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physics
physics scientists and engineers

Questions and Answers of Physics Scientists and Engineers

The spring in FIGURE EX10.23a is compressed by Î”x. It launches the block across a frictionless surface with speed v0. The two springs in FIGURE EX10.23b are identical to the spring of
The spring in FIGURE EX10.22a is compressed by Î”x. It launches the block across a frictionless surface with speed v0. The two springs in FIGURE EX10.22b are identical to the spring of
The elastic energy stored in your tendons can contribute up to 35%, of your energy needs when running. Sports scientists find that (on average) the knee extensor tendons in sprinters stretch 41 mm
As a 15,000 kg jet plane lands on an aircraft carrier, its tail hook snags a cable to slow it down. The cable is attached to a spring with spring constant 60,000 N/m. If the spring stretches 30 m to
A 10 kg runaway grocery cart runs into a spring with spring constant 250 N/m and compresses it by 60 cm. What was the speed of the cart just before it hit the spring?
A block sliding along a horizontal frictionless surface with speed v collides with a spring and compresses it by 2.0 cm. What will be the compression if the same block collides with the spring at a
A student places her 500 g physics book on a frictionless table.She pushes the book against a spring, compressing the spring by 4.0 cm, then releases the book. What is the book’s speed as it slides
A stretched spring stores 2.0 J of energy. How much energy will be stored if the spring is stretched three times as far?
How far must you stretch a spring with k = 1000 N/m to store 200 J of energy?
In a hydroelectric dam, water falls 25 m and then spins a turbine to generate electricity.a. What is ΔUG of 1.0 kg of water?b. Suppose the dam is 80% efficient at converting the water’s potential
A cannon tilted up at a 30° angle fires a cannon ball at 80 m/s from atop a 10-m-high fortress wall. What is the ball’s impact speed on the ground below?
a. If the force on a particle at some point in space is zero, must its potential energy also be zero at that point? Explain.b. If the potential energy of a particle at some point in space is zero,
The maximum energy a bone can absorb without breaking is surprisingly small. Experimental data show that the leg bones of a healthy, 60 kg human can absorb about 200 J. From what maximum height could
FIGURE Q10.12 is the energy bar chart for a firefighter sliding down a fire pole from the second floor to the ground. Let the system consist of the firefighter, the pole, and the earth. What are the
A 1500 kg car traveling at 10 m/s suddenly runs out of gas while approaching the valley shown in FIGURE EX10.11. The alert driver immediately puts the car in neutral so that it will roll.What will be
A process occurs in which a system’s potential energy increases while the environment does work on the system. Does the system’s kinetic energy increase, decrease, or stay the same? Or is there
A 20 kg child is on a swing that hangs from 3.0-m-long chains. What is her maximum speed if she swings out to a 45° angle?
A process occurs in which a system’s potential energy decreases while the system does work on the environment. Does the system’s kinetic energy increase, decrease, or stay the same? Or is there
A pendulum is made by tying a 500 g ball to a 75-cm-long string. The pendulum is pulled 30° to one side, then released.What is the ball’s speed at the lowest point of its trajectory?
A compressed spring launches a block up an incline. Which objects should be included within the system in order to make an energy analysis as easy as possible?
What minimum speed does a 100 g puck need to make it to the top of a 3.0-m-long, 20° frictionless ramp?
A particle with the potential energy shown in FIGURE Q10.8 is moving to the right at x = 5 m with total energy E.a. At what value or values of x is this particle€™s speed a maximum?b. Does
A 55 kg skateboarder wants to just make it to the upper edge of a “quarter pipe,” a track that is one-quarter of a circle with a radius of 3.0 m. What speed does he need at the bottom?
A spring gun shoots out a plastic ball at speed v0. The spring is then compressed twice the distance it was on the first shot. By what factor is the ball’s speed increased? Explain.
What height does a frictionless playground slide need so that a 35 kg child reaches the bottom at a speed of 4.5 m/s?
A spring is compressed 1.0 cm. How far must you compress a spring with twice the spring constant to store the same amount of energy?
a. With what minimum speed must you toss a 100 g ball straight up to just touch the 10-m-high roof of the gymnasium if you release the ball 1.5 m above the ground?Solve this problem using energy.b.
Rank in order, from most to least, the elastic potential energy (USp)ato (USp)dstored in the springs of FIGURE Q10.5. Explain. a Compressed d Stretched d 2k Stretched 2d Stretched d FIGURE Q10.5
a. What is the kinetic energy of a 1500 kg car traveling at a speed of 30 m/s (≈ 65 mph)?b. From what height would the car have to be dropped to have this same amount of kinetic energy just before
The three balls in FIGURE Q10.4, which have equal masses, are fired with equal speeds from the same height above the ground.Rank in order, from largest to smallest, their speeds va, vb, and vcas they
The lowest point in Death Valley is 85 m below sea level. The summit of nearby Mt. Whitney has an elevation of 4420 m. What is the change in potential energy when an energetic 65 kg hiker makes it
A roller-coaster car rolls down a frictionless track, reaching speed v0 at the bottom. If you want the car to go twice as fast at the bottom, by what factor must you increase the height of the track?
A system of two objects has ΔKtot = 7 J and ΔUint = -5 J.a. How much work is done by interaction forces?b. How much work is done by external forces?
Can kinetic energy ever be negative? Can gravitational potential energy ever be negative? For each, give a plausible reason for your answer without making use of any equations.
Object A is stationary while objects B and C are in motion. Forces from object A do 10 J of work on object B and –5 J of work on object C. Forces from the environment do 4 J of work on object B and
Upon what basic quantity does kinetic energy depend? Upon what basic quantity does potential energy depend?
A uniform solid bar with mass m and length L rotates with angular velocity ω about an axle at one end of the bar. What is the bar’s kinetic energy?
A gardener pushes a 12 kg lawnmower whose handle is tilted up 37° above horizontal. The lawnmower’s coefficient of rolling friction is 0.15. How much power does the gardener have to supply to push
A 12 kg weather rocket generates a thrust of 200 N. The rocket, pointing upward, is clamped to the top of a vertical spring.The bottom of the spring, whose spring constant is 550 N/m, is anchored to
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Draw a pictorial representation.c. Finish
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Draw a pictorial representation.c. Finish
A 3.0-mm-diameter wire carries a 12 A current when the electric field is 0.085 V/m. What is the wire’s resistivity?
A 0.0075 V/m electric field creates a 3.9 mA current in a 1.0-mm-diameter wire. What material is the wire made of?
What electric field strength is needed to create a 5.0 A current in a 2.0-mm-diameter iron wire?
A 15-cm-long nichrome wire is connected across the terminals of a 1.5 V battery.a. What is the electric field inside the wire?b. What is the current density inside the wire?c. If the current in the
The electric field in a 2.0 mm × 2.0 mm square aluminum wire is 0.012 V/m. What is the current in the wire?
Both batteries in Figure Q27.7 are ideal and identical, and all lightbulbs are the same. Rank in order, from brightest to least bright, the brightness of bulbs a to c. Explain. 000 ь 000 FIGURE Q27.7
All the wires in Figure Q27.6 are made of the same material and have the same diameter. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the currents Iato Id. Explain.
What is the difference between current and current density?
Is Figure Q27.4 a possible surface charge distribution for a current-carrying wire? If so, in which direction is the current? If not, why not? FIGURE Q27.4 ++ ++
The electron drift speed in a wire is exceedingly slow typically only a fraction of a millimeter per second. Yet when you turn on a flashlight switch, the light comes on almost instantly. Resolve
Consider a lightbulb circuit such as the one in Figure Q27.1. a. From the simple observations and measurements you can make on this circuit, can you distinguish a current composed of positive charge
How much work does the electric motor of a Van de Graaff generator do to lift a positive ion (q = e) if the potential of the spherical electrode is 1.0 MV?
Figure EX26.4 is a graph of Ex. The potential at the origin is -50 V. What is the potential at x = 3.0 m? E, (V/m) 200 100 0+ -x (m) 3 1 FIGURE EX26.4 2.
Figure EX26.3 is a graph of Ex. What is the potential difference between xi= 1.0 m and xf= 3.0 m? E, (V/m) 200 100 -x (m) 3 -100 - FIGURE EX26.3
Figure Q26.7 shows an electric field diagram. Dashed lines 1 and 2 are two surfaces in space, not physical objects. a. Is the electric potential at point a higher than, lower than, or equal to the
Estimate the electric fields E1and E2at points 1 and 2 in Figure Q26.5. Don€™t forget that E is a vector. OV 10 V 20 V 30 V 40 V 2 х 0m 2 m 3 m 4 m FIGURE Q26.5
a. Which point in Figure EX26.5, A or B, has a larger electric potential?b. What is the potential difference between A and B? E = 1000 V/m B. FIGURE EX26.5 7 cm 3 cm
An electron is released from rest at x = 2 m in the potential shown in Figure Q26.6. Does it move? If so, to the left or to the right? Explain. V (V) 100- -x (m) 2. -100 - FIGURE Q26.6
Two flat, parallel electrodes 2.5 cm apart are kept at potentials of 20 V and 35 V. Estimate the electric field strength between them.
What are the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the dot in Figure EX26.7? 400 V 1 cm 200 V 1 cm --OV FIGURE EX26.7
Figure Q26.8 shows a negatively charged electroscope. The gold leaf stands away from the rigid metal post. Is the electric potential of the leaf higher than, lower than, or equal to the potential of
What are the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the dot in Figure EX26.8? 1 cm 1 cm 200 V 45° -200 V FIGURE EX26.8
The two metal spheres in Figure Q26.9 are connected by a metal wire with a switch in the middle. Initially the switch is open. Sphere 1, with the larger radius, is given a positive charge. Sphere 2,
Figure EX26.9 shows a graph of V versus x in a region of space. The potential is independent of y and z. What is Exat (a) X = -2 cm, (b) X = 0 cm, (c) X = 2 cm? V (V) 10- x (m) -32 -1 1 2 3 107
Figure Q26.10 shows a 3 V battery with metal wires attached to each end. What are the potential differences Î”V12= V2- V1, Î”V23= V3- V2, Î”V34= V4- V3, and
Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field at points 1 and 2 in Figure EX26.10. 75 V 50 V 25 V OV 21 1 cm 1 cm FIGURE EX26.10
The parallel-plate capacitor in Figure Q26.11 is connected to a battery having potential difference Î”Vbat. Without breaking any of the connections, insulating handles are used to increase
The electric potential in a region of uniform electric field is -1000 V at x = -1.0 m and +1000 V at x = +1.0 m. What is Ex?
Figure EX26.12 is a graph of V versus x. Draw the corresponding graph of Exversus x. V (V) 50 -x (cm) 3 -50 FIGURE EX26.12
Figure EX26.11 is a graph of V versus x. Draw the corresponding graph of Exversus x. V (V) 100 - x (cm) 10 20 30 -100 FIGURE EX26.11
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the potential differences (Î”VC)1to (Î”VC)4of the four capacitors in Figure Q26.12. Explain. 20 20 + ++ + 20 20 -20 -20 -Q 3 4 FIGURE
The electric potential along the x-axis is V = 100x2 V, where x is in meters. What is Ex at(a) X = 0 m(b) X = 1 m?
The electric potential along the x-axis is V = 100e-2x V, where x is in meters. What is Ex at(a) X = 1.0 m(b) X = 2.0 m?
What is the potential difference Î”V34in Figure EX26.16? AV12 = 30 V AV23 = 50 V .3 AV =-60 V AV34 FIGURE EX26.16
How much charge does a 9.0 V battery transfer from the negative to the positive terminal while doing 27 J of work?
Light from the sun allows a solar cell to move electrons from the positive to the negative terminal, doing 2.4 × 10-19 J of work per electron. What is the emf of this solar cell?
You need to construct a 100 pF capacitor for a science project. You plan to cut two L × L metal squares and insert small spacers between their corners. The thinnest spacers you have are 0.20 mm
Two 3.0-cm-diameter aluminum electrodes are spaced 0.50 mm apart. The electrodes are connected to a 100 V battery.a. What is the capacitance?b. What is the magnitude of the charge on each electrode?
What is the capacitance of the two metal spheres shown in Figure EX26.22? -20 nC +20 nC FIGURE EX26.22 AV = 100 V
switch that connects a battery to a 10 μF capacitor is closed. Several seconds later you find that the capacitor plates are charged to ±30 μC. What is the emf of the battery?
A 6 μF capacitor, a 10 μF capacitor, and a 16 μF capacitor are connected in series. What is their equivalent capacitance?
A 6 μF capacitor, a 10 μF capacitor, and a 16 μF capacitor are connected in parallel. What is their equivalent capacitance?
Two 4.0 cm × 4.0 cm metal plates are separated by a 0.20-mm-thick piece of Teflon.a. What is the capacitance?b. What is the maximum potential difference between the plates?
The electric potential in a region of space is V = (150x2 - 200y2) V, where x and y are in meters. What are the strength and direction of the electric field at (x, y) = (2.0 m, 2.0 m)? Give the
Initially, the switch in FIGURE P26.61 is in position A and capacitors C2and C3are uncharged. Then the switch is flipped to position B. Afterward, what are the charge on and the potential difference
How much work does the charge escalator do to move 1.0 μC of charge from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of a 1.5 V battery?
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Draw a pictorial representation.c. Finish
Six dogs pull a two-person sled with a total mass of 220 kg. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the sled and the snow is 0.080. The sled accelerates at 0.75 m/s2 until it reaches a cruising
Astronomers using a 2.0-m-diameter telescope observe a distant supernova—an exploding star. The telescope’s detector records 9.1 × 10-11 J of light energy during the first 10 s. It’s known
A Porsche 944 Turbo has a rated engine power of 217 hp. 30% of the power is lost in the drive train, and 70% reaches the wheels.The total mass of the car and driver is 1480 kg, and two-thirds of the
A farmer uses a tractor to pull a 150 kg bale of hay up a 15° incline to the barn at a steady 5.0 km/h. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the bale and the ramp is 0.45. What is the
When you ride a bicycle at constant speed, nearly all the energy you expend goes into the work you do against the drag force of the air. Model a cyclist as having cross-section area 0.45 m2 and,
Find an expression for the magnitude of the horizontal force F in FIGURE P7.49 for which m1does not slip either up or down along the wedge. All surfaces are frictionless. m2 FIGURE P7.49
A 70 kg tightrope walker stands at the center of a rope. The rope supports are 10 m apart and the rope sags 10° at each end.The tightrope walker crouches down, then leaps straight up with an
A 50-cm-diameter, 400 g beach ball is dropped with a 4.0 mg ant riding on the top. The ball experiences air resistance, but the ant does not. What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the
A long, 1.0 kg rope hangs from a support that breaks, causing the rope to fall, if the pull exceeds 40 N. A student team has built a 2.0 kg robot “mouse” that runs up and down the rope. What
A house painter uses the chair-and pulley arrangement of FIGURE P7.45 to lift himself up the side of a house. The painter€™s mass is 70 kg and the chair€™s mass is 10 kg. With
A 3200 kg helicopter is flying horizontally. A 250 kg crate is suspended from the helicopter by a massless cable that is constantly 20° from vertical. What propulsion force Fprop is being provided
The century-old ascensores in Valparaiso, Chile, are picturesque cable cars built on stilts to keep the passenger compartments level as they go up and down the steep hillsides.As FIGURE P7.43 shows,

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