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chemistry a molecular approach

Chemistry A Molecular Approach 5th Edition Nivaldo Tro - Solutions

Which numbers are exact (and therefore have an unlimited number of significant figures)?a. π = 3.14b. 12 in = 1 ftc. EPA gas mileage rating of 26 miles per gallond. 1 gross = 144
Indicate the number of significant figures in each number. If the number is an exact number, indicate an unlimited number of significant figures.a. 325,365,189 (July 4, 2017 U.S. population)b. 2.54 cm = 1 inc. 11.4 g/cm3 (density of lead)d. 12 = 1 dozen
Round each number to four significant figures.a. 156.852b. 156.842c. 156.849d. 156.899
Round each number to three significant figures.a. 79,845.82b. 1.548937 * 107c. 2.3499999995d. 0.000045389
Calculate to the correct number of significant figures.a. 9.15 , 4.970b. 1.54 * 0.03060 * 0.69c. 27.5 * 1.82 / 100.04d. (2.290 * 106) / (6.7 * 104)
Calculate to the correct number of significant figures.a. 89.3 * 77.0 * 0.08b. (5.01 * 105) / (7.8 * 102)c. 4.005 * 74 * 0.007d. 453 / 2.031
Calculate to the correct number of significant figures.a. 43.7 - 2.341b. 17.6 + 2.838 + 2.3 + 110.77c. 19.6 + 58.33 - 4.974d. 5.99 - 5.572
Calculate to the correct number of significant figures.a. 0.004 + 0.09879b. 1239.3 + 9.73 + 3.42c. 2.4 - 1.777d. 532 + 7.3 - 48.523
Calculate to the correct number of significant figures.a. (24.6681 * 2.38) + 332.58b. (85.3 - 21.489) / 0.0059c. (512 ,/ 986.7) + 5.44d. 3(28.7 * 105) / 48.5334 + 144.99
Calculate to the correct number of significant figures.a. [(1.7 * 106) / (2.63 * 105)] + 7.33b. (568.99 - 232.1) / 5.3c. (9443 + 45 - 9.9) * 8.1 * 106d. (3.14 * 2.4367) - 2.34
A flask containing 11.7 mL of a liquid weighs 132.8 g with the liquid in the flask and 124.1 g when empty. Calculate the density of the liquid in g/mL to the correct number of significant digits.
A flask containing 9.55 mL of a liquid weighs 157.2 g with the liquid in the flask and 148.4 g when empty. Calculate the density of the liquid in g/mL to the correct number of significant digits.
Perform each unit conversion.a. 27.8 L to cm3b. 1898 mg to kgc. 198 km to cm
Perform each unit conversion.a. 1.4 in to mmb. 116 ft to cmc. 1845 kg to lbd. 815 yd to km
A runner wants to run 10.0 km. Her running pace is 7.5 mi per hour. How many minutes must she run?
A cyclist rides at an average speed of 18 mi per hour. If she wants to bike 212 km, how long (in hours) must she ride?
A certain European automobile has a gas mileage of 17 km/L. What is the gas mileage in miles per gallon?
A gas can holds 5.0 gal of gasoline. Express this quantity in cm3.
A house has an area of 195 m2. What is its area in each unit?a. km2b. dm2c. cm2
Total U.S. farmland occupies 954 million acres. How many square miles is this? (1 acre = 43,560 ft2, 1 mi = 5280 ft). Total U.S. land area is 3.537 million square miles. What percentage of U.S. land is farmland?
An acetaminophen suspension for infants contains 80 mg/0.80 mL suspension. The recommended dose is 15 mg/kg body weight. How many mL of this suspension should be given to an infant weighing 14 lb? (Assume two significant figures.)
An ibuprofen suspension for infants contains 100 mg/5.0 mL suspension. The recommended dose is 10 mg/kg body weight.How many mL of this suspension should be given to an infant weighing 18 lb? (Assume two significant figures.)
There are exactly 60 seconds in a minute, exactly 60 minutes in an hour, exactly 24 hours in a mean solar day, and 365.24 solar days in a solar year. How many seconds are in a solar year? Give your answer with the correct number of significant figures.
Determine the number of picoseconds in 2.0 hours.
Classify each property as intensive or extensive.a. Volumeb. Boiling pointc. Temperatured. Electrical conductivitye. Energy
At what temperatures are the readings on the Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometers the same?
Suppose you design a new thermometer called the X thermometer. On the X scale the boiling point of water is 130 °X, and the freezing point of water is 10 °X. At what temperature are the readings on the Fahrenheit and X thermometers the same?
On a new Jekyll temperature scale, water freezes at 17 °J and boils at 97 °J. On another new temperature scale, the Hyde scale, water freezes at 0 °H and boils at 120 °H. If methyl alcohol boils at 84 °H, what is its boiling point on the Jekyll scale?
Force is defined as mass times acceleration. Starting with SI base units, derive a unit for force. Using SI prefixes, suggest a convenient unit for the force resulting from a collision with a 10-ton trailer truck moving at 55 mi per hour and for the force resulting from the collision of a molecule
A temperature measurement of 25 °C has three significant figures, while a temperature measurement of -196 °C has only two significant figures. Explain.
The value of the euro was recently $1.15 U.S., and the price of 1 liter of gasoline in France is 1.42 euro. What is the price of 1 gallon of gasoline in U.S. dollars in France?
A thief uses a can of sand to replace a solid gold cylinder that sits on a weight-sensitive, alarmed pedestal. The can of sand and the gold cylinder have exactly the same dimensions (length = 22 and radius = 3.8 cm).a. Calculate the mass of each cylinder (ignore the mass of the can itself).
Copper has two naturally occurring isotopes with masses 62.94 amu and 64.93 amu and has an atomic mass of 63.55 amu. Which mass spectrum (of those shown at right) is most likely to correspond to a naturally occurring sample of copper? a) Intensity % 100% 50% 0% 0 20 40 60 80 100 Mass (amu)
Explain Millikan’s oil drop experiment and how it led to the measurement of the electron’s charge. Why is the magnitude of the charge of the electron so important?
Which pair of elements do you expect to be most similar in their chemical properties?a) K and Fe b) O and Sic) Ne and N d) Br and I
The proton has a radius of approximately 1.0 * 10-13 cm and a mass of 1.7 * 10-24 g. Determine the density of a proton. For a sphere, V = (4/3)πr3.
The density of titanium is 4.51 g/cm3. What is the volume (in cubic inches) of 3.5 lb of titanium?
The density of iron is 7.86 g/cm3. What is its density in pounds per cubic inch (lb/in3)?
A steel cylinder has a length of 2.16 in, a radius of 0.22 in, and a mass of 41 g. What is the density of the steel in g/cm3?
A solid aluminum sphere has a mass of 85 g. Use the density of aluminum to find the radius of the sphere in inches.
A backyard swimming pool holds 185 cubic yards (yd3) of water.What is the mass of the water in pounds?
An iceberg has a volume of 7655 ft2. What is the mass of the ice (in kg) composing the iceberg (at 0 °C)?
The Toyota Prius, a hybrid electric vehicle, has an EPA gas mileage rating of 52 mi/gal in the city. How many kilometers can the Prius travel on 15 L of gasoline?
The Honda Insight, a hybrid electric vehicle, has an EPA gas mileage rating of 41 mi/gal in the city. How many kilometers can the Insight travel on the amount of gasoline that would fit in a soda can? The volume of a soda can is 355 mL.
The single proton that forms the nucleus of the hydrogen atom has a radius of approximately 1.0 * 10-13 cm. The hydrogen atom itself has a radius of approximately 52.9 pm. What fraction of the space within the atom is occupied by the nucleus?
A sample of gaseous neon atoms at atmospheric pressure and 0 °C contains 2.69 * 1022 atoms per liter. The atomic radius of neon is 69 pm. What fraction of the space do the atoms themselves occupy? What does this reveal about the separation between atoms in the gaseous phase?
The diameter of a hydrogen atom is 212 pm. Find the length in kilometers of a row of 6.02 * 1023 hydrogen atoms. The diameter of a ping pong ball is 4.0 cm. Find the length in kilometers of a row of 6.02 * 1023 ping pong balls.
The world record in the men’s 100-m dash is 9.58 s, and in the 100-yd dash it is 9.07 s. Find the speed in mi/hr of the runners who set these records.
Table salt contains 39.33 g of sodium per 100 g of salt. The U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that adults consume less than 2.40 g of sodium per day. A particular snack mix contains 1.25 g of salt per 100 g of the mix. What mass of the snack mix can an adult consume and still be
Lead metal can be extracted from a mineral called galena, which contains 86.6% lead by mass. A particular ore contains 68.5% galena by mass. If the lead can be extracted with 92.5% efficiency, what mass of ore is required to make a lead sphere with a 5.00-cm radius?
A length of #8 copper wire (radius = 1.63 mm) has a mass of 24.0 kg and a resistance of 2.061 ohm per km (Ω/km). What is the overall resistance of the wire?
Rolls of aluminum foil are 304 mm wide and 0.016 mm thick.What maximum length of aluminum foil can be made from 1.10 kg of aluminum?
Liquid nitrogen has a density of 0.808 g/mL and boils at 77 K.Researchers often purchase liquid nitrogen in insulated 175 L tanks. The liquid vaporizes quickly to gaseous nitrogen (which has a density of 1.15 g/L at room temperature and atmospheric pressure) when the liquid is removed from the
Mercury is often used in thermometers. The mercury sits in a bulb on the bottom of the thermometer and rises up a thin capillary as the temperature rises. Suppose a mercury thermometer contains 3.380 g of mercury and has a capillary that is 0.200 mm in diameter.How far does the mercury rise in the
A force of 2.31 * 104 N is applied to a diver’s face mask that has an area of 125 cm2. Find the pressure in atm on the face mask.
The SI unit of force is the newton, derived from the base units by using the definition of force, F = ma. The dyne is a non-SI unit of force in which mass is measured in grams and time is measured in seconds. The relationship between the two units is 1 dyne = 10-5 N. Find the unit of length used to
Kinetic energy can be defined as 1/2 mv2 or as 3/2 PV. Show that the derived SI units of each of these terms are those of energy.(Pressure is force/area and force is mass : acceleration.)
In 1999, scientists discovered a new class of black holes with masses 100 to 10,000 times the mass of our sun that occupy less space than our moon. Suppose that one of these black holes has a mass of 1 * 103 suns and a radius equal to one-half the radius of our moon. What is the density of the
Suppose that polluted air has carbon monoxide (CO) levels of 15.0 ppm. An average human inhales about 0.50 L of air per breath and takes about 20 breaths per minute. How many milligrams of carbon monoxide does the average person inhale in an 8-hour period at this level of carbon monoxide
Nanotechnology, the field of building ultrasmall structures one atom at a time, has progressed in recent years. One potential application of nanotechnology is the construction of artificial cells. The simplest cells would probably mimic red blood cells, the body’s oxygen transporters.
Approximate the percent increase in waist size that occurs when a 155-lb person gains 40.0 lb of fat. Assume that the volume of the person can be modeled by a cylinder that is 4.0 ft tall. The average density of a human is about 1.0 g/cm3, and the density of fat is 0.918 g/cm3.
A box contains a mixture of small copper spheres and small lead spheres. The total volume of both metals is measured by the displacement of water to be 427 cm3, and the total mass is 4.36 kg.What percentage of the spheres are copper?
The diagram shown first represents solid carbon dioxide, also known as dry ice. Which of the other diagrams best represents the dry ice after it has sublimed into a gas?
A volatile liquid (one that easily evaporates) is put into a jar, and the jar is then sealed. Does the mass of the sealed jar and its contents change upon the vaporization of the liquid?
A cube has an edge length of 7 cm. If it is divided into 1-cm cubes, how many 1-cm cubes are there?
For each box, examine the blocks attached to the balances.Based on their positions and sizes, determine which block is more dense (the dark block or the lighter-colored block), or if the relative densities cannot be determined. (Think carefully about the information being shown.) 1 (a) (b) (c)
Substance A has a density of 1.7 g/cm3. Substance B has a density of 1.7 kg/m3. Without doing any calculations, determine which substance is more dense.
Let a triangle represent atoms of element A and a circle represent atoms of element B.a. Draw an atomic-level view of a homogeneous mixture of elements A and B.b. Draw an atomic view of the compound AB in a liquid state (molecules close together).c. Draw an atomic view of the compound AB after it
Identify each statement as being most like an observation, a law, or a theory.a. All coastal areas experience two high tides and two low tides each day.b. The tides in Earth’s oceans are caused mainly by the gravitational attraction of the moon.c. Yesterday, high tide in San Francisco Bay
Using white and black circles to represent different kinds of atoms, make a drawing that accurately represents each sample of matter: A solid element, a liquid compound, and a heterogeneous mixture.Make a drawing (clearly showing before and after) depicting your liquid compound undergoing a
Look up the measurement of the approximate thickness of a human hair.a. Convert the measurement to an SI unit (if it isn’t already).b. Write it in scientific notation.c. Write it without scientific notation.d. Write it with an appropriate prefix on a base unit.Now repeat these steps using the
The following statements are all true.a. Jessica’s house is 5 km from the grocery store.b. Jessica’s house is 4.73 km from the grocery store.c. Jessica’s house is 4.73297 km from the grocery store.How can all the statements be true? What does the number of digits in each statement
The density of a substance can change with temperature. The graph that follows displays the density of water from -150 °C to 100 °C. Examine the graph and answer the questions.a. Water undergoes a large change in density at 0 °C as it freezes to form ice. Calculate the percent change in density
One inch is equal to 2.54 cm. Draw a line that is 1 in long, and mark the centimeters on the line. Draw a cube that is 1 in on each side. Draw lines on each face of the cube that are 1 cm apart. How many cubic centimeters are there in 1 in3?
Convert the height of each member in your group from feet and inches to meters. Once you have your heights in meters, calculate the sum of all the heights. Use appropriate rules for significant figures at each step.
When a log completely burns in a campfire, the mass of the ash is much less than the mass of the log.What happens to the matter that composed the log?(a) The matter that composed the log reacts to form gases that are released into the air.(b) The matter that composed the log is converted into
Two samples of a compound containing elements A and B are decomposed. The first sample produces 15 g of A and 35 g of B.The second sample produces 25 g of A and what mass of B?a) 11 g b) 58 g c) 21 g d) 45 g
What is Brownian motion? How is it related to the development of the idea that matter is particulate?
Two samples of carbon dioxide are decomposed into their constituent elements.One sample produces 25.6 g of oxygen and 9.60 g of carbon, and the other produces 21.6 g of oxygen and 8.10 g of carbon. Show that these results are consistent with the law of definite proportions.
We just saw that the mass ratio ANSWER NOW! of nitrogen to hydrogen in ammonia is 4.7:1. If a sample of ammonia contains 10.0 g of H, how many grams of N does it contain?(a) 4.7 (b) 9.4 (c) 14 (d) 47
A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen has a carbon-to-hydrogen mass ratio of 11.89. Which carbonto-hydrogen mass ratio is possible for another compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen?a) 2.50 b) 3.97 c) 4.66 d) 7.89
Summarize the history of the atomic idea. How was Dalton able to convince others to accept an idea that had been controversial for 2000 years?
Nitrogen forms several compounds with oxygen, including nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen monoxide. Nitrogen dioxide contains 2.28 g oxygen to every 1.00 g nitrogen, while dinitrogen monoxide contains 0.570 g oxygen to every 1.00 g nitrogen. Show that these results are consistent with the law of
Which statement best captures one of the differences between the law of definite proportions and the law of multiple proportions?(a) The law of definite proportions applies to two or more samples of the same compound, while the law of multiple proportions applies to two different compounds
Which idea came out of Rutherford’s gold foil experiment?a) Atoms contain protons and neutrons.b) Matter is composed of atoms.c) Elements have isotopes.d) Atoms are mostly empty space.
State and explain the law of conservation of mass.
A student re-creates the Millikan oil drop experiment and tabulates the relative charges of the oil drops in terms of a constant, a.What charge for the electron (in terms of a) is consistent with these data? Drop #1 Drop #2 Drop #3 Drop #4 a 3 8 2 523 α
(a) What are the atomic number (Z), mass number (A), and symbol of the chlorine isotope with 18 neutrons?(b) How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are present in an atom of 52 24 Cr?
Suppose that one of Millikan’s oil drops has a charge of -4.8 * 10-19 C. How many excess electrons does the drop contain?(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
State and explain the law of definite proportions.
Predict the charges of the monoatomic (single atom) ions formed by these main-group elements.(a) Al (b) S
Which element contains 50 protons in its nucleus?(a) Tin (b) Vanadium(c) Manganese (d) Fermium
Determine the number of protons and neutrons in the isotope Fe-58.a) 26 protons and 58 neutronsb) 32 protons and 26 neutronsc) 26 protons and 32 neutronsd) 58 protons and 58 neutrons
State and explain the law of multiple proportions. How is the law of multiple proportions different from the law of definite proportions?
Copper has two naturally occurring isotopes: Cu-63 with a mass of 62.9291 amu and a natural abundance of 69.17%, and Cu-65 with a mass of 64.9278 amu and a natural abundance of 30.83%. Calculate the atomic mass of copper.
An isotope of an element contains 82 protons and 122 neutrons. What is the symbol for the isotope? a) 20 Pb b) ¹32Pb c) 122Zr 404 d) 204 Zr
An argon isotope has a mass number of 40 (A = 40). How many neutrons does it contain?(a) 40 (b) 18 (c) 22
Calculate the number of copper atoms in 2.45 mol of copper. SORT You are given the amount of copper in moles and asked to find the number of copper atoms. STRATEGIZE Convert between number of moles and number of atoms by using Avogadro's number as a conversion factor. GIVEN: 2.45 mol Cu FIND: Cu
What are the main ideas in Dalton’s atomic theory? How do they help explain the laws of conservation of mass, of constant composition, and of definite proportions?
Carbon has two naturally occurring isotopes: C-12 (natural abundance is 98.93%) and C-13 (natural abundance is 1.07%). If circles represent protons and squares represent neutrons, which image best represents the C-13 isotope? (a) 8 (b)

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