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General Chemistry Principles And Modern Applications 11th Edition Ralph Petrucci, Jeffry Madura, F. Herring, Carey Bissonnette - Solutions

Atoms are spherical and so when silver atoms pack together to form silver metal, they cannot fill all the available space. In a sample of silver metal, approximately 26.0% of the sample is empty space. Given that the density of silver metal is 10.5 g/cm3, what is the radius of a silver atom?
Before 1961, the standard for atomic masses was the isotope 16O, to which physicists assigned a value of exactly 16. At the same time, chemists assigned a value of exactly 16 to the naturally occurring mixture of the isotopes 16O, 17O, and 18O. Would you expect atomic masses listed in a 60-year-old
Mass spectrometry is one of the most versatile and powerful tools in chemical analysis because of its capacity to discriminate between atoms of different masses. When a sample containing a mixture of isotopes is introduced into a mass spectrometer, the ratio of the peaks observed reflects the ratio
German chemist Fritz Haber proposed paying off the reparations imposed against Germany after World War I by extracting gold from seawater. Given that(1) The amount of the reparations was $28.8 billion dollars,(2) The value of gold at the time was about $21.25 per troy ounce (1 troy ounce = 31.103
In your own words, define or explain these terms or symbols: (a) AZE; (b) β particle; (c) Isotope; (d) 16O;(e) Molar mass
Briefly describe(a) The law of conservation of mass(b) Rutherford’s nuclear atom(c) Weighted-average atomic mass(d) A mass spectrum.
Explain the important distinctions between each pair of terms:(a) Cathode rays and X-rays(b) Protons and neutrons(c) Nuclear charge and ionic charge(d) Periods and groups of the periodic table(e) Metal and nonmetal(f) The Avogadro constant and the mole
A certain element contains one atom of mass 10.013 u for every four atoms of mass 11.009 u. Compute the atomic weight of the element.
When 10.0 g zinc and 8.0 g sulfur are allowed to react, all the zinc is consumed, 14.9 g zinc sulfide is produced, and the mass of unreacted sulfur remaining is(a) 2.0 g(b) 3.1 g(c) 4.9 g(d) Impossible to predict from this information alone
One oxide of rubidium has 0.187 g O per gram of Rb. A possible O:Rb mass ratio for a second oxide of rubidium is (a) 16:85.5; (b) 8:42.7; (c) 1:2.674; (d) Any of these.
An attempt was made to determine the atomic mass of element X. If X forms a compound with oxygen that contains 46.7% X by mass and has the formula XO, what is the atomic mass of X?
Cathode rays(a) May be positively or negatively charged(b) Are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light(c) Have properties identical to β particles(d) Have masses that depend on the cathode that emits them.
The scattering of particles by thin metal foils established that(a) The mass of an atom is concentrated in a positively charged nucleus(b) Electrons are fundamental particles of all matter(c) All electrons carry the same charge(d) Atoms are electrically neutral.
Which of the following have the same charge and approximately the same mass?(a) An electron and a proton; (b) A proton and a neutron; (c) A hydrogen atom and a proton; (d) A neutron and a hydrogen atom; (e) An electron and an H- ion.
Which of the following is not a fundamental particle?(a) Proton; (b) Neutron; (c) Beta particle; (d) Alpha particle; (e) All are fundamental particles
Which of the following scientists did not contribute to determining the structure of the atom?(a) Thomson;(b) Rutherford; (c) Millikan;(d) Dalton; (e) Becquerel
A subatomic particle that has about the same mass as the hydrogen atom and a negative charge is called(a) A proton; (b) A neutron; (c) An electron; (d) An isotope;(e) None of these.
What is the correct symbol for the species that contains 18 neutrons, 17 protons, and 16 electrons?
The properties of magnesium will most resemble those of which of the following? (a) Cesium; (b) Sodium;(c) Aluminum; (d) Calcium; (e) Manganese.
Which group in the main group of elements contains(a) No metals or metalloids? (b) Only one metal or metalloid?(c) Only one nonmetal? (d) Only nonmetals?
The two species that have the same number of electrons as 32S are (a) 32Cl; (b) 34S+; (c) 33P+; (d) 28Si2-;(e) 35S2-; (f) 40Ar2+; (g) 40Ca2+.
To four significant figures, all of the following masses are possible for an individual titanium atom except one. The exception is (a) 45.95 u;(b) 46.95 u;(c) 47.87 u; (d) 47.95 u; (e) 48.95 u; (f) 49.94 u.
The mass of the isotope 8436Xe is 83.9115 u. If the atomic mass scale were redefined so that 8436Xe = 84 u exactly, the mass of the 126C isotope would be (a) 11.9115 u;(b) 11.9874 u; (c) 12 u exactly; (d) 12.0127 u; (e) 12.0885 u.
A 5.585-kg sample of iron (Fe) contains(a) 10.0 mol Fe(b) Twice as many atoms as does 600.6 g C(c) 10 times as many atoms as does 52.00 g Cr(d) 6.022 x 1024 atoms.
A 91.84 g sample of Ti contains (a) 4.175 mol of Ti;(b) 6.022 x 1023 Ti atoms; (c) 1.155 x 1024 protons;(d) 2.542 x 1025 electrons; (e) None of these.
There are three common iron–oxygen compounds. The one with the greatest proportion of iron has one Fe atom for every O atom and the formula FeO. A second compound has 2.327 g Fe per 1.000 g O, and the third has 2.618 g Fe per 1.000 g O. What are the formulas of these other two iron–oxygen
Gold is present in seawater to the extent of 0.15 mg/ton Assume the density of the seawater is 1.03 g/mL and determine how many Au atoms could conceivably be extracted from 0.250 L of seawater (1 ton = 2.000 x 103 lb; 1 kg = 2.205 lb).
Molecules of a dicarboxylic acid have two carboxyl groups (–COOH). A 2.250 g sample of a dicarboxylic acid was burned in an excess of oxygen and yielded 4.548 g CO2 and 1.629 g H2O. In a separate experiment, the molecular mass of the acid was found to be 174 u. From these data, what can we deduce
An analytical balance can detect a mass of 0.1 mg. How many ions are present in this minimally detectable quantity of MgCl2?
Refer to the color scheme given in Figure 3-3, and give the molecular formulas for the molecules whose ball-and-stick models are given here.Figure 3-3 (a) (c) (d)
Represent the succinic acid molecule,HOOCCH2CH2COOH through empirical, molecular, structural, and line-angle formulas.
(A) How many grams of MgCl2 would you need to obtain 5.0 x 1023 Cl- ions?(B) How many nitrate ions, NO3-, and how many oxygen atoms are present in 1.00 μg of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 ?
The volatile liquid ethyl mercaptan, C2H6S, is one of the most odoriferous substances known. It is sometimes added to natural gas to make gas leaks detectable. How many C2H6S molecules are contained in a 1.0 μL sample? The density of liquid ethyl mercaptan is 0.84 g/mL.
Give the molecular formulas for the molecules whose ball-and-stick models are given here. Refer to the color scheme in Figure 3-3.Figure 3-3 (a) (b) () (d) (e)
Without doing detailed calculations, determine which of the following quantities has the greatest mass and which has the smallest mass: (a) 0.50 mol O2;(b) 2.0 x 1023 Cu atoms; (c) 1.0 x 1024 H2O molecules; (d) A 20.000 g brass weight; (e) 1.0 mol Ne.
(A) Gold has a density of 19.32 g/cm3. A piece of gold foil is 2.50 cm on each side and 0.100 mm thick. How many atoms of gold are in this piece of gold foil?(B) If the 1.0 μL sample of liquid ethyl mercaptan from Example 3-2 is allowed to evaporate and distribute itself throughout a chemistry
How many moles of F atoms are in a 75.0 mL sample of halothane (d = 1.871 g/mL)?
Give the structural formulas of the molecules shown in Exercise 1 (b), (d), and (e). (b) (d) (e)
In hexachlorophene, C13H6Cl6O2, a compound used in germicidal soaps, which element contributes the greatest number of atoms and which contributes the greatest mass?
(A) How many grams of Br are contained in 25.00 mL of halothane (d = 1.871 g/mL)?(B) How many milliliters of halothane would contain 1.00 x 1024 Br atoms?
What is the mass percent composition of halothane,C2HBrClF3 ?
Explain why, if the percent composition and the molar mass of a compound are both known, the molecular formula can be determined much more readily by using the molar mass rather than a 100 g sample in the first step of the five-step procedure in Example 3-5. In this instance, how would you then
Give the structural formulas of the molecules shown in Exercise 2 (b), (d), and (e). (b) (d) (e)
(A) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy-storage molecule in cells. Its chemical formula is C10H16N5P3O13. What is its mass percent composition?(B) Without doing detailed calculations, determine which two compounds from the following list have the same percent oxygen by mass: (a)
Dibutyl succinate is an insect repellent used against household ants and roaches. Its composition is 62.58% C, 9.63% H, and 27.79% O. Its experimentally determined molecular mass is 230 u. What are the empirical and molecular formulas of dibutyl succinate?
(A) Isobutyl propionate is the substance that flavors rum extract. Combustion of a 1.152 g sample of this carbon–hydrogen–oxygen compound yields 2.726 g CO2 and 1.116 g H2O. What is the empirical formula of isobutyl propionate?(B) Combustion of a 1.505 g sample of thiophene, a
What is the oxidation state of the underlined element in (a) P4;(b) Al2O3;(c) MnO4-;(d) NaH;(e) H2O2;(f) Fe3O4?
In the combustion of a hydrocarbon, can the mass of H2O produced ever exceed that of the CO2? Explain.
The amino acid methionine, which is essential in human diets, has the molecular formula C5H11NO2S. Determine (a) Its molecular mass; (b) The number of moles of H atoms per mole of methionine;(c) The number of grams of C per mole of methionine;(d) The number of C atoms in 9.07 mol methionine.
(A) What is the oxidation state of the underlined element in each of the following: S8; Cr2O72-; Cl2O; KO2 ?(B) What is the oxidation state of the underlined element in each of the following: S2O32-; Hg2Cl2; KMnO4; H2CO?
Write formulas for the compounds barium oxide, calcium fluoride, and iron(III) sulfide.
Determine the number of moles of Br2 in a sample consisting of (a) 4.04 x 1022 Br2 molecules;(b) 5.78 x 1024 Br atoms (assuming that the Br atoms react completely to form Br2); (c) 7.82 kg bromine; (d) 3.56 L liquid bromine (d = 3.10 g/mL).
(A) Write formulas for lithium oxide, tin(II) fluoride, and lithium nitride.(B) Write formulas for the compounds aluminum sulfide, magnesium nitride, and vanadium(III) oxide.
Write acceptable names for the compounds Na2S, AlF3, Cu2O.
Without doing detailed calculations, explain which of the following has the greatest number of N atoms (a) 50.0 g N2O;(b) 17.0 g NH3;(c) 150 mL of liquid pyridine, C5H5N (d = 0.983 g/mL);(d) 1.0 mol N2.
Name the compounds (a) CuCl2(b) ClO2(c) HIO4(d) Ca(H2PO4)2 .
Without doing detailed calculations, determine which of the following has the greatest number of S atoms(a) 0.12 mol of solid sulfur, S8;(b) 0.50 mol of gaseous S2O;(c) 65 g of gaseous SO2;(d) 75 mL of liquid thiophene C4H4S (d = 1.064 g/mL).
(A) Name the compounds SF6, HNO2, Ca(HCO3)2, FeSO4.(B) Name the compounds NH4NO3, PCl3, HBrO, AgClO4, Fe2(SO4)3.
Write the formula of the compound (a) Tetranitrogen tetrasulfide; (b) Ammonium chromate; (c) Bromic acid;(d) Calcium hypochlorite.
Are the following pairs of molecules isomers or not? (a) CH₂CH(CH3)(CH₂)3CH3 (b) CH₂-CH-CH₂-CH3 CH₂-CH3 and CH3CH₂CH(CH3)(CH₂)3CH3 and CH₂-CH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂ CH3
Determine the number of moles of(a) N2O4 in a 115 g sample;(b) N atoms in 43.5 g of Mg(NO3)2;(c) N atoms in a sample of C7H5(NO2)3 that has the same number of O atoms as 12.4 g C6H12O6.
(A) Are the following pairs of molecules isomers?(B) Are the pairs of molecules represented by the following structural formulas isomers? (a) CH3C(CH3)2(CH₂)3CH3 (b) CH3-CH-CH₂-CH3 CH₂-CH₂-CH3 and CH₂CH(CH3)CH(CH3)(CH₂)3CH3 and CH3-CH-CH₂-CH-CH3 T CH3 I CH3
Determine the mass, in grams, of(a) 2.10 x 102 mol S8;(b) 5.02 x 1022 molecules of palmitic acid, C16H32O2;(c) A quantity of the amino acid histidine, C6H9N3O2, containing 2.95 mol N atoms.
What type of compound is each of the following?(a) CH3CH2CH2CH3 (b) CH3CHClCH2CH3(c) CH3CH2CO2H (d) CH3CH2CH1(OH)CH2CH3
(A) What types of compounds correspond to each of the following formulas? (a) CH3CH2CH3 (b) ClCH2CH2CH3(c) CH3CH2CH2CO2H (d) CH3CHCHCH3What types of compounds correspond to these formulas?(a) CH3CH(OH)CH3(b) CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2H(c) CH2ClCH2CO2H(d) BrCHCHCH3
The hemoglobin content of blood is about 15.5 g/100 mL blood. The molar mass of hemoglobin is about 64,500 g/mol, and there are four iron (Fe) atoms in a hemoglobin molecule. Approximately how many Fe atoms are present in the 6 L of blood in a typical adult?
Name these compounds.(a) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (b) CH3CHFCH2CH3(c) CH3CH2CO2H(d) CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
In white phosphorus, P atoms are joined into P4 molecules (see Figure 3-5). White phosphorus is commonly supplied in chalk-like cylindrical form. Its density is 1.823 g/cm3. For a cylinder of white phosphorus 6.50 cm long and 1.22 cm in diameter, determine(a) The number of moles of P4 present; (b)
Explain which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct concerning glucose (blood sugar), C6H12O6.(a) The percentages, by mass, of C and O are the same as in CO.(b) The ratio of C:H:O atoms is the same as in dihydroxyacetone, (CH2OH)2CO.(c) The proportions, by mass, of C and O are equal.(d)
Write the condensed structural formula for the organic compounds (a) Butane;(b) Butanoic acid;(c) 1-chloropentane;(d) Hexan-1-ol.
Explain which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct for sorbic acid,C6H8O2, an inhibitor of mold and yeast.(a) It has a C:H:O mass ratio of 3 : 4 : 1.(b) It has the same mass percent composition as the aquatic herbicide, acrolein, C3H4O.(c) It has the same empirical formula as aspidinol,
(A) A 2.4917 g sample of an unknown solid hydrate was heated to drive off all the water of hydration. The remaining solid, which weighed 1.8558 g, was analyzed and found to be 27.74% Mg, 23.57% P, and 48.69% O, by mass. What is the formula and name of the unknown solid hydrate?(B) An unknown solid
For the compound Ge[S(CH2)4CH3]4 , determine(a) The total number of atoms in one formula unit(b) The ratio, by number, of C atoms to H atoms(c) The ratio, by mass, of Ge to S(d) The number of g S in 1 mol of the compound(e) The number of C atoms in 33.10 g of the compound.
Determine the mass percent H in the hydrocarbon decane, C10H22.
Determine the mass percent O in the mineral malachite, Cu2(OH)2CO3.
Determine the mass percent H in the hydrocarbon isooctane, C(CH3)3CH2CH(CH3)2.
Determine the mass percent of each of the elements in the antimalarial drug quinine, C20H24N2O2.
Determine the mass percent of each of the elements in the fungicide copper(II) oleate, Cu(C18H33O2)2.
Determine the percent, by mass, of the indicated element:(a) Pb in tetraethyl lead, Pb(C2H5)4, once extensively used as an additive to gasoline to prevent engine knocking(b) Fe in Prussian blue, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, a pigment used in paints and printing inks(c) Mg in chlorophyll, C55H72MgN4O5, the green
All of the following minerals are semiprecious or precious stones. Determine the mass percent of the indicated element.(a) Zr in zircon, ZrSiO4(b) Be in beryl (emerald), Be3Al2Si6O18(c) Fe in almandine (garnet), Fe3Al2Si3O12(d) S in lazurite (lapis lazuli),Na4SSi3Al3O12.
Without doing detailed calculations, arrange the following in order of increasing % Cr, by mass, and explain your reasoning: CrO, Cr2O3, CrO2, CrO3.
Without doing detailed calculations, explain which of the following has the greatest mass percent of sulfur: SO2, S2Cl2, Na2S, Na2S2O3, or CH3CH2SH.
Two oxides of sulfur have nearly identical molecular masses. One oxide consists of 40.05% S. What are the simplest possible formulas for the two oxides?
An oxide of chromium used in chrome plating has a formula mass of 100.0 u and contains four atoms per formula unit. Establish the formula of this compound, with a minimum of calculation.
Diethylene glycol, used to de-ice aircraft, is a carbon–hydrogen–oxygen compound with 45.27% C and 9.50% H by mass. What is its empirical formula?
The food flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate (MSG) has the composition 13.6% Na, 35.5% C, 4.8% H, 8.3% N, 37.8% O, by mass. What is the empirical formula of MSG?
Determine the empirical formula of (a) The rodenticide (rat killer) warfarin, which consists of 74.01% C, 5.23% H, and 20.76% O, by mass; (b) The antibacterial agent sulfamethizole, which consists of 39.98% C, 3.73% H, 20.73% N, 11.84% O, and 23.72% S, by mass.
Determine the empirical formula of (a) Benzo[a]pyrene, a suspected carcinogen found in cigarette smoke, consisting of 95.21% C and 4.79% H, by mass; (b) Hexachlorophene, used in germicidal soaps, which consists of 38.37% C, 1.49% H, 52.28% Cl, and 7.86% O by mass.
A compound of carbon and hydrogen consists of 94.34% C and 5.66% H, by mass. The molecular mass of the compound is found to be 178 u. What is its molecular formula?
Selenium, an element used in the manufacture of photoelectric cells and solar energy devices, forms two oxides. One has 28.8% O, by mass, and the other, 37.8% O. What are the formulas of these oxides? Propose acceptable names for them.
Indigo, the dye for blue jeans, has a percent composition, by mass, of 73.27% C, 3.84% H, 10.68% N, and the remainder is oxygen. The molecular mass of indigo is 262.3 u. What is the molecular formula of indigo?
Adenine, a component of nucleic acids, has the mass percent composition: 44.45% C, 3.73% H, 51.82% N. Its molecular mass is 135.14 u. What is its molecular formula?
The element X forms the chloride XCl4 containing 75.0% Cl, by mass. What is element X?
The element X forms the compound XOCl2 containing 59.6% Cl. What is element X?
Chlorophyll contains 2.72% Mg by mass. Assuming one Mg atom per chlorophyll molecule, what is the molecular mass of chlorophyll?
Two compounds of Cl and X are found to have molecular masses and % Cl, by mass, as follows: 137 u, 77.5% Cl; 208 u, 85.1% Cl. What is element X? What is the formula for each compound?
A 0.1888 g sample of a hydrocarbon produces 0.6260 g CO2 and 0.1602 g H2O in combustion analysis. Its molecular mass is found to be 106 u. For this hydrocarbon, determine its (a) Mass percent composition;(b) Empirical formula; (c) Molecular formula.
Para-cresol (p-cresol) is used as a disinfectant and in the manufacture of herbicides. A 0.4039 g sample of this carbon–hydrogen–oxygen compound yields 1.1518 g CO2 and 0.2694 g H2O in combustion analysis. Its molecular mass is 108.1 u. For p-cresol, determine its (a) Mass percent
Dimethylhydrazine is a carbon–hydrogen–nitrogen compound used in rocket fuels. When burned in an excess of oxygen, a 0.312 g sample yields 0.458 g CO2 and 0.374 g H2O. The nitrogen content of a 0.486 g sample is converted to 0.226 g N2 What is the empirical formula of dimethylhydrazine?
The organic solvent thiophene is a carbon–hydrogen–sulfur compound that yields CO2 , H2O, and SO2 when burned in an excess of oxygen. When subjected to combustion analysis, a 1.3020 g sample of thiophene produces 2.7224 g CO2, 0.5575 g H2O, and 0.9915 g SO2. What is the empirical formula of

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