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physics
physics scientists and engineers
Questions and Answers of
Physics Scientists and Engineers
The electric potential is 40 V at point A near a uniformly charged sphere. At point B, 2.0 μm farther away from the sphere, the potential has decreased by 0.16 mV. How far is point A from the center
Two 2.0 cm × 2.0 cm metal electrodes are spaced 1.0 mm apart and connected by wires to the terminals of a 9.0 V battery.a. What are the charge on each electrode and the potential difference between
Two 2.0 cm × 2.0 cm metal electrodes are spaced 1.0 mm apart and connected by wires to the terminals of a 9.0 V battery.a. What are the charge on each electrode and the potential difference between
Find expressions for the equivalent capacitance of(a) N identical capacitors C in parallel(b) N identical capacitors C in series.
What are the charge on and the potential difference across each capacitor in FIGURE P26.56? C = 12 µF C2= 4 µF 30 V :C;=6 µF FIGURE P26.56
What are the charge on and the potential difference across each capacitor in FIGURE P26.57? 4 μF C C+ +12 μF G+ μF C3 FIGURE P26.57
What are the charge on and the potential difference across each capacitor in FIGURE P26.58? C,=4 µF C, =5 µF C;= 6 µF FIGURE P26.58
You have three 12 μF capacitors. Draw diagrams showing how you could arrange all three so that their equivalent capacitance is(a) 4.0 μF,(b) 8.0 μF,(c) 18 μF,(d) 36 μF.
Six identical capacitors with capacitance C are connected as shown in FIGURE P26.60.a. What is the equivalent capacitance of these six capacitors?b. What is the potential difference between points a
A battery with an emf of 60 V is connected to the two capacitors shown in FIGURE P26.62. Afterward, the charge on capacitor 2 is 450 μC. What is the capacitance of capacitor 2? 12 μF
Capacitors C1 = 10 μF and C2 = 20 μF are each charged to 10 V, then disconnected from the battery without changing the charge on the capacitor plates. The two capacitors are then connected in
An isolated 5.0 μF parallel-plate capacitor has 4.0 mC of charge. An external force changes the distance between the electrodes until the capacitance is 2.0 μF. How much work is done by the
An ideal parallel-plate capacitor has a uniform electric field between the plates, zero field outside. By superposition, half the field strength is due to one plate and half due to the other.a. The
The flash unit in a camera uses a 3.0 V battery to charge a capacitor. The capacitor is then discharged through a flashlamp. The discharge takes 10 μs, and the average power dissipated in the
The label rubbed off one of the capacitors you are using to build a circuit. To find out its capacitance, you place it in series with a 10 μF capacitor and connect them to a 9.0 V battery. Using
A capacitor being charged has a current carrying charge to and away from the plates. In the next chapter we will define current to be dQ/dt, the rate of charge flow. What is the current to a 10 μF
The current that charges a capacitor transfers energy that is stored in the capacitor’s electric field. Consider a 2.0 μF capacitor, initially uncharged, that is storing energy at a constant 200 W
A typical cell has a membrane potential of -70 mV, meaning that the potential inside the cell is 70 mV less than the potential outside due to a layer of negative charge on the inner surface of the
A nerve cell in its resting state has a membrane potential of -70 mV, meaning that the potential inside the cell is 70 mV less than the potential outside due to a layer of negative charge on the
Derive Equation 26.33 for the induced surface charge density on the dielectric in a capacitor.Equation 26.33 nol 1 По Ninduced к
A vacuum-insulated parallel-plate capacitor with plate separation d has capacitance C0. What is the capacitance if an insulator with dielectric constant k and thickness d/2 is slipped between the
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.2az
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.400 nC
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem. + C=4
Two 5.0-cm-diameter metal disks separated by a 0.50-mm thick piece of Pyrex glass are charged to a potential difference of 1000 V. What are(a) The surface charge density on the disks(b) The surface
An electric dipole at the origin consists of two charges ±q spaced distance s apart along the y-axis.a. Find an expression for the potential V(x, y) at an arbitrary point in the xy-plane. Your
Charge is uniformly distributed with charge density ρ inside a very long cylinder of radius R. Find the potential difference between the surface and the axis of the cylinder.
Consider a uniformly charged sphere of radius R and total charge Q. The electric field Eoutoutside the sphere (r ¥ R) is simply that of a point charge Q. In Chapter 24, we used
a. Find an expression for the capacitance of a spherical capacitor, consisting of concentric spherical shells of radii R1 (inner shell) and R2 (outer shell).b. A spherical capacitor with a 1.0 mm gap
Suppose a time machine has just brought you forward from 1750 (post-Newton but pre-electricity) and youve been shown the lightbulb demonstration of Figure Q27.1. Do observations or simple
Each capacitor in Figure CP26.83 has capacitance C. What is the equivalent capacitance between points a and b? FIGURE CP26.83
FIGURE EX9.20 is the force-versus-position graph for a particle moving along the x-axis. Determine the work done on the particle during each of the three intervals 01 m, 12 m,
The three ropes shown in the birds-eye view of FIGURE EX9.19 are used to drag a crate 3.0 m across the floor. How much work is done by each of the three forces? 600 N 20° 660 N 30° 410
The two ropes seen in FIGURE EX9.18 are used to lower a 255 kg piano 5.00 m from a second-story window to the ground. How much work is done by each of the three forces? 1830 N 60% 1295 N 45° 2500 N
A 45 g bug is hovering in the air. A gust of wind exerts a force F = (4.0î - 6.0ĵ) × 10-2 N on the bug.a. How much work is done by the wind as the bug undergoes displacement Δr = (2.0î -
A 25 kg air compressor is dragged up a rough incline from r1 = (1.3î + 1.3ĵ) m to r2 = (8.3î + 2.9ĵ) m, where the y-axis is vertical. How much work does gravity do on the compressor during
Evaluate the dot product of the three pairs of vectors ina.b.c. 110° 5
Evaluate the dot product of the three pairs of vectors ina.b.c. 3 40° 3 2 140°
A spring has an unstretched length of 10 cm. It exerts a restoring force F when stretched to a length of 11 cm.a. For what length of the spring is its restoring force 3F?b. At what compressed length
The cable of a crane is lifting a 750 kg girder. The girder increases its speed from 0.25 m/s to 0.75 m/s in a distance of 3.5 m.a. How much work is done by gravity?b. How much work is done by
A sprinter accelerates from rest. Is the work done on the sprinter positive, negative, or zero? Explain.
You throw a 5.5 g coin straight down at 4.0 m/s from a 35-m-high bridge.a. How much work does gravity do as the coin falls to the water below?b. What is the speed of the coin just as it hits the
A ball on a string travels once around a circle with a circumference of 2.0 m. The tension in the string is 5.0 N. How much work is done by tension?
FIGURE EX9.8 is the kinetic-energy graph for a 2.0 kg object moving along the x-axis. Determine the work done on the object during each of the four intervals AB, BC, CD, and DE. K (J) 4- 2 A B C D E
A 20 g particle is moving to the left at 30 m/s. A force on the particle causes it to move the the right at 30 m/s. How much work is done by the force?
A particle moves in a vertical plane along the closed path seen in FIGURE Q9.7, starting at A and eventually returning to its starting point. Is the work done by gravity positive, negative, or zero?
A 2.0 kg book is lying on a 0.75-m-high table. You pick it up and place it on a bookshelf 2.25 m above the floor.a. How much work does gravity do on the book?b. How much work does your hand do on the
A particle moving to the left is slowed by a force pushing to the right. Is the work done on the particle positive or negative? Or is there not enough information to tell? Explain.
A 25 kg box sliding to the left across a horizontal surface is brought to a halt in a distance of 35 cm by a horizontal rope pulling to the right with 15 N tension. How much work is done by (a)
A 0.2 kg plastic cart and a 20 kg lead cart both roll without friction on a horizontal surface. Equal forces are used to push both carts forward a distance of 1 m, starting from rest. After traveling
A horizontal rope with 15 N tension drags a 25 kg box 2.0 m to the left across a horizontal surface. How much work is done by (a) Tension(b) Gravity?
The rope in FIGURE Q9.4 pulls the box to the left across a rough surface. Is the work done by tension positive, negative, or zero? Explain. FIGURE Q9.4
A mother has four times the mass of her young son. Both are running with the same kinetic energy. What is the ratio vson /vmother of their speeds?
An elevator held by a single cable is ascending but slowing down. Is the work done by tension positive, negative, or zero? What about the work done by gravity? Explain.
At what speed does a 1000 kg compact car have the same kinetic energy as a 20,000 kg truck going 25 km/h?
Particle A has half the mass and eight times the kinetic energy of particle B. What is the speed ratio vA/vB?
Which has the larger kinetic energy, a 10 g bullet fired at 500 m/s or a 75 kg student running at 5.5 m/s?
If a particle’s speed increases by a factor of 3, by what factor does its kinetic energy change?
Your laboratory assignment for the week is to measure the specific heat ratio g of carbon dioxide. The gas is contained in a cylinder with a movable piston and a thermometer. When the piston is
An 8.0-cm-diameter, well-insulated vertical cylinder containing nitrogen gas is sealed at the top by a 5.1 kg frictionless piston. The air pressure above the piston is 100 kPa.a. What is the gas
A cube 20 cm on each side contains 3.0 g of helium at 20°C. 1000 J of heat energy are transferred to this gas. What are(a) The final pressure if the process is at constant volume(b) The final volume
A 10-cm-diameter cylinder contains argon gas at 10 atm pressure and a temperature of 50°C. A piston can slide in and out of the cylinder. The cylinder’s initial length is 20 cm. 2500 J of heat are
An ideal-gas process is described by p = cV1/2, where c is a constant.a. Find an expression for the work done on the gas in this process as the volume changes from V1 to V2.b. 0.033 mol of gas at an
A 560 kg concrete table needs to be supported at the four corners by compressed-air cylinders. Each cylinder is 25 cm in diameter and has a 1.20 m initial length when the pressure inside is 1.0 atm.
2.0 mol of gas are at 30°C and a pressure of 1.5 atm. How much work must be done on the gas to compress it to one third of its initial volume at(a) Constant temperature(b) Constant pressure?(c) Show
A 6.0-cm-diameter cylinder of nitrogen gas has a 4.0-cm-thick movable copper piston. The cylinder is oriented vertically, as shown in Figure P19.50, and the air above the piston is evacuated. When
A typical nuclear reactor generates 1000 MW (1000 MJ/s) of electrical energy. In doing so, it produces 2000 MW of “waste heat” that must be removed from the reactor to keep it from melting down.
Your 300 mL cup of coffee is too hot to drink when served at 90°C. What is the mass of an ice cube, taken from a -20°C freezer, that will cool your coffee to a pleasant 60°C?
Suppose you take and hold a deep breath on a chilly day, inhaling 3.0 L of air at 0°C and 1 atm.a. How much heat must your body supply to warm the air to your internal body temperature of 37°C?b.
A lava flow is threatening to engulf a small town. A 400-m wide, 35-cm-thick tongue of 1200°C lava is advancing at the rate of 1.0 m per minute. The mayor devises a plan to stop the lava in its
The specific heat of most solids is nearly constant over a wide temperature range. Not so for diamond. Between 200 K and 600 K, the specific heat of diamond is reasonably well described by c = 2.8T -
A 150 L (≈ 40 gal) electric hot-water tank has a 5.0 kW heater.How many minutes will it take to raise the water temperature from 65°F to 140°F?
512 g of an unknown metal at a temperature of 15°C is dropped into a 100 g aluminum container holding 325 g of water at 98°C. A short time later, the container of water and metal stabilizes at a
When air is inhaled, it quickly becomes saturated with water vapor as it passes through the moist airways. Consequently, an adult human exhales about 25 mg of evaporated water with each breath.
The burner on an electric stove has a power output of 2.0 kW.A 750 g stainless steel teakettle is filled with 20°C water and placed on the already hot burner. If it takes 3.0 min for the water to
A 5.0-m-diameter garden pond is 30 cm deep. Solar energy is incident on the pond at an average rate of 400 W/m2. If the water absorbs all the solar energy and does not exchange energy with its
A 5.0 g ice cube at -20°C is in a rigid, sealed container from which all the air has been evacuated. How much heat is required to change this ice cube into steam at 200°C? Steam has CV = 1500 J/kg
What maximum power can be radiated by a 10-cm-diameter solid lead sphere? Assume an emissivity of 1.
You are boiling pasta and absentmindedly grab a copper stirring spoon rather than your wooden spoon. The copper spoon has a 20 mm × 1.5 mm rectangular cross section, and the distance from the
A 10 m × 14 m house is built on a 12-cm-thick concrete slab. What is the heat-loss rate through the slab if the ground temperature is 5°C while the interior of the house is 22°C?
The ends of a 20-cm-long, 2.0-cm-diameter rod are maintained at 0°C and 100°C by immersion in an ice-water bath and boiling water. Heat is conducted through the rod at 4.5 × 104 J per hour. Of
A monatomic gas follows the process 1 2 3 shown in Figure EX19.32. How much heat is needed for(a) Process 1 2(b) Process 2 3? p (atm) 3- 2- 100°C
A gas cylinder holds 0.10 mol of O2 at 150°C and a pressure of 3.0 atm. The gas expands adiabatically until the volume is doubled. What are the final(a) Pressure(b) Temperature?
A gas cylinder holds 0.10 mol of O2 at 150°C and a pressure of 3.0 atm. The gas expands adiabatically until the pressure is halved. What are the final(a) Volume(b) Temperature?
The volume of a gas is halved during an adiabatic compression that increases the pressure by a factor of 2.5.a. What is the specific heat ratio g?b. By what factor does the temperature increase?
A container holds 1.0 g of oxygen at a pressure of 8.0 atm.a. How much heat is required to increase the temperature by 100°C at constant pressure?b. How much will the temperature increase if this
A container holds 1.0 g of argon at a pressure of 8.0 atm.a. How much heat is required to increase the temperature by 100°C at constant volume?b. How much will the temperature increase if this
A 65 cm3 block of iron is removed from an 800°C furnace and immediately dropped into 200 mL of 20°C water. What fraction of the water boils away?
A 500 g metal sphere is heated to 300°C, then dropped into a beaker containing 300 cm3 of mercury at 20.0°C. A short time later the mercury temperature stabilizes at 99.0°C. Identify the metal.
A 50.0 g thermometer is used to measure the temperature of 200 mL of water. The specific heat of the thermometer, which is mostly glass, is 750 J/kg K, and it reads 20.0°C while lying on the table.
A 750 g aluminum pan is removed from the stove and plunged into a sink filled with 10.0 L of water at 20.0°C. The water temperature quickly rises to 24.0°C. What was the initial temperature of the
30 g of copper pellets are removed from a 300°C oven and immediately dropped into 100 mL of water at 20°C in an insulated cup. What will the new water temperature be?
An experiment measures the temperature of a 500 g substance while steadily supplying heat to it. Figure EX19.20 shows the results of the experiment. What are the(a) Specific heat of the solid
Two cars collide head-on while each is traveling at 80 km/h.Suppose all their kinetic energy is transformed into the thermal energy of the wrecks. What is the temperature increase of each car? You
One way you keep from overheating is by perspiring.Evaporation—a phase change—requires heat, and the heat energy is removed from your body. Evaporation is much like boiling, only water’s heat
What is the maximum mass of ethyl alcohol you could boil with 1000 J of heat, starting from 20°C?
How much heat is needed to change 20 g of mercury at 20°C into mercury vapor at the boiling point?
a. 100 J of heat energy are transferred to 20 g of mercury. By how much does the temperature increase?b. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 20 g of water by the same amount?
A rapidly spinning paddle wheel raises the temperature of 200 mL of water from 21°C to 25°C. How much(a) Heat is transferred(b) Work is done in this process?
How much heat energy must be added to a 6.0-cm-diameter copper sphere to raise its temperature from -50°C to 150°C?
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