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general chemistry principles

Questions and Answers of General Chemistry Principles

Determine E° for the reduction of ClO3– to ClO2– in a basic solution, which is marked (?) in Figure 22-4.Figure 22-4 Acidic solution ([H+] = 1 M): +7 +5 CIO4 1.189 V CIO4 CIO3 1 I 0.374 V Basic
Explain why the name sec-pentyl alcohol does not unambiguously identify a compound whereas the name sec-butyl alcohol does.
Listed are several pairs of substances. For some pairs, one or both members of the pair react individually with water to produce a gas. For others, neither member of the pair reacts with water. The
Use the information provided in Figure 21-5 to write balanced chemical equations for the reactions involved in synthesizing sodium carbonate from sodium chloride.Figure 21-5 Na₂CO3 A
Use information from the chapter to write chemical equations to represent each of the following:(a) Reaction of cesium metal with chlorine gas;(b) Formation of sodium peroxide (Na2O2);(c) Thermal
Without performing detailed calculations, demonstrate that reaction (21.19) correctly describes the dissolving action of rainwater on limestone (for CaCO3, Ksp = 2.8 x 10-9).Reaction (21.19) CaCO3(s)
(A) Write chemical equations for the reactions involved in synthesizing sodium nitrate from sodium chloride.(B) Write chemical equations for the reactions involved in synthesizing sodium thiosulfate
One way of distinguishing ionic behavior from covalent behavior is by comparing melting points. Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting points than covalent compounds. Which of the two halides of
In a manner similar to that outlined on page 1022, (a) Write equations to represent the reaction of (CH3)3SiCl with water, followed by the elimination of H2O from the resulting silanol molecules.(b)
Use data from Appendix D (Table D-2) to estimate the minimum voltage required to electrolyze Al2O3 in the Hall-Héroult process, reaction (21.25). Use ΔfG°[Al2O3(l)] = –1520 kJ mol–1. Show
The nitrates MNO3 (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) decompose to the nitrites (MNO2) on heating; while in contrast, LiNO3 decomposes to Li2O. Suggest a reason for this difference in behavior. Write balanced
An aluminum production cell of the type pictured in Figure 21-24 operates at a current of 1.00 x 105 A and a voltage of 4.5 V. The cell is 38% efficient in using electrical energy to produce chemical
At 20 °C, a saturated aqueous solution of Pb(NO3)2 maintains a relative humidity of 97%. What must be the composition of this solution, expressed as g Pb(NO3)2/100.0 g H2O?
Use information from this chapter and elsewhere in this text to explain why the compounds PbBr4 and PbI4 do not exist.
The dissolution of MgCO3(s) in NH4+(aq) can be represented asCalculate the molar solubility of MgCO3 in each of the following solutions: (a) 1.00 M NH4Cl(aq);(b) A buffer that is 1.00 M NH3 and 1.00
Assume that the packing of spherical atoms in crystalline metals is the same for Li, Na, and K, and explain why Na has a higher density than both Li and K. Use data from Table 21.2.Table 21.2 TABLE
The reaction of borax, calcium fluoride, and concentrated sulfuric acid yields sodium hydrogen sulfate, calcium sulfate, water, and boron trifluoride as products. Write a balanced equation for this
Show that, in principle, Na2CO3(aq) can be converted almost completely to NaOH(aq) by the reaction Ca(OH)2(s) + Na₂CO3(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2NaOH(aq)
Would you expect the lattice energy of MgS(s) to be less than, greater than, or about the same as that of MgO(s)? Use appropriate data from various locations in this text to obtain the values of the
There has been some interest in the alkali metal fullerides, MnC60(s), because at low temperatures, some of these compounds become superconducting. The alkali metal fullerides are ionic crystals
We examined the relationship of electrode potentials to thermodynamic data. In fact, electrode potentials can be calculated from tabulated thermodynamic data (many of which, in turn, were established
Mono Lake in eastern California is a rather unusual salt lake. The lake has no outlets; water leaves only by evaporation. The rate of evaporation is great enough that the lake level would be lowered
In your own words, define the following terms:(a) Dimer; (b) Adduct; (c) Calcination; (d) Amphoteric oxide; (e) Three-center two-electron bond.
Briefly describe each of the following ideas, methods, or phenomena: (a) Diagonal relationship; (b) Preparation of deionized water by ion exchange; (c) Thermite reaction; (d) Inert pair effect.
Explain the important distinction between each pair of terms: (a) Peroxide and superoxide; (b) Quicklime and slaked lime; (c) Soap and detergent; (d) Silicate and silicone; (e) Sol and gel.
Of the following oxides, the one with the highest melting point is (a) Li2O; (b) BaO; (c) MgO; (d) SiO2.
The best oxidizing agent of the following oxides is(a) Li2O;(b) MgO; (c) Al2O3;(d) CO2;(e) SnO2;(f) PbO2.
A chemist knows that aluminum is more reactive toward oxygen than is iron, but many people believe the opposite. What evidence was provided in this chapter that demonstrates that aluminum is a much
Complete and balance the following. Write the simplest equation possible. If no reaction occurs, so state. (a) Li₂CO3(s) (b) CaCO3(s)+ HCl(aq) (c) Al(s) + NaOH(aq) (d) BaO(s) + H,O(1) (e)
Assuming that water, common reagents (acids, bases, salts), and simple laboratory equipment are available, give a practical method to prepare (a) MgCl2 from MgCO3(s);(b) NaAl(OH)4 from Na(s) and
Write the simplest chemical equation to represent the reaction of (a) K2CO3(aq) and Ba(OH)2(aq);(b) Mg(HCO3)2(aq) on heating; (c) Tin(II) oxide when heated with carbon; (d) CaF2(s) and H2SO4
Write an equation to represent the reaction of gypsum, CaSO4 · 2 H2O, with ammonium carbonate to produce ammonium sulfate (a fertilizer), calcium carbonate, and water.
Write chemical equations to represent the most probable outcome in each of the following. If no reaction is likely to occur, so state. (a) B(OH)3 (b) Al2O3(s) (c) CaSO4 2 H₂O(s) A
A chemical dictionary gives the following descriptions of the production of some compounds. Write plausible chemical equations based on these descriptions.(a) Lead(II) carbonate: adding a solution of
Name the chemical compound(s) you would expect to be the primary constituent(s) of (a) Stalactites; (b) Gypsum;(c) “Barium milkshake”; (d) Blue sapphires.
How many cubic meters of CO2(g) at 102 kPa and 288 K are produced in the calcination of 5.00 x 103 kg of the mineral dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2?
Which is likely to be the more stable, XeF2 or XeCl2 Explain.
(A) Determine the missing E° value for the dashed line that joins ClO3– and Cl– in basic solutions in Figure 22-4.(B) Determine the missing E° value for the dashed line that joins ClO3– and
Give the formula of the stable fluoride formed by Li, Be, B, C, N, and O. For these fluorides, describe the variation in the bonding that occurs as we move from left to right across the period.
In 1968, before pollution controls were introduced, over 75 billion gallons of gasoline were used in the United States as a motor fuel. Assume an emission of oxides of nitrogen of 5 grams per vehicle
Draw plausible structures of the following chelate complexes.(a) [Pt(ox)2]2–(b) [Cr(ox)3]3–(c) [Fe(EDTA)]2–.
Draw plausible structures corresponding to each of the following names.(a) Diamminediaquabromidochloridocobalt(III) ion;(b) Hexacarbonylmanganese(I) ion;(c) Diamminetetrachloridoplatinum(IV);(d)
Draw plausible structures corresponding to each of the following names.(a) Pentamminenitrito-N-cobalt(III) ion;(b) Ethylenediaminedithiocyanato-S-copper(II);(c) Hexaaquanickel(II) ion.
Which of these general structures for a complex ion would you expect to exhibit cis and trans isomerism? Explain.(a) Tetrahedral;(b) Square-planar; (c) Linear.
Refer to the Integrative Example. Another radioisotope produced in the Chernobyl accident was 137Cs. If a 1.00 mg sample of 137Cs is equivalent to 89.8 millicuries, what must be the half-life (in
An acyclic organic compound with the formula C6H12O is found to be optically active, does not decolorize Br2 (in CCl4), and does not undergo reaction when treated with a mixture of Na2Cr2O7 and
In 1874, van’t Hoff and Le Bel published separate papers advancing the hypothesis that the four bonds from a central carbon extend tetrahedrally. This marked the beginning of the field of
Write structural formulas for all the constitutional isomers with the molecular formula C5H12.
(A) Write condensed structural formulas for the five constitutional isomers with the formula C6H14.(B) Write condensed structural formulas for the nine constitutional isomers with the formula C7H16.
Give an appropriate IUPAC name for the following compound, an important constituent of gasoline. CH3 T CH3 CH3-C-CH₂-CH-CH3 3 12 CH3 4 5
Is it possible that an organic molecule contains a quaternary hydrogen atom?
Supply a structural formula for each of the following compounds.(a) 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene; (b) p-nitrophenol;(c) 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (a plant-growth regulator).
(A) Give an IUPAC name for CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH3. Any group enclosed in parentheses is bonded only to the C atom preceding it.(B) Give an IUPAC name for CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3.
What is the IUPAC name for CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3?
Write a condensed structural formula for 4-tert-butyl-2-methylheptane.
(A) Write a condensed structural formula for 3-ethyl-2,6-dimethylheptane.(B) Write a condensed structural formula for 3-ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane.
Illustrate the meaning of homologous series by writing a homologous series for alkyl halides.
Draw the conformation of 2,3-dimethylpentane that is lowest in energy when the molecule is viewed along C2—C3 axis.
Draw the lowest energy conformation of cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane.
(A) Draw Newman projections for the staggered conformations of 2-methylpentane when the molecule is viewed along the C1—C2 bond. Rank the conformations in order of increasing energy (from lowest to
Will all the eclipsed conformers for rotation about the C1—C2 axis in butane have the same energy?
Draw Lewis structures for the following simple organic molecules: (a) CH3CBr2CH2CH3;(b) HOCH(CH3)CH2CH3; (c) CF3COOH;(d) CH2BrC(O)CH2CH3.
(A) Draw the lower energy conformation of trans-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane.(B) Draw the lower energy conformation of cis-1-tert-butyl-2-methylcyclohexane.
Draw dashed and solid wedge line structures for the trans isomers of chloromethylcyclohexane.
Predict whether either 2-chloropentane or 3-chloropentane is chiral.
Draw Lewis structures of the following simple organic molecules: (a) CH3CH2COOH;(b) H3CCN;(c) CH3CH2NH2.
(A) Which of the following chlorofluorohydrocarbons is chiral: (a) CF3CH2CCl3;(b) CF2HCHFCCl3;(c) CClFHCHHCCl2F?(B) Which of the following chloroalcohols is chiral: (a) CH2ClCH2CH2OH;(b)
(A) Identify the chiral carbon atoms in the molecule shown in the diagram on the right.(B) How many chiral atoms are there in 1,1,3-trimethylcyclohexane?
Identify any chiral carbon atoms in the molecules to the right. CH3 Methylcyclohexane CH34 CH3 cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane
If you could measure the individual heats of combustion of axial and equatorial methylcyclohexane, which conformer would burn more exothermically?
(A) Indicate whether each of the following structures has the R configuration or the S configuration.(B) Do the structures in each of the following pairs represent identical molecules or pairs of
With appropriate sketches, represent chemical bonding in terms of the overlap of hybridized and unhybridized atomic orbitals in the following molecules.(a) C4H10; (b) H2C = CHCl; (c) CH3C = CH.
With appropriate sketches, represent chemical bonding in terms of the overlap of hybridized and unhybridized atomic orbitals in the following molecules. i (a) CH3CCH3 (b) CH3C-OH; (c) H₂C=C=CH₂
(A) Assign a configuration to each of the following alkenes:(B) Draw and label the E and Z isomers of the following compounds: (a) CH3CH₂ H C=C H CH₂CH3 (b) Br Cl C=C CH₂Br (c)
Which chair conformation of cis-1-fluoro-4-methylcyclohexane is lower in energy?
What is the relationship, if any, between the molecules in each of the following pairs? The relationship may be any of identical structures, constitutional isomers, stereoisomers, or no relationship.
How many chiral centers are there in 2,3-dibromopentane? How many different stereoisomers are there?
(A) What different types of compounds are obtainable for a compound with the molecular formula C5H11N?(B) What different types of compounds are obtainable for a compound with the molecular formula
What is the structure of the molecule with the name (E)-3-benzyl-2,5-dichloro-4-methylhex-3-ene?
What is the relationship, if any, between the molecules in each of the following pairs? The relationship may be any of identical structures, constitutional isomers, stereoisomers, or no relationship.
What different types of compounds are possible for a compound with the molecular formula C6H10O?
(A) Compound A with the formula C3H8O is soluble in water and reacts with sodium metal, producing bubbles of gas. When compound A is treated with chromic acid (a mixture of Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4),
Draw structural formulas for all isomers of pentanol, C5H11OH.
Draw the structure of (E)-3-methylhex-2-enoic acid.
Draw and name all the isomers of (a) C6H14;(b) C4H8;(c) C4H6. Do not forget double bonds, rings, and combinations of these.
Identify the chiral carbon atoms, if any, in the following compounds. (a) (c) 5 1 4 2 3 -8 3 F 2 4 5 (b) 6 F 5
Is it possible one of the isomers of C3H6O2 is a dialdehyde?
Identify the chiral carbon atoms, if any, in the following compounds. (a) OH (Ь) Cl @
Identify the chiral carbon atoms, if any, in the following compounds: (a) HO ОН OH (b) NH₂ (с) Br
Identify the chiral carbon atoms, if any, in the following compounds. (a) ОН (b) L (c) HO CO₂H CO,H CO₂H
Classify each compound by its functional group (i.e., alcohol, amine, etc.).(a) CH3CHBrCH2CH3 (b) C6H5CH2CHO (c) CH3COCH2CH3 (d) C6H4(OH)2.
Classify each compound by its functional group (i.e., alcohol, amine, etc.).(a) CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3 (b) CH3C(CH3)3CH2COOH (c) CH3CH(CH3)COOCH2CH3 (d) CH3C(CH3)2NH2 (e) CH3CH2CH2CHO.
The functional groups in each of the following pairs have certain features in common, but what is the essential difference between them?(a) Carbonyl and carboxyl (b) Aldehyde and ketone (c) Acetic
Identify and name the functional groups in each of the following. 0 (a) HO-c -ОН || (b) CH3-C-OCH2CH3 CH3-C-CH2CH2-CO_H (c) || 0 CO,H CHO ОН
By name or formula, give one example of each of the following types of compounds: (a) Aromatic nitro compound; (b) Aliphatic amine; (c) Chlorophenol;(d) Aliphatic diol; (e) Unsaturated aliphatic
Identify and name the functional groups in each of the following. (a) CH3-C-CH₂-CH₂-C-CH₂ || O (b) CH3-CH₂-CONHCH3 (c) HO- OCH3 OH O || H₂C-C-OH -CH-CH₂-N-CH3 O || (d)
Give the isomers of C4H10O that are ethers.
Give the isomers of C5H12O that are ethers.
Give the isomers of the carboxylic acid with molecular formula C5H10O2.
Give the isomers of the carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C4H8O2.

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