser is an infrared laser. A CO2 laser with a cavity length of 53.00 cm oscillates in the m = 100,000 mode.What are the wavelength and frequency of the laser beam?
Microwaves pass through a small hole into the €œmicrowave cavity€ of FIGURE EX17.13. What frequencies between 10 GHz and 20 GHz will create standing waves in the cavity? 10 cm
What are the three longest wavelengths for standing sound waves in a 121-cm-long tube that is (a) Open at both ends(b) Open at one end, closed at the other?
FIGURE EX17.15 shows a standing sound wave in an 80-cm- long tube. The tube is filled with an unknown gas. What is the speed of sound in this gas? Molecule f= 500 Hz FIGURE EX17.15 80 cm
The fundamental frequency of an open-open tube is 1500 Hz when the tube is filled with 0°C helium. What is its frequency when filled with 0°C air?
We can make a simple model of the human vocal tract as an open-closed tube extending from the opening of the mouth to the diaphragm. What is the length of this tube if its fundamental frequency
The lowest note on a grand piano has a frequency of 27.5 Hz.The entire string is 2.00 m long and has a mass of 400 g. The vibrating section of the string is 1.90 m long. What tension is needed to
A bass clarinet can be modeled as a 120-cm-long open-closed tube. A bass clarinet player starts playing in a 20°C room, but soon the air inside the clarinet warms to where the speed of sound is 352
A violin string is 30 cm long. It sounds the musical note A (440 Hz) when played without fingering. How far from the end of the string should you place your finger to play the note C (523 Hz)?
A longitudinal standing wave can be created in a long, thin aluminum rod by stroking the rod with very dry fingers. This is often done as a physics demonstration, creating a high pitched, very
Two loudspeakers emit sound waves along the x-axis. The sound has maximum intensity when the speakers are 20 cm apart.The sound intensity decreases as the distance between the speakers is increased,
Two loudspeakers in a 20°C room emit 686 Hz sound waves along the x-axis.a. If the speakers are in phase, what is the smallest distance between the speakers for which the interference of the sound
Noise-canceling headphones are an application of destructive interference. Each side of the headphones uses a microphone to pick up noise, delays it slightly, then rebroadcasts the noise next to your
What is the thinnest film of MgF2 (n = 1.39) on glass that produces a strong reflection for orange light with a wavelength of 600 nm?
A very thin oil film (n = 1.25) floats on water (n = 1.33).What is the thinnest film that produces a strong reflection for green light with a wavelength of 500 nm?
FIGURE EX17.28 shows the circular wave fronts emitted by two wave sources.a. Are these sources in phase or out of phase? Explain.b. Make a table with rows labeled P, Q, and R and columns labeled r1,
Two in-phase loudspeakers, which emit sound in all directions, are sitting side by side. One of them is moved sideways by 3.0 m, then forward by 4.0 m. Afterward, constructive interference is
Two in-phase speakers 2.0 m apart in a plane are emitting 1800 Hz sound waves into a room where the speed of sound is 340 m/s. Is the point 4.0 m in front of one of the speakers, perpendicular to the
Two out-of-phase radio antennas at x = ± 300 m on the x-axis are emitting 3.0 MHz radio waves. Is the point (x, y) = (300 m, 800 m) a point of maximum constructive interference, maximum destructive
Two strings are adjusted to vibrate at exactly 200 Hz. Then the tension in one string is increased slightly. Afterward, three beats per second are heard when the strings vibrate at the same time.What
A flute player hears four beats per second when she compares her note to a 523 Hz tuning fork (the note C). She can match the frequency of the tuning fork by pulling out the “tuning joint” to
Traditional Indonesian music uses an ensemble called a gamelan that is based on tuned percussion instruments some what like gongs. In Bali, the gongs are often grouped in pairs that are slightly out
Two microwave signals of nearly equal wavelengths can generate a beat frequency if both are directed onto the same microwave detector. In an experiment, the beat frequency is 100 MHz. One microwave
A 2.0-m-long string vibrates at its second-harmonic frequency with a maximum amplitude of 2.0 cm. One end of the string is at x = 0 cm. Find the oscillation amplitude at x = 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm.
A string vibrates at its third-harmonic frequency. The amplitude at a point 30 cm from one end is half the maximum amplitude. How long is the string?
Tendons are, essentially, elastic cords stretched between two fixed ends. As such, they can support standing waves. A woman has a 20-cm-long Achilles tendon—connecting the heel to a muscle in the
Biologists think that some spiders “tune” strands of their web to give enhanced response at frequencies corresponding to those at which desirable prey might struggle. Orb spider web silk has a
A particularly beautiful note reaching your ear from a rare Stradivarius violin has a wavelength of 39.1 cm. The room is slightly warm, so the speed of sound is 344 m/s. If the string’s linear
A violinist places her finger so that the vibrating section of a 1.0 g/m string has a length of 30 cm, then she draws her bow across it. A listener nearby in a 20°C room hears a note with a
A steel wire is used to stretch the spring of FIGURE P17.42. An oscillating magnetic field drives the steel wire back and forth. A standing wave with three antinodes is created when the spring is
Astronauts visiting Planet X have a 250-cm-long string whose mass is 5.00 g. They tie the string to a support, stretch it horizontally over a pulley 2.00 m away, and hang a 4.00 kg mass on the free
A 75 g bungee cord has an equilibrium length of 1.20 m. The cord is stretched to a length of 1.80 m, then vibrated at 20 Hz. This produces a standing wave with two antinodes. What is the spring
A metal wire under tension T0 vibrates at its fundamental frequency. For what tension will the second-harmonic frequency be the same as the fundamental frequency at tension T0?
In a laboratory experiment, one end of a horizontal string is tied to a support while the other end passes over a frictionless pulley and is tied to a 1.5 kg sphere. Students determine the
A vibrating standing wave on a string radiates a sound wave with intensity proportional to the square of the standing-wave amplitude. When a piano key is struck and held down, so that the string
What is the fundamental frequency of the steel wire in FIGURE P17.48? 75 g steel wire 4.0 kg bar 45° 2.0 m 8.0 kg FIGURE P17.48
The two strings in FIGURE P17.49 are of equal length and are being driven at equal frequencies. The linear density of the left string is 5.0 g/m. What is the linear density of the right string? www-
An open-open organ pipe is 78.0 cm long. An open-closed pipe has a fundamental frequency equal to the third harmonic of the open-open pipe. How long is the open-closed pipe?
In 1866, the German scientist Adolph Kundt developed a technique for accurately measuring the speed of sound in various gases. A long glass tube, known today as a Kundt€™s tube, has a
A 1.0-m-tall vertical tube is filled with 20°C water. A tuning fork vibrating at 580 Hz is held just over the top of the tube as the water is slowly drained from the bottom. At what water heights,
A 25-cm-long wire with a linear density of 20 g/m passes across the open end of an 85-cm-long open-closed tube of air. If the wire, which is fixed at both ends, vibrates at its fundamental frequency,
An old mining tunnel disappears into a hillside. You would like to know how long the tunnel is, but it’s too dangerous to go inside.Recalling your recent physics class, you decide to try setting up
Engineers are testing a new thin-film coating whose index of refraction is less than that of glass. They deposit a 560-nm thick layer on glass, then shine lasers on it. A red laser with a wavelength
Two in-phase loudspeakers emit identical 1000 Hz sound waves along the x-axis. What distance should one speaker be placed behind the other for the sound to have an amplitude 1.5 times that of each
Analyze the standing sound waves in an open-closed tube to show that the possible wavelengths and frequencies are given by Equation 17.18. 4L m= 1, 3, 5, 7,... (open-closed tube) т (17.18) fm = m mf
Two loudspeakers emit sound waves of the same frequency along the x-axis. The amplitude of each wave is a. The sound intensity is minimum when speaker 2 is 10 cm behind speaker 1.
Two loudspeakers emit sound waves along the x-axis. A listener in front of both speakers hears a maximum sound intensity when speaker 2 is at the origin and speaker 1 is at x = 0.50 m. If
A sheet of glass is coated with a 500-nm-thick layer of oil (n = 1.42).a. For what visible wavelengths of light do the reflected waves interfere constructively?b. For what visible wavelengths of
A soap bubble is essentially a very thin film of water (n = 1.33) surrounded by air. The colors that you see in soap bubbles are produced by interference.a. Derive an expression for the wavelengths
A manufacturing firm has hired your company, Acoustical Consulting, to help with a problem. Their employees are complaining about the annoying hum from a piece of machinery. Using a frequency meter,
Scientists are testing a transparent material whose index of refraction for visible light varies with wavelength as n = 30.0 nm1/2/λ1/2, where λ is in nm. If a 295-nm-thick coating is placed on
You are standing 2.5 m directly in front of one of the two loudspeakers shown in FIGURE P17.68. They are 3.0 m apart and both are playing a 686 Hz tone in phase. As you begin to walk directly away
Two loudspeakers in a plane, 5.0 m apart, are playing the same frequency. If you stand 12.0 m in front of the plane of the speakers, centered between them, you hear a sound of maximum intensity.As
Two identical loudspeakers separated by distance Δx each emit sound waves of wavelength λ and amplitude a along the x-axis. What is the minimum value of the ratio Δx/λ for which the amplitude of
Piano tuners tune pianos by listening to the beats between the harmonics of two different strings. When properly tuned, the note A should have a frequency of 440 Hz and the note E should be at 659
A flutist assembles her flute in a room where the speed of sound is 342 m/s. When she plays the note A, it is in perfect tune with a 440 Hz tuning fork. After a few minutes, the air inside her flute
You have two small, identical boxes that generate 440 Hz notes. While holding one, you drop the other from a 20-m-high balcony. How many beats will you hear before the falling box hits the ground?
Two loudspeakers emit 400 Hz notes. One speaker sits on the ground. The other speaker is in the back of a pickup truck. You hear eight beats per second as the truck drives away from you. What is the

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